arXiv subjects

Mst Rafia Islam

Publications and source records attributed to Mst Rafia Islam.

11 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Position: AI Governance Needs ISO-like Interoperability Protocols, Not Just Laws

As Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems become deeply integrated into critical global infrastructure, the urgency for robust governance frameworks has intensified. However, current approaches, led by jurisdiction-specific laws, policies, and voluntary frameworks such as the EU AI Act, China's algorithm governance, and the NIST AI Risk Management Framework in the U.S., create a fragmented regulatory landscape. In this position paper, we argue that \textbf{\textit{AI governance must be built not on laws alone, but on ISO-like interoperability protocols that enable standardized, machine-readable risk communication across borders}}. Drawing on the success of the GDPR, which was operationalized through standards like ISO 27001 and Privacy by Design, we propose the development of standardized AI \textit{nutrition labels} containing unified metrics for bias, energy usage, and data provenance to facilitate cross-jurisdictional compliance. These manifests would lower barriers for small and medium enterprises (SMEs), reduce redundant regulatory efforts, and build public trust. The paper addresses concerns that standards may stifle innovation by advocating for modular, versioned protocols designed to evolve in tandem with technological change. Overall, we call for a shift from siloed legal compliance toward interoperable technical conformance, enabling a shared global language for responsible AI deployment.

cs.AI↗

arXiv2026

Mina: A Multilingual LLM-Powered Legal Assistant Agent for Bangladesh for Empowering Access to Justice

Bangladesh's low-income population faces major barriers to affordable legal advice due to complex legal language, procedural opacity, and high costs. Existing AI legal assistants lack Bengali-language support and jurisdiction-specific adaptation, limiting their effectiveness. To address this, we developed Mina, a multilingual LLM-based legal assistant tailored for the Bangladeshi context. It employs multilingual embeddings and a RAG-based chain-of-tools framework for retrieval, reasoning, translation, and document generation, delivering context-aware legal drafts, citations, and plain-language explanations via an interactive chat interface. Evaluated by law faculty from leading Bangladeshi universities across all stages of the 2022 and 2023 Bangladesh Bar Council Exams, Mina scored 75-80% in Preliminary MCQs, Written, and simulated Viva Voce exams, matching or surpassing average human performance and demonstrating clarity, contextual understanding, and sound legal reasoning. Even under a conservative upper bound, Mina operates at just 0.12-0.61% of typical legal consultation costs in Bangladesh, yielding a 99.4-99.9\% cost reduction relative to human-provided services. These results confirm its potential as a low-cost, multilingual AI assistant that automates key legal tasks and scales access to justice, offering a real-world case study on building domain-specific, low-resource systems and addressing challenges of multilingual adaptation, efficiency, and sustainable public-service AI deployment.

cs.CL↗

arXiv2026

Struggle Premium : How Human Effort and Imperfection Drive Perceived Value in the Age of AI

As AI enters creative practice, audiences face growing uncertainty in judging authenticity and value. This study examines the Struggle Premium, the added value attributed to perceived human effort, by analyzing how visible effort cues influence evaluations of human- and AI-generated creative works. We surveyed 70 university students, focusing on process videos, time documentation, written explanations, and imperfections. Process-oriented cues, especially videos and time spent, most strongly shaped authenticity and value judgments, while imperfections had limited impact. Participants showed a clear preference for human-made works, with 72.9% willing to pay more. Notably, effort cues also improved perceptions of AI-generated content, suggesting that process transparency can partially bridge authenticity gaps. These findings extend the effort heuristic to algorithmic creativity and inform the design of transparent human-AI creative systems.

cs.HC↗

arXiv2025

Seeing Isn't Believing: Addressing the Societal Impact of Deepfakes in Low-Tech Environments

Deepfakes, AI-generated multimedia content that mimics real media, are becoming increasingly prevalent, posing significant risks to political stability, social trust, and economic well-being, especially in developing societies with limited media literacy and technological infrastructure. This work aims to understand how these technologies are perceived and impact resource-limited communities. We conducted a survey to assess public awareness, perceptions, and experiences with deepfakes, leading to the development of a comprehensive framework for prevention, detection, and mitigation in tech-limited environments. Our findings reveal critical knowledge gaps and a lack of effective detection tools, emphasizing the need for targeted education and accessible verification solutions. This work offers actionable insights to support vulnerable populations and calls for further interdisciplinary efforts to tackle deepfake challenges globally, particularly in the Global South.

cs.HC↗

arXiv2024

CogErgLLM: Exploring Large Language Model Systems Design Perspective Using Cognitive Ergonomics

Integrating cognitive ergonomics with LLMs is crucial for improving safety, reliability, and user satisfaction in human-AI interactions. Current LLM designs often lack this integration, resulting in systems that may not fully align with human cognitive capabilities and limitations. This oversight exacerbates biases in LLM outputs and leads to suboptimal user experiences due to inconsistent application of user-centered design principles. Researchers are increasingly leveraging NLP, particularly LLMs, to model and understand human behavior across social sciences, psychology, psychiatry, health, and neuroscience. Our position paper explores the need to integrate cognitive ergonomics into LLM design, providing a comprehensive framework and practical guidelines for ethical development. By addressing these challenges, we aim to advance safer, more reliable, and ethically sound human-AI interactions.

