arXiv subjects

N. Javaid

Publications and source records attributed to N. Javaid.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2013

Analysis of Wireless Power Transmission

The advent of various wireless technologies have revolutionized the communication infrastructure and consequently changed the entire world into a global village. Use of wireless technology has also been made for transmission of electric power wirelessly. It increases the portability of power systems and integrates the communication technologies and electric power to the same platform. This paper presents a comprehensive review and detailed analysis of various techniques used for wireless power transmission. Feasibility, implementations, operations, results and comparison among different methods have also been covered in order to identify the favorable and economical method for low power and small distance applications.

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arXiv2013

Home Energy Management in Smart Grid

A significant amount of research has been conducted in order to make home appliances more efficient in terms of energy usage. Various techniques have been designed and implemented in order to control the power demand and supply. This paper encompasses reviews of different research works on a wide range of energy management techniques for smart homes aimed at reducing energy consumption and minimizing energy wastage. The idea of smart home is elaborated followed by a review of existing energy management methods.

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arXiv2013

Investigating Quality Routing Link Metrics in Wireless Multi-hop Networks

In this paper, we propose a new Quality Link Metric (QLM), ``Inverse Expected Transmission Count (InvETX)'' in Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol. Then we compare performance of three existing QLMs which are based on loss probability measurements; Expected Transmission Count (ETX), Minimum Delay (MD), Minimum Loss (ML) in Static Wireless Multi-hop Networks (SWMhNs). A novel contribution of this paper is enhancement in conventional OLSR to achieve high efficiency in terms of optimized routing load and routing latency. For this purpose, first we present a mathematical framework, and then to validate this frame work, we select three performance parameters to simulate default and enhanced versions of OLSR. Three chosen performance parameters are; throughput, Normalized Routing Load and End-to-End Delay. From simulation results, we conclude that adjusting the frequencies of topological information exchange results in high efficiency.

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arXiv2013

Energy Aware Error Control in Cooperative Communication in Wireless Sensor Networks

Due to small size of sensor nodes deployed in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), energy utilization is a key issue. Poor channel conditions lead to retransmissions and hence, result in energy wastage. Error control strategies are usually utilized to accommodate channel impairments like noise and fading in order to optimize energy consumption for network lifetime enhancement. Meanwhile, cooperative communication also emerges to be an appropriate candidate to combat the effects of channel fading. Energy efficiency of cooperative scheme when applied with Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ), Hybrid-ARQ (HARQ) and Forward Error Correction (FEC) is investigated in this work. Moreover, the expressions for energy efficiency of Direct Transmission, Single Relay Cooperation and Multi Relay Cooperation are also derived. In all, our work is focused towards energy optimal communication in WSNs. Our results show that error control strategies with cooperative schemes can significantly enhance system performance in form of energy optimization.

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arXiv2013

Energy optimization and Performance Analysis of Cluster Based Routing Protocols Extended from LEACH for WSNs

An energy efficient routing protocol is the major attentiveness for researcher in field of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). In this paper, we present some energy efficient hierarchal routing protocols, prosper from conventional Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) routing protocol. Fundamental objective of our consideration is to analyze, how these ex- tended routing protocols work in order to optimize lifetime of network nodes and how quality of routing protocols is improved for WSNs. Furthermore, this paper also emphasizes on some issues experienced by LEACH and also explains how these issues are tackled by other enhanced routing protocols from classi- cal LEACH. We analytically compare the features and performance issues of each hierarchal routing protocol. We also simulate selected clustering routing protocols for our study in order to elaborate the enhancement achieved by ameliorate routing protocols.

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arXiv2013

An Energy Efficient Decoding Scheme for Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks

One of the major challenges in Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) is to prolong the lifetime of network. Traditional research work focuses on minimizing transmit power; however, in the case of short range communication the consumption power in decoding is significantly larger than transmit power. This paper investigates the minimization of total power consumption by reducing the decoding power consumption. For achieving a desired Bit Error Rate (BER), we introduce some fundamental results on the basis of iterative message-passing algorithms for Low Density Parity Check Code (LDPC). To reduce energy dissipation in decoder, LDPC based coded communications between sensors are considered. Moreover, we evaluate the performance of LDPC at different code rates and introduce Adaptive Iterative Decoding (AID) by exploiting threshold on the number of iterations for a certain BER (0.0004). In iterative LDPC decoding, the total energy consumption of network is reduced by 20 to 25%.

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arXiv2013

iMOD LEACH: improved MODified LEACH Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

Increased use of Wireless sensor Networks (WSNs) in variety of applications has enabled the designers to create autonomous sensors, which can be deployed randomly, without human supervision, for the purpose of sensing and communicating valuable data. Many energy-efficient routing protocols are designed for WSNs based on clustering structure. In this paper, we have proposed iMODLEACH protocol which is an extension to the MODLEACH protocol. Simulation results indicate that iMODLEACH outperforms MODLEACH in terms of network life-time and packets transferred to base station. The mathematical analysis helps to select such values of these parameters which can suit a particular wireless sensor network application.

