arXiv subjects

Nil Ayday

Publications and source records attributed to Nil Ayday.

3 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Different Statistical Perspectives for Understanding Generalisation in Graph Neural Networks

Graph Neural Networks (GNN) are currently the most popular approach for learning and prediction on graph-structured data and are deployed in various fields, from social network analysis to drug discovery. However, there is limited mathematical understanding of the performance of GNNs. We discuss the various perspectives used to study statistical generalisation in GNNs. We identify three broad frameworks. The first approach, rooted in learning theory, relies on uniform convergence bounds and the complexity of the hypothesis class of specific GNN architectures. This approach also builds on the expressivity of GNNs, typically studied through the lens of graph isomorphism tests. The second principle is to simplify the neural architecture by analysing GNNs under the asymptotics of infinitely many parameters or infinite graph size. This approach approximates GNNs using Gaussian processes, neural tangent kernels or graphon neural network operators, which allow studying the generalisation or stability of trained GNNs. The third framework studies GNNs under random graph models, often the contextual stochastic block model, and derives non-asymptotic error rates using tools from high-dimensional statistics. We highlight some key theoretical results and discuss a few limitations and open research questions for each perspective.

stat.ME↗

arXiv2026

Gaussian Process Limit Reveals Structural Benefits of Graph Transformers

Graph transformers are the state-of-the-art for learning from graph-structured data and are empirically known to avoid several pitfalls of message-passing architectures. However, there is limited theoretical analysis on why these models perform well in practice. In this work, we prove that attention-based architectures have structural benefits over graph convolutional networks in the context of node-level prediction tasks. Specifically, we study the neural network gaussian process limits of graph transformers (GAT, Graphormer, Specformer) with infinite width and infinite heads, and derive the node-level and edge-level kernels across the layers. Our results characterise how the node features and the graph structure propagate through the graph attention layers. As a specific example, we prove that graph transformers structurally preserve community information and maintain discriminative node representations even in deep layers, thereby preventing oversmoothing. We provide empirical evidence on synthetic and real-world graphs that validate our theoretical insights, such as integrating informative priors and positional encoding can improve performance of deep graph transformers.

stat.ML↗

arXiv2025

Exact Generalisation Error Exposes Benchmarks Skew Graph Neural Networks Success (or Failure)

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have become the standard method for learning from networks across fields ranging from biology to social systems, yet a principled understanding of what enables them to extract meaningful representations, or why performance varies drastically between similar models, remains elusive. These questions can be answered through the generalisation error, which measures the discrepancy between a model's predictions and the true values it is meant to recover. Although several works have derived generalisation error bounds, learning theoretical bounds are typically loose, restricted to a single architecture, and offer limited insight into what governs generalisation in practice. In this work, we take a fundamentally different approach by deriving the exact generalisation error for a broad range of linear GNNs, including convolutional, PageRank-based, and attention-based models, through the lens of signal processing. Our exact generalisation error exposes a strong benchmark bias in existing literature: commonly used datasets exhibit high alignment between node features and the graph structure, inherently favouring architectures that rely on it. We further show that the similarity between connected nodes (homophily) decisively governs which architectures are best suited for a given graph, thereby explaining how specific benchmark properties systematically shape the reported performance in the literature. Together, these results explain when and why GNNs can effectively leverage structure and feature information, supporting the reliable application of GNNs.

stat.ML↗