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O. Ivy Wong

Publications and source records attributed to O. Ivy Wong.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

Estimating Galaxy Star Formation Rates from Murchison Widefield Array Radio Continuum Emission

We investigate the frequency dependence of the low-frequency infrared (IR)--radio correlation for nearby galaxies drawn from the {\sl Herschel} Reference Survey (HRS), using radio continuum observations from the GaLactic and Extragalactic All-sky MWA (GLEAM) survey obtained with the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA). The GLEAM survey provides densely sampled flux densities across 20 sub-bands spanning 72--231 MHz, allowing detailed characterization of the low-frequency radio spectral energy distribution (SED). We analyze 18 nearby galaxies detected by GLEAM and examine the frequency dependence of the IR--radio correlation coefficient $q_ν$. Among these galaxies, three sources show Seyfert or LINER signatures and may contain non-negligible AGN contributions to the radio continuum emission. We therefore use the remaining 15 predominantly star-forming galaxies as the primary sample for deriving the main calibration results. For the majority of the sample, the low-frequency radio continuum is well described by a single power-law spectral model from the GLEAM frequency range up to 1.5 GHz, with a median spectral index of $γ=-0.63$. The ensemble-averaged $q_ν$ relation and its intrinsic scatter provide a practical calibration for converting low-frequency radio luminosities into star formation rates (SFRs), while explicitly quantifying the associated systematic uncertainty. Our results indicate that the low-frequency IR--radio correlation remains stable across the MWA bands for nearby star-forming galaxies, supporting the use of low-frequency radio continuum as a dust-unbiased tracer of star formation in the local Universe. These results provide a local benchmark for interpreting low-frequency radio continuum surveys and for future studies of radio-based SFR tracers with next-generation facilities such as the Square Kilometre Array (SKA).

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Formation of globular cluster-rich ultra-diffuse galaxies through mergers

We use high-resolution, idealized hydrodynamic simulations of gas-rich dwarf-galaxy mergers to test whether such encounters can form ultra-diffuse galaxies (UDGs) with globular cluster (GC) systems. We simulate 1:1 and 1:2 mergers alongside an isolated control model and identify stellar overdensities as GC candidates (GCCs). The remnants evolve into dispersion-supported, UDG-like systems with three-dimensional stellar half-mass radii $r^{3D} \sim 1.9-2.6$ kpc, while the isolated dwarf remains rotationally supported and forms no GCCs. Tidal heating and stellar feedback expel a large fraction of the gas beyond the dark matter (DM) halo, leaving stellar-dominated remnants whose DM haloes remain cuspy. Merger-driven star formation is highly clustered: the fraction of newly formed stellar mass bound in massive clusters exceeds 0.5 after the first pericentric passage and remains elevated thereafter. By the final snapshot, the remnants host GC populations numbering 20 (1:1) and 39 (1:2), more centrally concentrated than the field stars and consistent with the observed GC number-halo mass relation. The GCCs match observed star clusters in the planes of mass versus size, velocity dispersion, and density. More massive clusters exhibit stronger internal rotation and broader metallicity spreads. In one case, the merger produces a nucleated UDG via cluster inspiral followed by sustained in-situ star formation. These results demonstrate that gas-rich dwarf mergers are a viable pathway to GC-rich (and sometimes nucleated) UDGs, and predict correlated cluster mass, rotation, and metallicity-dispersion trends testable with observations.

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CosmoDRAGoN III: Shaping the Afterlife -- How Progenitors and Environments Sculpt Radio Galaxy Remnants