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arXiv2013

Modeling and Evaluating Performance of Routing Operations in Reactive Routing Protocols

Reactive routing protocols are gaining popularity due to their event driven nature day by day. In this vary paper, reactive routing is studied precisely. Route request, route reply and route maintenance phases are modeled with respect to control overhead. Control overhead varies with respect to change in various parameters. Our model calculates these variations as well. Besides modeling, we chose three most favored reactive routing protocols as Ad-Hoc on Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Dynamic MANET on Demand (DYMO) for our experiments. We simulated these protocols using ns-2 for a detailed comparison and performance analysis with respect to mobility and scalability issues keeping metrics of throughput, route delay and control over head. Their performances and comparisons are extensively presented in last part of our work.

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arXiv2013

Modeling and Evaluating Performance of Routing Operations in Proactive Routing Protocols

To ensure seamless communication in wireless multi-hop networks, certain classes of routing protocols are defined. This vary paper, is based upon proactive routing protocols for Wireless multihop networks. Initially, we discuss Destination Sequence Distance Vector (DSDV), Fish-eye State Routing (FSR) and Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR), precisely followed by mathematical frame work of control overhead regarding proactive natured routing protocols. Finally, extensive simulations are done using NS 2 respecting above mentioned routing protocols covering mobility and scalability issues. Said protocols are compared under mobile and dense environments to conclude our performance analysis.

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arXiv2013

AID: An Energy Efficient Decoding Scheme for LDPC Codes in Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks

One of the major challenges in Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) is to prolong the lifetime of network. Traditional research work focuses on minimizing transmit power, however, in the case of short range communication the consumption power in decoding is significantly larger than transmit power. This paper investigates the minimization of total power consumption by reducing the decoding power consumption. For achieving a desired Bit Error Rate (BER), we introduce some fundamental results on the basis of iterative message-passing algorithms for Low Density Parity Check Code (LDPC). To reduce energy dissipation in decoder, LDPC based coded communications between sensors are considered. Moreover, we evaluate the performance of LDPC at different code rates and introduce Adaptive Iterative Decoding (AID) by exploiting threshold on the number of iterations for a certain BER. In iterative LDPC decoding, the total energy consumption of network is reduced by 20 to 25 percent.

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arXiv2013

AM-DisCNT: Angular Multi-hop DIStance based Circular Network Transmission Protocol for WSNs

The nodes in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) contain limited energy resources, which are needed to transmit data to base station (BS). Routing protocols are designed to reduce the energy consumption. Clustering algorithms are best in this aspect. Such clustering algorithms increase the stability and lifetime of the network. However, every routing protocol is not suitable for heterogeneous environments. AM-DisCNT is proposed and evaluated as a new energy efficient protocol for wireless sensor networks. AM-DisCNT uses circular deployment for even consumption of energy in entire wireless sensor network. Cluster-head selection is on the basis of energy. Highest energy node becomes CH for that round. Energy is again compared in the next round to check the highest energy node of that round. The simulation results show that AM-DisCNT performs better than the existing heterogeneous protocols on the basis of network lifetime, throughput and stability of the system.

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arXiv2013

Measuring Fatigue of Soldiers in Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks

Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks (WBASNs) consist of on-body or in-body sensors placed on human body for health monitoring. Energy conservation of these sensors, while guaranteeing a required level of performance, is a challenging task. Energy efficient routing schemes are designed for the longevity of network lifetime. In this paper, we propose a routing protocol for measuring fatigue of a soldier. Three sensors are attached to soldier's body that monitor specific parameters. Our proposed protocol is an event driven protocol and takes three scenarios for measuring the fatigue of a soldier. We evaluate our proposed work in terms of network lifetime, throughput, remaining energy of sensors and fatigue of a soldier.

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arXiv2013

Non-Invasive Induction Link Model for Implantable Biomedical Microsystems: Pacemaker to Monitor Arrhythmic Patients in Body Area Networks

In this paper, a non-invasive inductive link model for an Implantable Biomedical Microsystems (IBMs) such as, a pacemaker to monitor Arrhythmic Patients (APs) in Body Area Networks (BANs) is proposed. The model acts as a driving source to keep the batteries charged, inside a device called, pacemaker. The device monitors any drift from natural human heart beats, a condition of arrythmia and also in turn, produces electrical pulses that create forced rhythms that, matches with the original normal heart rhythms. It constantly sends a medical report to the health center to keep the medical personnel aware of the patient's conditions and let them handle any critical condition, before it actually happens. Two equivalent models are compared by carrying the simulations, based on the parameters of voltage gain and link efficiency. Results depict that the series tuned primary and parallel tuned secondary circuit achieves the best results for both the parameters, keeping in view the constraint of coupling co-efficient (k), which should be less than a value \emph{0.45} as, desirable for the safety of body tissues.

