arXiv subjects

Muye Zhang

Publications and source records attributed to Muye Zhang.

3 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

On the Framing Effect of AI Red-Teaming Instructions: Evidence from Prior Exercises and Controlled Simulations

AI red-teaming, adversarially probing generative AI systems to surface harms, has become a central evaluation method. However, prior work has highlighted that red-teaming is a fairly open-ended task, laden with myriad design choices that can shape its findings. In this work, we focus on the instructions used to conduct red-teaming exercises and hypothesize that they can significantly affect outcomes in a manner analogous to the framing effect in psychology, where the format in which information is presented greatly impacts how people respond. To understand whether and why instructions impact red-teaming outcomes, first, we analyze the range of ways in which instructions have historically been formulated, reviewing 228 instances of prior work. Second, based on takeaways from this review, we run controlled simulations that hold parameters such as the risk domain, the attacker, and the model under investigation fixed while varying only the instructions. From five real instruction templates used by industry and academic organizations, we derive 45 instruction frames across three risk domains and three levels of risk granularity, generating 100 variants per frame, and deploy each against five open-weights target models, for 22,500 attacks. Using a generalized linear mixed model, we find that certain instruction properties significantly predict attack success rates: the lowest and highest levels of risk granularity both outperform intermediate specificity, as do short and long instructions relative to medium-length ones. The presence of examples is associated with higher attack success rates, while supplying explicit harm definitions yields lower ones. As alignment evaluations become increasingly automated, our results suggest that humans continue to shape red-teaming outcomes substantially through the instructions they provide to scaffold the activity.

cs.CY↗

arXiv2026

Searching for "Harmful Refusal": A Psychometric Audit of an AI Safety Benchmark

Safety benchmarks typically report one overall score for a suite of datasets, each of which may target one or more safety-related attributes, so models with similar overall scores can have very different attribute profiles. Comparing models is more tractable at the level of individual attributes, yet it is often unclear whether even a single dataset's scores isolate any single attribute. One plausible candidate for such an attribute is harmful refusal, a model's tendency to refuse dangerous or policy-violating prompts. We examine whether it constitutes a single, measurable attribute in HELM Safety. Using a construct validity framework that stipulates that an attribute must exist before a test can measure it, we start with HELM Safety's four datasets that might plausibly target harmful refusal, but find that three are saturated. We subject the remaining dataset, HarmBench, to two psychometric tests to determine if a single attribute like harmful refusal could stand behind its score. First, multidimensional item response theory modeling strongly suggests that HarmBench does not measure a singular attribute. Second, a differential item functioning analysis finds items where models from different developers with the same refusal ability score differently. These flags largely disappear under scope-specific matching, a pattern consistent with aggregation effects but not sufficient to rule out domain-specific developer differences. Zooming out, HarmBench collapses distinct harm behaviors into one score, and the overall HELM safety aggregate further collapses HarmBench and scores from other datasets into a single top-line number. Any safety score that averages over datasets and items can hide saturation and conflate behaviors this way. We argue that a score should earn its single-attribute reading before models are compared with it.

cs.AI↗

arXiv2026

Automatic Hard Example Synthesis with Multi-Level Agentic Data Curation

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) are increasingly deployed for nuanced content safety and moderation tasks, yet they remain vulnerable to adversarial attacks and out-of-distribution edge cases. Traditional active learning and manual annotation fail to scale against the complexity and volume of novel multimodal threats. In this paper, we propose an automated, agentic red-teaming framework that systematically synthesizes difficult examples using an iterative strategy that proposes novel hypotheses as well as mutating on past attempts. Leveraging a multi-agent architecture that consists of a high-reasoning Architect agent, an advanced image generator, and a multi-level verification committee of LLM raters, our system autonomously uncovers boundary-pushing violations and ambiguous policy edge cases without any human intervention. By employing these carefully synthesized adversarial examples as in-context demonstrations via test-time Retrieval, we substantially improve the target model's robustness, reducing the False Negative Rate (FNR) from 41.2% to 24.5% in a public image safety benchmark without relying on any human labeling.

cs.AI↗