Identifying remnant radio-loud active galactic nuclei (AGNs) is challenging due to their diverse morphological and spectral characteristics. Using three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations of 15 radio galaxies, we investigate how the spectral evolution of remnants depends on progenitor power, active lifetime, environment, and underlying dynamics. The simulations span low-density group and high-density cluster environments re-gridded from smooth-particle-hydrodynamic cosmological simulations. The resulting remnants exhibit a wide range of morphologies, from amorphous structures to double-lobed forms. We find that jet power correlates with the spectral slope. As the remnant lobes evolve, we find surface brightness depends strongly on environment: group remnants are systematically dimmer and more amorphous than cluster remnants, highlighting a potential observational bias against these low-surface-brightness sources. In our models, we estimate that the peak surface brightness of a low-redshift, 50 Myr-old remnant from a low-power progenitor in a 10^{13} M_sun group environment should be routinely detectable at the 3σ level with LOFAR, although 20-30% of the emission would remain undetectable within a reasonable integration time. We find young remnants exhibit low-frequency (150-1400 MHz) spectral indices that overlap with active sources, and follow a consistent and established spectral-evolution sequence: significant curvature (α_{1400}^{6000} - α_{150}^{1400} > 0.5) develops before an ultra-steep low-frequency index (α_{150}^{1400} > 1.2). The results presented in this work are intended as a reference point for current and upcoming low-frequency studies of radio remnants.

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Extended Radio Galaxies in EMU: A Comparative Look at Source-Finding Techniques

Extended radio sources present unique challenges for automated detection and classification in wide-field radio surveys. With current surveys such as the Evolutionary Map of the Universe (EMU), robust and scalable methods are essential to identify and catalogue these complex sources. We apply three automatic approaches to detect complex radio emission in EMU observations of the Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA) 09 field (EMU-G09) in order to evaluate their relative strengths and limitations in preparation for large-scale application across future EMU data releases. These include DRAGNHunter, designed to detect likely DRAGNs (Double Radio sources associated with Active Galactic Nuclei) from a component catalogue; coarse-grained complexity, a metric designed to highlight regions of complex emission; and RG-CAT, a machine learning pipeline trained on radio sources identified in the EMU pilot survey. We find that together, the three methods recover nearly all extended sources in EMU-G09 but identify largely distinct, partially-overlapping subsets, with only 375 sources identified by all finders. This demonstrates that a combination of complementary techniques will be required to achieve a complete census of extended radio sources in future large-scale surveys.

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WALLABY pilot survey: HI depletion times within the stellar discs of nearby galaxies

Neutral atomic hydrogen (HI) reservoirs typically extend far beyond the inner star-forming regions of galaxies, and global HI measurements, which mix these distinct environments, limit our understanding of the gas-star formation cycle. In particular, global HI depletion times combine gas and star formation from different physical scales, contributing to long measured timescales (5-9 Gyr) and large scatter compared to molecular gas. Using 841 gas-rich galaxies from the Widefield ASKAP L-band Legacy All-sky Blind Survey (WALLABY) pilot observations, we investigate how HI depletion time and its scaling relations change when HI and star formation are both confined to the stellar disc (R25, the isophotal radius at 25 mag arcsec-2 in i-band). We find that depletion times within this region are on average 1.4 Gyr shorter than global values, though some remain very long, indicating that a substantial fraction of HI remains inactive for star formation. HI depletion times anti-correlate strongly with stellar surface density, and this trend becomes even tighter within the stellar disc. The Kennicutt-Schmidt relation further reveals an almost constant HI depletion time at fixed stellar surface density, similar to the behaviour seen for molecular gas, suggesting that HI and star formation are regulated by conditions that enable HI-to-H2 conversion, traced by stellar surface density. Beyond the stellar disc, HI depletion times are on average almost 10 Gyr longer than within R25, confirming extremely inefficient star formation in low-density outer regions. These results highlight the critical role of spatial location and local conditions for HI to serve as a fuel for star formation.