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arXiv2013

Analysis and Modeling of Network Connectivity in Routing Protocols for MANETs and VANETs

In this paper, a framework is presented for node distribution with respect to density, network connectivity and communication time. According to modeled framework we evaluate and compare the performance of three routing protocols; Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Fisheye State Routing (FSR) in MANETs and VANETs using two Mac-layer protocols; 802.11 and 802.11p. We have further modified these protocols by changing their routing information exchange intervals; MOD AODV, MOD DSR and MOD FSR. A comprehensive simulation work is performed in NS-2 for the comparison of these routing protocols for varying mobilities and scalabilities of nodes. To evaluate their efficiency; throughput, End-to-End Delay (E2ED) and Normalized Routing Load (NRL) of these protocols are taken into account as performance parameters. After extensive simulations, we observe that AODV outperforms both with MANETs and VANETs.

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arXiv2013

Modeling Probability of Path Loss for DSDV, OLSR and DYMO above 802.11 and 802.11p

This paper presents path loss model along with framework for probability distribution function for VANETs. Furthermore, we simulate three routing protocols Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV), Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) and Dynamic MANET On-demand (DYMO) in NS-2 to evaluate and compare their performance using two Mac-layer Protocols 802.11 and 802.11p. A novel approach of this work is modifications in existing parameters to achieve high efficiency. After extensive simulations, we observe that DSDV out performs with 802.11p while DYMO gives best performance with 802.11.

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arXiv2013

AMCTD: Adaptive Mobility of Courier nodes in Threshold-optimized DBR Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

In dense underwater sensor networks (UWSN), the major confronts are high error probability, incessant variation in topology of sensor nodes, and much energy consumption for data transmission. However, there are some remarkable applications of UWSN such as management of seabed and oil reservoirs, exploration of deep sea situation and prevention of aqueous disasters. In order to accomplish these applications, ignorance of the limitations of acoustic communications such as high delay and low bandwidth is not feasible. In this paper, we propose Adaptive mobility of Courier nodes in Threshold-optimized Depth-based routing (AMCTD), exploring the proficient amendments in depth threshold and implementing the optimal weight function to achieve longer network lifetime. We segregate our scheme in 3 major phases of weight updating, depth threshold variation and adaptive mobility of courier nodes. During data forwarding, we provide the framework for alterations in threshold to cope with the sparse condition of network. We ultimately perform detailed simulations to scrutinize the performance of our proposed scheme and its comparison with other two notable routing protocols in term of network lifetime and other essential parameters. The simulations results verify that our scheme performs better than the other techniques and near to optimal in the field of UWSN.

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arXiv2013

A Survey of Home Energy Management Systems in Future Smart Grid Communications

In this paper we present a systematic review of various home energy management (HEM) schemes. Employment of home energy management programs will make the electricity consumption smarter and more efficient. Advantages of HEM include, increased savings for consumers as well as utilities, reduced peak to average ratio (PAR) and peak demand. Where there are numerous applications of smart grid technologies, home energy management is probably the most important one to be addressed. Utilities across the globe have taken various steps for efficient consumption of electricity. New pricing schemes like, Real Time Pricing (RTP), Time of Use (ToU), Inclining Block Rates (IBR), Critical Peak Pricing (CPP) etc, have been proposed for smart grid. Distributed Energy Resources (DER) (local generation) and/or home appliances coordination along with different tariff schemes lead towards efficient consumption of electricity. This work also discusses a HEM systems general architecture and various challenges in implementation of this architecture in smart grid.

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arXiv2013

DREEM-ME: Distributed Regional Energy Efficient Multi-hop Routing Protocol based on Maximum Energy in WSNs

Wireless distributed sensor network consists of randomly deployed sensors having low energy assets. These networks can be used for monitoring a variety of environments. Major problems of these networks are energy constraints and their finite lifetimes. To overcome these problems different routing protocols and clustering techniques are introduced. We propose DREEM-ME which uses a unique technique for clustering to overcome these two problems efficiently. DREEM-ME elects a fix number of cluster heads (CHs) in each round instead of probabilistic selection of CHs. Packet Drop Technique is also implemented in our protocol to make it more comprehensive and practical. In DREEM-ME confidence interval is also shown in each graph which helps in visualising the maximum deviation from original course. Our simulations and results show that DREEM-ME is much better than existing protocols of the same nature.

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