arXiv subjects

Nicolas Brunner

Publications and source records attributed to Nicolas Brunner.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Certification of quantum correlations at arbitrary distances through routed Bell tests

Transmission loss represents a major obstacle to the device-independent certification of quantum correlations over long distances, limiting applications such as device-independent quantum key distribution (DIQKD). In this work, we investigate the recently proposed concept of routed Bell experiments, in which a particle sent to one side can be measured either near or far from the source. We prove that routed Bell tests involving only entangled qubits can certify quantum correlations even in the presence of arbitrary loss on the channel to the distant device. This is achieved by adapting concepts from self-testing and quantum steering to the routed Bell test framework. Finally, as a natural extension of our approach, we outline a DIQKD protocol that, in principle, is secure over arbitrary distances.

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arXiv2026

The cost of classically simulating quantum communication is as high as it could be

A long-standing open question is to characterize the classical communication cost of simulating the correlations arising from measurements on finite-dimensional quantum systems. We consider this question in the prepare-and-measure scenario. First we construct a classical simulation model involving a finite average number of bits of one-way communication that simulates exactly the correlations arising from arbitrary $d$-dimensional quantum states and arbitrary measurements. Second, we show that no classical simulation protocol involving a finite average message dimension can exist for $d\geq 4$, hence strengthening a recent result of de Gois, Santos and Vieira. Our first result relies on a more general simulation theorem which can be applied to certain continuous variable (i.e. infinite-dimensional) quantum systems, and even beyond quantum theory, e.g. to generalized probabilistic theories. In particular, we show that multimode Gaussian states of bounded average energy and general Gaussian measurements admit an exact classical simulation with a finite expected number of bits. Overall, our results show that the classical simulation cost of quantum communication is essentially as high as it could be.

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arXiv2026

Quantifying the fidelity of a quantum memory

Quantum memories are key ingredients for future quantum networks. Developing methods for their certification is therefore an important, yet challenging, problem. In this work, we present a general framework for certifying quantum memories and quantifying their performance in an operational and efficient manner, taking advantage of developments in the theory of quantum channels. We start by giving a pedagogical introduction to these concepts and tools and illustrate their natural application to quantum memories. Specifically, we quantify the fidelity of a quantum memory via the notion of average channel fidelity, which can be estimated precisely in an experiment via a finite set of probe states forming a so-called $2$-design. We then present a number of witnessing techniques for certifying this quantity, and show that it gives access to other important properties of the channel, such as its dimensionality and its capacity to transmit quantum information. We consider mostly a simple prepare-and-measure scenario, but discuss also the case of an entanglement-based setup, as well as a semi-device-independent approach. Finally, we apply these methods to a solid-state quantum memory experiment, certifying an average channel fidelity of 98.6%. Our certification methods can be readily applied to other quantum devices, such as fibers, transducers and gates.

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arXiv2026

Stronger Welch Bounds and Optimal Approximate $k$-Designs

The question of how well a finite ensemble of quantum states can approximate Haar randomness is relevant in many areas of quantum physics. Here we consider this problem from a geometrical perspective, via the notion of Welch bounds. The latter are a set of inequalities, originally derived in the context of signal processing, which precisely characterize exact k-designs, i.e. a finite ensemble of states that exactly reproduces the k-th moment of the Haar measure. We derive stronger Welch bounds which enable a quantitative and operationally meaningful characterisation of approximate k-designs. Our new bounds are often tight, allowing us to characterize optimal approximate designs in regimes where the cardinality of the ensemble is small. A notable example is complete sets of mutually unbiased bases (MUBs), which form an optimal approximate 3-design among 1-designs of their cardinality. This leads to a new variational approach to determine the existence of complete sets of MUBs, which we explore numerically in dimension six. We highlight a connection to shadow tomography, relating our bounds to the shadow norm. We comment on how the method extends to other types of designs, including toric and unitary designs. A key technical ingredient, is the computation of the complete spectrum of the partially transposed symmetric-subspace projector, including multiplicities and eigenvectors, which may find further applications.