cs.HC↗

arXiv2024

Balancing Power and Ethics: A Framework for Addressing Human Rights Concerns in Military AI

AI has made significant strides recently, leading to various applications in both civilian and military sectors. The military sees AI as a solution for developing more effective and faster technologies. While AI offers benefits like improved operational efficiency and precision targeting, it also raises serious ethical and legal concerns, particularly regarding human rights violations. Autonomous weapons that make decisions without human input can threaten the right to life and violate international humanitarian law. To address these issues, we propose a three-stage framework (Design, In Deployment, and During/After Use) for evaluating human rights concerns in the design, deployment, and use of military AI. Each phase includes multiple components that address various concerns specific to that phase, ranging from bias and regulatory issues to violations of International Humanitarian Law. By this framework, we aim to balance the advantages of AI in military operations with the need to protect human rights.

cs.CY↗

arXiv2024

Dhoroni: Exploring Bengali Climate Change and Environmental Views with a Multi-Perspective News Dataset and Natural Language Processing

Climate change poses critical challenges globally, disproportionately affecting low-income countries that often lack resources and linguistic representation on the international stage. Despite Bangladesh's status as one of the most vulnerable nations to climate impacts, research gaps persist in Bengali-language studies related to climate change and NLP. To address this disparity, we introduce Dhoroni, a novel Bengali (Bangla) climate change and environmental news dataset, comprising a 2300 annotated Bangla news articles, offering multiple perspectives such as political influence, scientific/statistical data, authenticity, stance detection, and stakeholder involvement. Furthermore, we present an in-depth exploratory analysis of Dhoroni and introduce BanglaBERT-Dhoroni family, a novel baseline model family for climate and environmental opinion detection in Bangla, fine-tuned on our dataset. This research contributes significantly to enhancing accessibility and analysis of climate discourse in Bengali (Bangla), addressing crucial communication and research gaps in climate-impacted regions like Bangladesh with 180 million people.

cs.CL↗

arXiv2024

Exploring Possibilities of AI-Powered Legal Assistance in Bangladesh through Large Language Modeling

Purpose: Bangladesh's legal system struggles with major challenges like delays, complexity, high costs, and millions of unresolved cases, which deter many from pursuing legal action due to lack of knowledge or financial constraints. This research seeks to develop a specialized Large Language Model (LLM) to assist in the Bangladeshi legal system. Methods: We created UKIL-DB-EN, an English corpus of Bangladeshi legal documents, by collecting and scraping data on various legal acts. We fine-tuned the GPT-2 model on this dataset to develop GPT2-UKIL-EN, an LLM focused on providing legal assistance in English. Results: The model was rigorously evaluated using semantic assessments, including case studies supported by expert opinions. The evaluation provided promising results, demonstrating the potential for the model to assist in legal matters within Bangladesh. Conclusion: Our work represents the first structured effort toward building an AI-based legal assistant for Bangladesh. While the results are encouraging, further refinements are necessary to improve the model's accuracy, credibility, and safety. This is a significant step toward creating a legal AI capable of serving the needs of a population of 180 million.

cs.CL↗

arXiv2024

LLMs as Writing Assistants: Exploring Perspectives on Sense of Ownership and Reasoning

Sense of ownership in writing confines our investment of thoughts, time, and contribution, leading to attachment to the output. However, using writing assistants introduces a mental dilemma, as some content isn't directly our creation. For instance, we tend to credit Large Language Models (LLMs) more in creative tasks, even though all tasks are equal for them. Additionally, while we may not claim complete ownership of LLM-generated content, we freely claim authorship. We conduct a short survey to examine these issues and understand underlying cognitive processes in order to gain a better knowledge of human-computer interaction in writing and improve writing aid systems.

cs.HC↗

arXiv2024

Ink and Individuality: Crafting a Personalised Narrative in the Age of LLMs

Individuality and personalization comprise the distinctive characteristics that make each writer unique and influence their words in order to effectively engage readers while conveying authenticity. However, our growing reliance on LLM-based writing assistants risks compromising our creativity and individuality over time. We often overlook the negative impacts of this trend on our creativity and uniqueness, despite the possible consequences. This study investigates these concerns by performing a brief survey to explore different perspectives and concepts, as well as trying to understand people's viewpoints, in conjunction with past studies in the area. Addressing these issues is essential for improving human-computer interaction systems and enhancing writing assistants for personalization and individuality.

cs.HC↗

arXiv2024

Exploring Bengali Religious Dialect Biases in Large Language Models with Evaluation Perspectives

While Large Language Models (LLM) have created a massive technological impact in the past decade, allowing for human-enabled applications, they can produce output that contains stereotypes and biases, especially when using low-resource languages. This can be of great ethical concern when dealing with sensitive topics such as religion. As a means toward making LLMS more fair, we explore bias from a religious perspective in Bengali, focusing specifically on two main religious dialects: Hindu and Muslim-majority dialects. Here, we perform different experiments and audit showing the comparative analysis of different sentences using three commonly used LLMs: ChatGPT, Gemini, and Microsoft Copilot, pertaining to the Hindu and Muslim dialects of specific words and showcasing which ones catch the social biases and which do not. Furthermore, we analyze our findings and relate them to potential reasons and evaluation perspectives, considering their global impact with over 300 million speakers worldwide. With this work, we hope to establish the rigor for creating more fairness in LLMs, as these are widely used as creative writing agents.

cs.HC↗