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Norichika Ogata

Publications and source records attributed to Norichika Ogata.

10 recordsLinked to original sources
arXiv2026

The Gaussian phenotype of biological measurements

Biological measurements are commonly assumed to approximate Gaussian distributions, and normality is routinely assessed as a prerequisite for statistical analysis. However, whether the degree of Gaussianity itself contains biological information remains largely unexplored. Here, we quantified the Gaussianity of biological measurements using the root mean square error of normal quantile-quantile plots (QQ-RMSE). A reference distribution was constructed from 10,249 biological measurements from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2023, enabling direct comparison of the Gaussian phenotype, defined as the degree to which a biological measurement approximates a Gaussian distribution. Biological measurements exhibited characteristic Gaussian phenotypes. Structural and capacity-related traits, including body measurements, grip strength, spirometry, and red blood cell count, consistently showed low QQ-RMSE values. Homeostatically regulated variables, such as total cholesterol, also exhibited high Gaussianity. In contrast, biomarkers associated with physiological responses or pathology, including triglycerides, C-reactive protein, liver enzymes, serum creatinine, and urinary albumin, showed progressively larger deviations from Gaussianity. Biological normalization further improved Gaussianity: the albumin-to-creatinine ratio consistently exhibited lower QQ-RMSE values than urinary albumin alone across all NHANES survey cycles. These findings indicate that Gaussianity is not merely a statistical assumption but a measurable biological property. We propose the concept of the Gaussian phenotype, in which the degree of Gaussianity reflects biological mechanisms governing variability. This study establishes the first reference atlas of Gaussianity for interpreting biological measurements.

q-bio.OT↗
arXiv2023

The Growing Liberality Observed in Primary Animal and Plant Cultures is Common to the Social Amoeba

Tissue culture environment liberates cells from ordinary laws of multi-cellular organisms. This liberation enables cells several behaviors, such as proliferation, dedifferentiation, acquisition of pluripotency, immortalization, and reprogramming. Recently, the quantitative value of cellular dedifferentiation and differentiation was defined as liberality, which is measurable as Shannon entropy of numerical transcriptome data and Lempel-Zip complexity of nucleotide sequence transcriptome data. The increasing liberality induced by the culture environment had first been observed in animal cells and had reconfirmed in plant cells. The phenomena may be common across the kingdom, also in a social amoeba. We measured the liberality of the social amoeba which disaggregated from multicellular aggregates and transferred into a liquid medium.

q-bio.CB↗
arXiv2022

Cellular liberality is measurable as Lempel-Ziv complexity of fastq files

Many studies used the Shannon entropy of transcriptome data to determine cell dedifferentiation and differentiation. The collection of evidence has strengthened the certainty that the transcriptome's Shannon entropy may be used to quantify cellular dedifferentiation and differentiation. Quantifying this cellular status is being justified, we propose the term liberality for the quantitative value of cellular dedifferentiation and differentiation. In previous studies, we must convert the raw transcriptome data into quantitative transcriptome data through mapping, tag counting, assembling, and more bioinformatic processing to calculate the liberality. If we could remove this conversion step from estimating liberality, we could save computing resources and time and remove technical difficulties in using the computer. In this study, we propose a method of calculating cellular liberality without those transcriptome data conversion processes. We could calculate liberality by measuring the compression rate of raw transcriptome data. This technique, independent of reference genome data, increased the generality of cellular liberality.

q-bio.QM↗
arXiv2020

Phylogenetic analyses of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 reflected the several routes of introduction to Taiwan, the United States, and Japan

Worldwide Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is disrupting in the economy and anxiety of people. The public anxiety has increased the psychological burden on government and healthcare professionals, resulting in a government worker suicide in Japan. The terrified people are asking the government for border measures. However, are border measures possible for this virus? By analyzing 48 almost complete virus genome sequences, we found out that the viruses that invaded Taiwan, the United States, and Japan were introduced independently. We identified thirteen parsimony-informative sites and three groups (CTC, TCC, and TCT). Viruses found outside China did not form a monophyletic clade, opposite to previous study. These results suggest the difficulty of implementing effective border measures against this virus.