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MIGHTEE-HI: The direct detection of neutral hydrogen in galaxies at $z>0.25$

Atomic hydrogen constitutes the gas reservoir from which molecular gas and star formation in galaxies emerges. However, the weakness of the line means it has been difficult to directly detect in all but the very local Universe. Here we present results from the first search using the MeerKAT International Tiered Extragalactic Exploration (MIGHTEE) Survey for high-redshift ($z>0.25$) H{\sc i} emission from individual galaxies. By searching for 21-cm emission centered on the position and redshift of optically-selected emission-line galaxies we overcome difficulties that hinder untargeted searches. We detect 11 galaxies at $z>0.25$, forming the first sample of $z>0.25$ detections with an interferometer, with the highest redshift detection at $z = 0.3841$. We find they have much larger H{\sc i} masses than their low-redshift H{\sc i}-selected counterparts for a given stellar mass. This can be explained by the much larger cosmological volume probed at these high redshifts, and does not require any evolution of the H{\sc i} mass function. We make the first-ever measurement of the baryonic Tully-Fisher relation (bTFr) with H{\sc i} at $z>0.25$ and find consistency with the local bTFr, but with tentative evidence of a flattening in the relation at these redshifts for higher-mass objects. This may signify evolution, in line with predictions from hydrodynamic simulations, or that the molecular gas mass in these high-mass galaxies could be significant. This study paves the way for future studies of H{\sc i} beyond the local Universe, using both searches targeted at known objects and via pure H{\sc i} selection.

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BASS. LI. Cool gas supply of HI-massive local Seyfert galaxies

We present neutral atomic hydrogen (HI) imaging observations of 22 HI-rich ($M_{\rm HI} \gtrsim 10^{9.7} M_\odot$), hard X-ray-selected local Seyferts to explore how cool gas is supplied to active galactic nuclei (AGN) hosts. The sample predominantly resides in group-like, gas-rich environments. About 80% (18/22) of the galaxies have HI-detected neighbors, 61% (11/18) of which clearly exhibit strong lopsidedness, one-sided gas tails, and/or gas structures connecting to nearby companion galaxies, suggesting gas exchange histories. We examine the HI size-mass relation and star formation properties of these HI-rich AGN hosts, finding no systematic deviations from known scaling relations. In most cases, our samples are the most massive systems within their respective groups, implying that our sample is more likely to acquire gas rather than lose it. Interestingly, galaxies with more extended HI disks show stronger AGN activity. Considering that extended HI is often associated with external processes, this finding suggests that environmentally accreted gas - through galaxy interactions and gas exchange with neighboring systems - may have played a role in supplying additional fuel to the AGNs in our sample. Notably, the HI extent-AGN activity correlation becomes even tighter for those AGN hosts whose neighboring galaxies are gas poor or lack HI, further supporting externally supplied gas as a fuel source.

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The GLEAM 4-Jy (G4Jy) Sample: IV. Multiwavelength data and analysis

We provide an updated 'multiwavelength' version of the G4Jy catalogue (available at https://github.com/svw26/G4Jy, https://zenodo.org/communities/g4jy/records, and through VizieR), which has 127 new host-galaxy identifications, as described in Paper III of this paper series. We also supplement the redshift information (0.0 < z < 3.6), gathered in Paper III, with $griz$ photometry available through DR10 of the DESI Legacy Surveys. Together, this legacy dataset allows us to investigate the multiwavelength properties of these southern radio-bright galaxies, which includes an initial analysis of radio spectral-curvature for this complete sample (S_151MHz > 4 Jy). For example, we present (for the first time in the literature) the radio-power--size diagram as a function of radio spectral-curvature, [P--D](SCI), noting that the spectral-curvature index (SCI) can act as a proxy for the spectral age of the radio source. This radio-power--size--age diagram shows a predominance of radio galaxies with SCI > 0.15 and D < 200 kpc, which are candidates for both remnant radio-galaxies and young radio sources, and a vast range of linear sizes for candidate restarted radio-galaxies (having SCI < -0.15). We also show that (i) G4Jy sources populate the entirety of WISE colour-colour space, (ii) optically point-like sources (i.e. candidate quasars) are brighter than the well-studied K--z relation (as expected), and (iii) there is no relation between the SCI of the radio source and its host-galaxy properties.

