Mixed-mode bursting oscillations in a three-timescale biophysical neuronal oscillator model
Mixed-mode oscillations (MMOs), characterized by the alternation of small-amplitude oscillations (SAOs) and large-amplitude oscillations (LAOs), and bursting oscillations are common forms of complex oscillatory dynamics observed in systems with multiple timescales and have been widely studied across scientific disciplines. Mixed-mode bursting oscillations (MMBOs) combine features of MMOs and bursting, with LAOs organized into burst events. Most existing studies treat MMBOs as two-timescale phenomena, identifying distinct geometric mechanisms depending on how the timescales are grouped. In this work, we use a three-timescale biophysical cortical neuronal oscillator model to demonstrate that a three-timescale implementation of geometric singular perturbation theory (GSPT) provides stronger predictive insight into MMBO dynamics. This perspective unifies mechanisms previously identified from fast-slow analysis, while revealing the canard-delayed-Hopf (CDH) singularity as an organizing center for MMBOs near the singular limit. We perform a detailed bifurcation analysis of the full eight-dimensional model to determine how MMBOs are organized along families of isolas. We then combine GSPT with full-system bifurcation analysis to show how tuning the relative timescales induces transitions among MMOs, MMBOs, and bursting dynamics. Our results highlight the importance of studying MMBOs from a three-timescale perspective and demonstrate that combining GSPT with full-system bifurcation analysis can reveal organizing structures and mechanisms that are not apparent from either approach alone.