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Niklas L. P. Lundström

Publications and source records attributed to Niklas L. P. Lundström.

18 recordsLinked to original sources

Sharp decay estimates for subsolutions of fully nonlinear equations in thin domains

We reduce the problem of establishing pointwise upper decay estimates in thin domains for viscosity subsolutions of fully nonlinear partial differential equations to solving a one-dimensional differential inequality. The resulting estimates make explicit the interaction between the transverse geometry of the domain and the ellipticity of the equation, and are shown to be sharp. Our framework allows the ellipticity to degenerate at infinity and accommodates nonhomogeneous equations with lower-order terms. As an application, we obtain decay estimates for $p$-subharmonic functions when $1<p\leq 2$

math.AP↗

Estimates for viscosity solutions of fully nonlinear equations near smooth boundaries

We reduce the problem of proving decay estimates for viscosity solutions of fully nonlinear PDEs to proving analogous estimates for solutions of one-dimensional ordinary differential inequalities. Our machinery allow the ellipticity to vanish near the boundary and permits general, possibly unbounded, lower-order terms. A key consequence is the derivation of boundary Harnack inequalities for a broad class of fully nonlinear, nonhomogeneous equations near $C^{1,1}$-boundaries. In combination with $C^{1,α}$-estimates, we also obtain that quotients of positive vanishing solutions are Hölder continuous near $C^{1,1}$-boundaries.This result applies to a wide family of fully nonlinear uniformly elliptic PDEs; and for $p(x)$-harmonic functions and planar $\infty$-harmonic functions near locally flat boundaries. We end by deriving some Phragmén-Lindelöf-type corollaries in unbounded domains.

math.AP↗

Well-posedness of a Variable-Exponent Telegraph Equation Applied to Image Despeckling

In this paper, we present a telegraph diffusion model with variable exponents for image despeckling. Moving beyond the traditional assumption of a constant exponent in the telegraph diffusion framework, we explore three distinct variable exponents for edge detection. All of these depend on the gray level of the image or its gradient. We rigorously prove the existence and uniqueness of weak solutions of our model in a functional setting and perform numerical experiments to assess how well it can despeckle noisy gray-level images. We consider both a range of natural images contaminated by varying degrees of artificial speckle noise and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. We finally compare our method with the nonlocal speckle removal technique and find that our model outperforms the latter at speckle elimination and edge preservation.

math.AP↗

Analytical approximations of Lotka-Volterra integrals

In this note we derive simple analytical bounds for solutions of $x - \ln x = y -\ln y$ and use them for estimating trajectories following Lotka-Volterra-type integrals. We show how our results imply estimates for the Lambert $W$ function as well as for trajectories of general predator-prey systems, including e.g. Rosenzweig-MacArthur equations.

math.DS↗

Estimates of size of cycle in a predator-prey system II

We prove estimates for the maximal and minimal predator and prey populations on the unique limit cycle in a standard predator-prey system. Our estimates are valid when the cycle exhibits small predator and prey abundances and large amplitudes. The proofs consist of constructions of several Lyapunov-type functions and derivation of a large number of non-trivial estimates, and should be of independent interest. This study generalizes results proved by the authors in (Differ Equ Dyn Syst 30, 131-159 (2022)) to a wider class of systems and, in addition, it gives simpler proofs of some already known estimates.

math.DS↗

Enhancing Precision with the Local Pivotal Method: A General Variance Reduction Approach

The local pivotal method (LPM) is a successful sampling method for taking well-spread samples from discrete populations. We show how the LPM can be utilized to sample from arbitrary continuous distributions and thereby give powerful variance reduction in general cases. The method creates an ``automatic stratification" on any continuous distribution, of any dimension, and selects a ``thin" well-spread sample. We demonstrate the simplicity, generality and effectiveness of the LPM with various examples, including Monte Carlo estimation of integrals, option pricing and stability estimation in non-linear dynamical systems. Additionally, we show how the LPM can be combined with other variance reduction techniques, such as importance sampling, to achieve even greater variance reduction. To facilitate the implementation of the LPM, we provide a quick start guide to using LPM in MATLAB and R, which includes sample code demonstrating how to achieve variance reduction with just a few lines of code.