q-bio.GN↗
arXiv2019

Quantitative Measurement of Heritability in the Pre-RNA World

Long ago, life obtained nucleotides in the course of evolution and became a vehicle for them. Before assembly with nucleotides, in the pre-RNA era, what system dominated heredity? What was the subject of survival competition? Is it still a subject of competition? Self-organized complex systems are hypothesized to be a primary factor of the origin of life and to dominate heritability, mediating the partitioning of an equal distribution of structures and molecules at cell division. The degree of strength of self-organization would correlate with heritability; self-organization is known to be a physical basis of hysteresis phenomena, and the degree of hysteresis is quantifiable. However, there is no argument corroborating the relationship between heritability and hysteresis. Here, we show that the degree of cellular hysteresis indicates its heritability and daughter equivalence at cell division. We found a correlation between thermal hysteresis in cell size and heritability, which quantified cell line generation stability, suggesting that the self-organized complex system is a subject of survival competition, comparable to nucleotides. Furthermore, in single-cell-resolution observations, we found that thermal hysteresis in cell size indicates equivalent partitioning in future cell division. Our results demonstrate that self-organized complex systems contribute to heredity and are still important in mammalian cells. Predicting the cell line generational stability required for the industrial production of therapeutic biologics is useful. Discovering ancient and hidden heredity systems enables us to study our own origin, to predict cell features and to manage them in the bio-economy.

q-bio.CB↗
arXiv2017

An Enrichment Method for Obtaining Biologically Significant Genes from Statistically Significant Differentially Expressed Genes in Comparative Transcriptomics

Cells coordinate adjustments in genome expression to accommodate changes in their environment. A drug in culture media for in vitro preclinical testing sometimes cause drastic regime shifting of genome expression system depending on the concentrations; e.g. primary cultured cells exposed to high concentrations of phenobarbital (>0.25 mM) recovered their tissue-specific character as part of an individual organism. Drastic changes of transcriptomes interrupt discovering biologically significant genes in comparative transcriptomics. Here, we compared the amount of environmental changes and the amount of transcriptome changes using phenobarbital and the Chinese hamster ovary derived established continuous cell line CHO-K1; immortalized cell lines are accepted for in vitro preclinical testing then primary cultured cells.

q-bio.CB↗
arXiv2017

Calculating Kolmogorov Complexity from the Transcriptome Data

Information entropy is used to summarize transcriptome data, but ignoring zero count data contained them. Ignoring zero count data causes loss of information and sometimes it was difficult to distinguish between multiple transcriptomes. Here, we estimate Kolmogorov complexity of transcriptome treating zero count data and distinguish similar transcriptome data.

q-bio.CB↗
arXiv2015

Comparison between the amount of environmental change and the amount of transcriptome change

Cells must coordinate adjustments in genome expression to accommodate changes in their environment. We hypothesized that the amount of transcriptome change is proportional to the amount of environmental change. To capture the effects of environmental changes on the transcriptome, we compared transcriptome diversities (defined as the Shannon entropy of frequency distribution) of silkworm fat-body tissues cultured with several concentrations of phenobarbital. Although there was no proportional relationship, we did identify a drug concentration tipping point between 0.25 and 1.0 mM. Cells cultured in media containing lower drug concentrations than the tipping point showed uniformly high transcriptome diversities, while those cultured at higher drug concentrations than the tipping point showed uniformly low transcriptome diversities. The plasticity of transcriptome diversity was corroborated by cultivations of fat bodies in MGM-450 insect medium without phenobarbital and in 0.25 mM phenobarbital-supplemented MGM-450 insect medium after previous cultivation (cultivation for 80 hours in MGM-450 insect medium without phenobarbital, followed by cultivation for 10 hours in 1.0 mM phenobarbital-supplemented MGM-450 insect medium). Interestingly, the transcriptome diversities of cells cultured in media containing 0.25 mM phenobarbital after previous cultivation (cultivation for 80 hours in MGM-450 insect medium without phenobarbital, followed by cultivation for 10 hours in 1.0 mM phenobarbital-supplemented MGM-450 insect medium) were different from cells cultured in media containing 0.25 mM phenobarbital after previous cultivation (cultivation for 80 hours in MGM-450 insect medium without phenobarbital). This hysteretic phenomenon of transcriptome diversities indicates multi-stability of the genome expression system.

q-bio.CB↗