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Here Be SDRAGNs - Spiral Galaxies Hosting Large Double Radio Sources

We present a sample of large double radio sources hosted by spiral galaxies (Spiral Double Radio Active Galactic Nuclei, SDRAGNs). Candidates were selected during Radio Galaxy Zoo, and refined using Sloan Digital Sky Survey images. The most promising were targeted in the Zoo Gems Hubble Space Telescope program, yielding images for 36 candidates. We assess the likelihood of each spiral galaxy being the genuine host of the radio emission finding 15 new high-probability SDRAGNs. SDRAGN hosts are seen preferentially close to edge-on. SDRAGNs predominantly show FR II radio structures and optical pseudobulges. Accounting for sample selection effects, the radio-jet axes lie preferentially near the poles of the galaxy disks; we find a constant probability distribution for intrinsic pole-jet angles < 30 degrees, ramping to zero at 60 degrees. We have obtained optical spectra for all these new SDRAGNs. Among both previous and new SDRAGN samples, 8/25 show Seyfert 2 signatures, 6/25 show central star formation, and 5/25 show LINER emission strong enough to indicate AGN or shock ionization, broadly similar to radio galaxies in elliptical hosts with the addition of star formation (diluting or masking weak AGN signatures). SDRAGNs include FR II sources seen at unusually low radio power, and preferentially occur in significant galaxy overdensities on 1-Mpc scales. Our "false alarms" - systems where HST data show the spiral to not be the actual host galaxy - include radio sources seen through large parts of foreground spiral disks, potentially useful for Faraday-rotation studies of disk magnetic fields.

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WALLABY pilot survey: Blinded by the light -- discovery of a fourth member in the ESO 179-013 system

We present new ASKAP/WALLABY HI observations of the nearby dwarf galaxy system ESO 179-013 (Kathryn's Wheel), the nearest known collisional ring galaxy, located 10 Mpc away in the Local Void. The system is composed of three previously known dwarf galaxies embedded in a large HI envelope, with a newly discovered fourth member identified through HI and radio continuum emission behind a bright foreground binary. Galaxy D exhibits the highest star formation rate in the group and deviates from the HI mass-diameter relation, suggesting it is a compact, gas-rich dwarf missed due to stellar foreground contamination. The HI data reveal for the first time an extended HI envelope around the whole system, the neutral gas counterpart of the star-forming ring and gas bridges among members, suggesting a more complex interaction history than the previously proposed collisional ring scenario. ESO 179-013 thus provides a rare opportunity to study hierarchical assembly and gas dynamics in underdense environments and demonstrates the power of blind HI surveys in identifying faint members of low-mass compact groups.

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Conditional Image Diffusion with Interferometric Closure Invariants: Independent EHT Imaging of Centaurus~A and 3C~279

We present independent imaging analyses of Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observations of the active galactic nuclei in radio galaxy Centaurus~A and quasar 3C~279 using Generative Deep learning Image Reconstruction with Closure Terms (GenDIReCT), a recently developed machine-learning framework built on conditional diffusion models that uses interferometric closure invariants as primary observables. For Centaurus~A, our reconstruction reveals two prominent emission ridges ($\simeq 80\,μ$as each) along the jet sheath with a brightness ratio of $1.4\pm 0.1$ and an opening angle of $12.3\pm 0.3$~deg. For 3C~279, we identify three distinct components in the image, with the southern jet ejecta on sub-parsec scale exhibiting a proper motion of $4.6\pm 1.0\,μ$as over $\approx 5.39$ days away from the northern components, corresponding to an apparent superluminal velocity of $\simeq 10\pm 2$ times light speed. These measurements are consistent with those reported by the EHT Collaboration. The results are significant because we demonstrate that: (1) imaging from interferometric aperture synthesis data, especially in VLBI and most acutely in extremely sparse arrays like the EHT, remains a severely ill-posed and challenging inverse problem, yet closure invariants preserve robust morphological information that can strongly constrain structural features, and (2) more importantly, closure-invariant imaging largely avoids calibration systematics, thus providing a fundamentally independent view of spatial structure with very high angular resolution. The generative nature of GenDIReCT further allows us to sample and characterise clusters of plausible image solutions for each dataset. As a calibration-independent, generative imaging approach, GenDIReCT offers a robust and truly independent blind-imaging tool for current and future VLBI experiments.