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arXiv2026

The power of quantum catalytic local operations

A key result in entanglement theory is that the addition of a catalyst dramatically enlarges the set of possible state transformations via local operations and classical communication (LOCC). However, it remains unclear what is the interplay between classical communication and quantum catalysis. Here our aim is to disentangle the effect of the catalyst from that of classical communication. To do so, we explore a class of state transformations termed catalytic local operations (CLO) and compare it to LOCC and to stochastic LOCC augmented by bounded quantum communication. We show that these classes are incomparable and capture different facets of quantum state transformations.

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arXiv2026

Catalytic Activation of Genuine Multipartite Entanglement and Nonlocality

We demonstrate the possibility to activate genuine multipartite entanglement (GME), the strongest form of entanglement for multipartite states, within the framework of quantum catalysis. Specifically, we show that any biseparable state (i.e. not GME) that is not partition separable can be deterministically transformed into a GME state via the help of a catalyst and local operations, without any classical communication. In turn, we construct a catalytic protocol tailored to the multipartite case. The protocol is termed "sum-to-product", as it transforms a mixture of states into their tensor product in a heralded manner. We apply this protocol to random network entangled states, which are biseparable by construction, and demonstrate catalytic activation of both GME and genuine multipartite Bell nonlocality.

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arXiv2026

Multi-copy and Catalytic Superactivation of Genuine Multipartite Nonlocality

Genuine multipartite Bell nonlocality (GMNL) aims at capturing correlations between many distant observers that are globally Bell nonlocal. A commonly used definition for GMNL is based on biseparable models constructed from non-signalling correlations. Here we uncover an effect of superactivation of GMNL in this framework. Specifically, by locally wiring together two copies of a biseparable correlation, i.e. not GMNL, one can obtain another correlation that is GMNL. We show that this is possible for any number of parties, and for quantum-realizable correlations. Finally, we show that superactivation of GMNL is also possible at the single-copy level, via a catalytic protocol involving only local wirings. These results question the operational meaning of this definition of GMNL.

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arXiv2026

Entanglement distribution and quantum storage of more than 8000 modes over a metropolitan network

Entanglement generation between telecommunication photons and matter is central to fibre-based quantum repeaters. Achieving practical communication rates requires multiplexing, which multimode quantum memories can provide. Rare-earth-ion ensembles offer large temporal multimode storage by exploiting the numerous spectral channels within their absorption spectrum. Here, we report on a quantum repeater node comprised of a $^{171}$Yb$^{3+}$:Y$_2$SiO$_5$ multimode quantum memory, featuring a 250 MHz bandwidth and a $76.6~μ\mathrm{s}$ lifetime, and a bandwidth-matched entangled photon-pair source. We introduce and validate a quantitative measure of the effective temporal mode capacity using a Schmidt decomposition. With this platform, we demonstrate entanglement between a telecom photon propagating through a 25.3 km fiber spool and a 979 nm photon stored for $125~μ\mathrm{s}$ across 16340 temporal modes. Finally, we report a field deployment distributing entanglement over 5.66 km through the Geneva metropolitan fibre network while storing 8235 modes for $63~μ\mathrm{s}$.

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arXiv2026

A versatile neural-network toolbox for testing Bell locality in networks

Determining whether an observed distribution of events generated in a quantum network is Bell local, i.e., if it admits an alternative realization in terms of independent local variables, is extremely challenging. Building upon arXiv:1907.10552, we develop a software solution that parameterizes local models in networks via neural networks. This allows one to leverage optimization tools available from the machine learning community in the search of network Bell nonlocality. Our solution applies to arbitrary networks, is easy to use, and includes technical improvements that significantly increase performance compared to previous implementations. We apply it to investigate nonlocality in several networks hitherto unexplored, providing insights on the corresponding quantum nonlocal sets and suggesting concrete, promising realizations of quantum nonlocal correlations.