stat.ME↗

Estimates of $p$-harmonic functions in planar sectors

Suppose that $p \in (1,\infty]$, $ν\in [1/2,\infty)$, $\mathcal{S}_ν= \left\{ (x_1,x_2) \in \mathbb{R}^2 \setminus \{(0, 0)\}: |ϕ| < \fracπ{2ν}\right\}$, where $ϕ$ is the polar angle of $(x_1,x_2)$. Let $R>0$ and $ω_p(x)$ be the $p$-harmonic measure of $\partial B(0,R) \cap \mathcal{S}_ν$ at $x$ with respect to $B(0, R)\cap \mathcal{S}_ν$. We prove that there exists a constant $C$ such that \begin{align*} C^{-1}\left(\frac{|x|}{R}\right)^{k(ν,p)} \, \leq ω_p(x) \, \leq C \left(\frac{|x|}{R}\right)^{k(ν,p)} \end{align*} whenever $x\in B(0,R) \cap \mathcal{S}_{2ν}$ and where the exponent $k(ν,p)$ is given explicitly as a function of $ν$ and $p$. Using this estimate we derive local growth estimates for $p$-sub- and $p$-superharmonic functions in planar domains which are locally approximable by sectors, e.g., we conclude bounds of the rate of convergence near the boundary where the domain has an inwardly or outwardly pointed cusp. Using the estimates of $p$-harmonic measure we also derive a sharp Phragmen-Lindelöf theorem for $p$-subharmonic functions in the unbounded sector $\mathcal{S}_ν$. Moreover, if $p = \infty$ then the above mentioned estimates extend from the setting of two-dimensional sectors to cones in $\mathbb{R}^n$. Finally, when $ν\in (1/2, \infty)$ and $p\in (1,\infty)$ we prove uniqueness (modulo normalization) of positive $p$-harmonic functions in $\mathcal{S}_ν$ vanishing on $\partial\mathcal{S}_ν$.

math.AP↗

Systems of fully nonlinear parabolic obstacle problems with Neumann boundary conditions

We prove the existence of a unique viscosity solution to certain systems of fully nonlinear parabolic partial differential equations with interconnected obstacles in the setting of Neumann boundary conditions. The method of proof builds on the classical viscosity solution technique adapted to the setting of interconnected obstacles and construction of explicit viscosity sub- and supersolutions as bounds for Perron's method. Our motivation stems from so called optimal switching problems on bounded domains.

math.AP↗

Growth of subsolutions to fully nonlinear equations in halfspaces

We characterize lower growth estimates for subsolutions in halfspaces of fully nonlinear partial differential equations on the form $$ F(x,u,Du,D^2u) = 0 $$ in terms of solutions to ordinary differential equations built solely upon a growth assumption on $F$. Using this characterization we derive several sharp Phragmen-Lindelöf-type theorems for certain classes of well known PDEs. The equation need not be uniformly elliptic nor homogeneous and we obtain results both in case the subsolution is bounded or unbounded. Among our results we retrieve classical estimates in the halfspace for $p$-subharmonic functions and extend those to more general equations; we prove sharp growth estimates, in terms of $k$ and the asymptotic behaviour of $\int_{0}^{R} C(s) ds$, for subsolutions of equations allowing for sublinear growth in the gradient of the form $C(|x|)|Du|^k$ with $k\geq 1$; we establish a Phragmen-Lindelöf theorem for weak subsolutions of the variable exponent $p$-Laplace equation in halfspaces, $1 < p(x) < \infty$, $p(x) \in C^1$, of which we conclude sharpness by finding the "slowest growing" $p(x)$-harmonic function together with its corresponding family of $p(x)$-exponents. The paper ends with a discussion of our results from the point of view of a spatially dependent diffusion problem.

math.AP↗

Management strategies for run-of-river hydropower plants -an optimal switching approach

