Efficient broadband second-harmonic generation in a multi-pass cell
Second-harmonic generation (SHG) is a widely used nonlinear optical process that has been optimized for high frequency conversion efficiency, broad bandwidths, and optimum spatial and temporal quality of the generated light. However, limitations of the generation efficiency arise due to temporal dispersion and pulse walk-off effects introduced by the nonlinear crystal. To circumvent these limitations, quasi-waveguide schemes, in particular multi-pass cells (MPCs), can be employed, providing flexible phase-tuning capabilities. In this work, we demonstrate for the first time broadband and efficient SHG in an MPC. SHG efficiencies of 72% (for 63 fs, 50 uJ pulses) and 47% (for 15 fs, 20 uJ pulses) are obtained by simultaneously matching the relative phase and group delay between the fundamental and second-harmonic fields over multiple passes through the MPC. Our work sets a new record for efficient Gaussian-beam, ultrashort-pulse SHG and provides a general route to address efficiency-bandwidth limitations of nonlinear optical processes.