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arXiv2026

Trading symmetry for Hilbert-space dimension in Bell-inequality violation

In quantum information, asymmetry, i.e., the lack of symmetry, is a resource allowing one to accomplish certain tasks that are otherwise impossible. Similarly, in a Bell test using any given Bell inequality, the maximum violation achievable using quantum strategies respecting or disregarding a certain symmetry can be different. In this work, we focus on the symmetry involved in the exchange of parties and explore when we have to trade this symmetry for a lower-dimensional quantum strategy in achieving the maximal violation of given Bell inequalities. For the family of symmetric Collins-Gisin-Linden-Massar-Popescu inequalities, we provide evidence showing that there is no such trade-off. However, for several other Bell inequalities with a small number of dichotomic measurement settings, we show that symmetric quantum strategies in the minimal Hilbert space dimension can only lead to a suboptimal Bell violation. In other words, there exist symmetric Bell inequalities that can only be maximally violated by asymmetric quantum strategies of minimal dimension. In contrast, one can also find examples of asymmetric Bell inequalities that are maximally violated by symmetric correlations. The implications of these findings on the geometry of the set of quantum correlations and the possibility of performing self-testing therefrom are briefly discussed.

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arXiv2026

Certification of the genuine resolution of photon number resolving detectors

Photon-number-resolving (PNR) detectors are essential components of photonic quantum technologies, yet thus far, no practical metric exists to certify how many photons they can genuinely resolve in a single measurement. Here we introduce an operational framework for quantifying the capability of a PNR detector to distinguish between different numbers of photons, i.e. its genuine resolution. In turn, we develop a practical and scalable protocol for certifying the genuine resolution of a detector, which is based on coherent state probes. We apply the method to a 28-pixel photon-number-resolving superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (PNR-SNSPD) and certify genuine four-outcome resolution. Our work highlights the critical requirements in terms of detector efficiency towards achieving high genuine resolution. This approach provides an operational benchmark for PNR detectors and fills a crucial gap in the characterization of photonic quantum devices.

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arXiv2026

A Quantum Mechanical Pendulum Clock

We investigate an optomechanical system as a model of an autonomous mechanical pendulum clock in the quantum regime, whose operation relies only on incoherent (thermal) resources. The escapement of the clock, the mechanism that translates oscillatory motion into ticks, is provided by an emitter in the optical cavity and the operation of the clock relies on the existence of a limit cycle. Since the clock is based on an oscillatory degree of freedom, it can overcome the thermodynamic uncertainty relation and is thus more accurate than clocks that rely only on stochastic transitions. Furthermore, by increasing the amount of emitters in the cavity, the clock approaches the behavior expected for a macroscopic pendulum clock, where fluctuations become irrelevant while the clock dynamics becomes completely irreversible. This allows for investigating the quantum-to-classical transition of pendulum clocks.

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arXiv2026

Thermodynamic Networks: Harnessing Non-Equilibrium Steady States for Computation

We introduce thermodynamic networks, a general framework for autonomous, physics-based computation using non-equilibrium steady states. These networks are modeled as a collection of finite-size reservoirs that exchange conserved quantities--such as electric charge or molecular number--while relaxing to a non-equilibrium steady state, which encodes the solution of a computational problem. We identify Negative Differential Conductance (NDC) as the critical physical property governing the computational expressivity of the thermodynamic network. While networks lacking NDC are restricted to computing monotonic functions, the presence of NDC enables universal function approximation. For the training of the network, we use protocols that take advantage of the natural tendency of the system to equilibrate. We illustrate the versatility of our approach via two different platforms: quantum dot networks and enzymatic reaction networks. Both systems can be engineered to have NDC, enabling high performance in standard benchmarks, including sine function approximation and MNIST digit classification. Overall, our work establishes a rigorous link between non-equilibrium steady states and computational expressivity.

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arXiv2026

The minimal example of quantum network Bell nonlocality

In recent years, the study of Bell nonlocality has been generalized to quantum networks, where multiple independent sources distribute physical systems to distant parties who perform local measurements. In this context, a central open question is to identify the minimal network configuration in which quantum resources produce Bell nonlocal correlations. Here we address this question and show that quantum nonlocality is possible in the triangle network where the parties have no input choices and produce only binary-valued outcomes. To do so, we start by identifying a family of target distributions and proving their nonlocality. Next, we construct an explicit quantum model that reproduces the target distributions to machine precision. For this, we develop an efficient method for parameterizing quantum distributions in networks, inspired by the formalism of higher-order quantum operations. When considering the number of observed variables and their cardinality, this constitutes the smallest scenario possible that supports quantum nonlocality in networks. Moreover, by analyzing the explicit quantum model, we obtain new insights into how nonlocal distributions can be generated in quantum networks.