The mathematical theory for optimal switching is by now relatively well developed, but the number of concrete applications of this theoretical framework remains few. In this paper, we bridge parts of this gap by applying optimal switching theory to a set of production planning problems related to hydropower plants. In particular, we study two different cases involving small run-of-river hydropower plants and show how optimal switching can be used to create fully automatic production schemes in these cases, with non-zero cost of switching between different states of production. Along the way of deriving these schemes, we also create a model for the random flow of water based on stochastic differential equations and fit this model to historical data. This stochastic flow model, which should be of independent interest, mimics the long term seasonal behaviour of the flow while still allowing for stochastic fluctuations and can incorporate a given forecast to damp the impact of such fluctuations in near time. We benchmark the performance of our model using actual flow data from a small river in Sweden and find that our production scheme lies close to the optimal, within 2 % and 5 %, respectively, in a long term investigation of the two plants considered.

math.OC↗

Strong maximum principle and boundary estimates for nonhomogeneous elliptic equations

We give a simple proof of the strong maximum principle for viscosity subsolutions of fully nonlinear elliptic PDEs on the form $$ F(x,u,Du,D^2u) = 0 $$ under suitable structure conditions on the equation allowing for non-Lipschitz growth in the gradient terms. In case of smooth boundaries, we also prove the Hopf lemma, the boundary Harnack inequality and that positive viscosity solutions vanishing on a portion of the boundary are comparable with the distance function near the boundary. Our results apply to weak solutions of an eigenvalue problem for the variable exponent $p$-Laplacian.

math.AP↗

Meeting yield and conservation objectives by balancing harvesting of juveniles and adults

Sustainable yields that are at least 80% of the maximum sustainable yield are sometimes referred to as pretty good yield (PGY). The range of PGY harvesting strategies is generally broad and thus leaves room to account for additional objectives besides high yield. Here, we analyze stage-dependent harvesting strategies that realize PGY with conservation as a second objective. We show that (1) PGY harvesting strategies can give large conservation benefits and (2) equal harvesting rates of juveniles and adults is often a good strategy. These conclusions are based on trade-off curves between yield and four measures of conservation that form in two established population models, one age-structured and one stage-structured model, when considering different harvesting rates of juveniles and adults. These conclusions hold for a broad range of parameter settings, though our investigation of robustness also reveals that (3) predictions of the age-structured model are more sensitive to variations in parameter values than those of the stage-structured model. Finally, we find that (4) measures of stability that are often quite difficult to assess in the field (e.g.~basic reproduction ratio and resilience) are systematically negatively correlated with impacts on biomass and impact on size structure, so that these later quantities can provide integrative signals to detect possible collapses.

q-bio.PE↗

Stochastic and partial differential equations on non-smooth time-dependent domains

In this article, we consider non-smooth time-dependent domains and single-valued, smoothly varying directions of reflection at the boundary. In this setting, we first prove existence and uniqueness of strong solutions to stochastic differential equations with oblique reflection. Secondly, we prove, using the theory of viscosity solutions, a comparison principle for fully nonlinear second-order parabolic partial differential equations with oblique derivative boundary conditions. As a consequence, we obtain uniqueness, and, by barrier construction and Perron's method, we also conclude existence of viscosity solutions. Our results generalize two articles by Dupuis and Ishii to time-dependent domains.

math.AP↗

Existence, uniqueness and regularity of solutions to systems of nonlocal obstacle problems related to optimal switching

We study viscosity solutions to a system of nonlinear degenerate parabolic partial integro-differential equations with interconnected obstacles. This type of problem occurs in the context of optimal switching problems when the dynamics of the underlying state variable is described by an $n$-dimensional Levy process. We first establish a continuous dependence estimate for viscosity sub- and supersolutions to the system under mild regularity, growth and structural assumptions on the partial integro-differential operator and on the obstacles and terminal conditions. Using the continuous dependence estimate, we obtain the comparison principle and uniqueness of viscosity solutions as well as Lipschitz regularity in the spatial variables. Our main contribution is construction of suitable families of viscosity sub- and supersolutions which we use as barrier functions to prove Hölder continuity in the time variable, and, through Perron's method, existence of a unique viscosity solution. This paper generalizes parts of the results of Biswas, Jakobsen and Karlsen (2010) and of Lundström, Nyström and Olofsson (2014) to hold for more general systems of equations.

math.AP↗

Pareto-efficient biological pest control enable high efficacy at small costs

Biological pest control is increasingly used in agriculture as a an alternative to traditional chemical pest control. In many cases, this involves a one-off or periodic release of naturally occurring and/or genetically modified enemies such as predators, parasitoids, or pathogens. As the interaction between these enemies and the pest is complex and the production of natural enemies potentially expensive, it is not surprising that both the efficacy and economic viability of biological pest control are debated. Here, we investigate the performance of very simple control strategies. In particular, we show how Pareto-efficient one-off or periodic release strategies, that optimally trade off between efficacy and economic viability, can be devised and used to enable high efficacy at small economic costs. We demonstrate our method on a pest-pathogen-crop model with a tunable immigration rate of pests. By analyzing this model, we demonstrate that simple Pareto-efficient one-off and periodic release strategies are efficacious and simultaneously have profits that are close to the theoretical maximum obtained by strategies optimizing only the profit. When the immigration rate of pests is low to intermediate, one-off control strategies are sufficient, and when the immigration of pests is high, periodic release strategies are preferable. The methods presented here can be extended to more complex scenarios and be used to identify promising biological pest control strategies in many circumstances.

q-bio.PE↗

How to find simple nonlocal stability and resilience measures

Stability of dynamical systems is a central topic with applications in widespread areas such as economy, biology, physics and mechanical engineering. The dynamics of nonlinear systems may completely change due to perturbations forcing the solution to jump from a safe state into another, possibly dangerous, attractor. Such phenomena can not be traced by the widespread local stability and resilience measures, based on linearizations, accounting only for arbitrary small perturbations. Using numerical estimates of the size and shape of the basin of attraction, as well as the systems returntime to the attractor after given a perturbation, we construct simple nonlocal stability and resilience measures that record a systems ability to tackle both large and small perturbations. We demonstrate our approach on the Solow-Swan model of economic growth, an electro-mechanical system as well as on a stage-structured population model, and conclude that the suggested measures detect dynamic behaviour, crucial for a systems stability and resilience, which can be completely missed by local measures. The presented measures are also easy to implement on a standard laptop computer. We believe that our approach will constitute an important step towards filling a current gap in the literature by putting forward and explaining simple ideas and methods, and by delivering explicit constructions of several promising nonlocal stability and resilience measures.

math.DS↗

Estimates of size of cycle in a predator-prey system

We consider a Rosenzweig-MacArthur predator-prey system which incorporates logistic growth of the prey in the absence of predators and a Holling type II functional response for interaction between predators and preys. We assume that parameters take values in a range which guarantees that all solutions tend to a unique limit cycle and prove estimates for the maximal and minimal predator and prey population densities of this cycle. Our estimates are simple functions of the model parameters and hold for cases when the cycle exhibits small predator and prey abundances and large amplitudes. The proof consists of constructions of several Lyapunov-type functions and derivation of a large number of non-trivial estimates which are also of independent interest.

math.DS↗

Phragmén-Lindelöf theorems and p-harmonic measures for sets near low-dimensional hyperplanes

We prove estimates of a $p$-harmonic measure, $p \in (n-m, \infty]$, for sets in $\mathbf{R}^n$ which are close to an $m$-dimensional hyperplane $Λ\subset \mathbf{R}^n$, $m \in [0,n-1]$. Using these estimates, we derive results of Phragmén-Lindelöf type in unbounded domains $Ω\subset \mathbf{R}^n\setminus Λ$ for $p$-subharmonic functions. Moreover, we give local and global growth estimates for $p$-harmonic functions, vanishing on sets in $\mathbf{R}^n$, which are close to an $m$-dimensional hyperplane.

math.AP↗