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arXiv2026

High-Dimensional Quantum Photonics: Roadmap

The field of high-dimensional quantum photonics involves the use of multimode photonic degrees-of-freedom such as the spatial, temporal, or spectral structure of light to encode multi-level quantum states. Recent years have seen rapid progress in the development of methods to generate, manipulate, and distribute such quantum states of light and their use in a range of quantum technology applications that offer practical advantages over conventional qubit-based approaches. High-dimensional quantum states of light encoded in photonic time-bins, frequency-bins, transverse-spatial modes, waveguide paths, and temporal modes have enabled noise-robust fundamental tests of quantum mechanics, error-resilient and high-capacity quantum communication protocols, andas well as efficient approaches for quantum information processing, to name just a few examples. However, research in this field has progressed fairly independently, with little exchange across different photonic degrees-of-freedom or between experiment and theory and no comprehensive comparison between degrees-of-freedom. This roadmap aims to bridge this gap by surveying progress in each area and identifying shared challenges and opportunities that cut across two or more photonic degrees-of-freedoms. We review early work and state-of-the-art experimental techniques under development for high-dimensional quantum states encoded in single and entangled photons, as well as theoretical tools for their measurement and certification. We outline the main outstanding challenges for theory and each experimental degree-of-freedom, identifying promising future directions of research that may enable these to be overcome. We end by discussing interconnections and shared challenges centered around their distribution, measurement, and manipulation, with a view towards their integration into next-generation quantum technology platforms and applications.

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arXiv2026

Symmetric observations without symmetric causal explanations

Inferring causal models from observed correlations is a challenging task, crucial to many areas of science. In order to alleviate the computational effort when sifting through possible causal explanations for some given observations, it is important to know whether symmetries in the observations correspond to symmetries in the underlying realization so that one can quickly discard impossible explanations. Via an explicit example, we demonstrate that, in general, symmetries cannot be exploited to reduce the hypothesis space. We use a tripartite probability distribution over binary events that is realized by using three (different) independent sources of classical randomness. We prove that even removing the condition that the sources distribute systems described by classical physics, the requirements that (i) the sources distribute the same physical systems, (ii) these physical systems respect relativistic causality, and (iii) the correlations are the observed ones are incompatible.

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arXiv2026

Quantum correlations in prepare-and-measure scenarios and their semi-device-independent applications

A key aspect in quantum information is to understand the advantage offered by quantum systems over classical ones in communication tasks. In recent years, a fundamental approach to this problem has been developed, focusing on quantum correlations in prepare-and-measure scenarios. Inspired by the developments in Bell nonlocality and device-independent information processing, this line of research aims to characterize the possibilities and limits of quantum systems for communication, in particular to precisely capture the advantage they offer over classical systems. In addition to fundamental insights, these ideas also underpin the concept of semi-device-independent quantum information processing. Exploring trade-offs between security, performance and ease-of-implementation, this approach opens promising directions for novel quantum information processing technologies and devices. A number of protocols and proof-of-principle demonstrations have been reported in recent years, in particular for quantum randomness certification and key distribution. Here, we provide a comprehensive introduction to quantum prepare-and-measure correlations and semi-device independent applications.

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arXiv2026

Superactivation of genuine multipartite Bell nonlocality from two-party entanglement

Characterizing the relation between entanglement and Bell nonlocality is a long-standing open problem, notably challenging in the multipartite case. Here we investigate the effect of superactivation of genuine multipartite nonlocality. Specifically, we show that starting from multipartite states that feature only two-party entanglement (hence almost fully separable), it is possible to obtain GMNL in the many-copy regime. This represents the weakest possible resource for GMNL superactivation. On the technical side, we develop an efficient and practical criterion for certifying GMNL superactivation based on network entangled states, as well as a perfect parallel repetition result for the Khot-Vishnoi Bell game, which are of independent interest.

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