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The GLEAM 4-Jy (G4Jy) Sample: III. Further host-galaxy identification, and redshift assessment

In this paper we present 127 new host-galaxy identifications for G4Jy sources (S_151MHz > 4 Jy), based on radio images from MeerKAT, the Very Large Array Sky Survey (VLASS), and the Rapid ASKAP (Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder) Continuum Survey (RACS). This includes identifications that result from visual inspection of radio contours on K_s-band images, as opposed to the AllWISE-W1 images that were used for the original set of overlays when defining the G4Jy Sample (Papers I and II). Our aim is to achieve 100 per cent spectroscopic completeness for the sample, where all of the spectroscopy is available in digital form online. For now, we have gathered (i) digital optical spectroscopy for 34 per cent of the sample, (ii) photometric redshifts for an additional 21 per cent of the sample, and (iii) further redshifts found through the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (but not recently verified). Our assessment of the redshifts includes visual inspection of all of the digital spectroscopy, and re-fitting redshift templates where necessary. The resulting redshift range is (currently) 0.0 < z < 3.6. We also present 151-MHz luminosities and linear sizes for the G4Jy Sample, based on initial analysis.

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CosmoDRAGoN II: Remnant Radio Galaxies in Group and Cluster Environments

Radio galaxy remnants are a rare subset of the radio-loud active galactic nuclei (RLAGN) population, representing the quiescent phase in the RLAGN lifecycle. Despite their observed scarcity, they offer valuable insights into the AGN duty cycle and feedback processes. Due to the mega-year timescales over which the RLAGN lifecycle takes place, it is impossible to observe the active to remnant transition in real-time. Numerical simulations offer a solution to follow the long-term evolution of RLAGN plasma. In this work, we present the largest suite (to date) of three-dimensional, hydrodynamic simulations studying the dynamic evolution of the active-to-remnant transition and explore the mechanisms driving cocoon evolution, comparing the results to the expectations of analytic modelling. Our results show key differences between active and remnant sources in both cluster environments and in lower-density group environments. We find that sources in low-density environments can remain overpressured well into the remnant phase. This significantly increases the time for the remnant lobe to transition to a buoyant regime. We compare our results with analytic expectations, showing that the long-term evolution of radio remnants can be well captured for remnants whose expansion is largely pressure-driven if the transition to a coasting phase is assumed to be gradual. We find that remnants of low-powered progenitors can continue to be momentum-driven for about 10 Myr after the jets switch-off. Finally, we consider how the properties of the progenitor influence the mixing of the remnant lobe and confirm the expectation that the remnants of high-powered sources have long-lasting shocks that can continue to heat the surrounding medium.

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Very-Long Baseline Interferometry Imaging with Closure Invariants using Conditional Image Diffusion

Image reconstruction in very-long baseline interferometry operates under severely sparse aperture coverage with calibration challenges from both the participating instruments and propagation medium, which introduce the risk of biases and artefacts. Interferometric closure invariants offers calibration-independent information on the true source morphology, but the inverse transformation from closure invariants to the source intensity distribution is an ill-posed problem. In this work, we present a generative deep learning approach to tackle the inverse problem of directly reconstructing images from their observed closure invariants. Trained in a supervised manner with simple shapes and the CIFAR-10 dataset, the resulting trained model achieves reduced chi-square data adherence scores of $χ^2_{\rm CI} \lesssim 1$ and maximum normalised cross-correlation image fidelity scores of $ρ_{\rm NX} > 0.9$ on tests of both trained and untrained morphologies, where $ρ_{\rm NX}=1$ denotes a perfect reconstruction. We also adapt our model for the Next Generation Event Horizon Telescope total intensity analysis challenge. Our results on quantitative metrics are competitive to other state-of-the-art image reconstruction algorithms. As an algorithm that does not require finely hand-tuned hyperparameters, this method offers a relatively simple and reproducible calibration-independent imaging solution for very-long baseline interferometry, which ultimately enhances the reliability of sparse VLBI imaging results.

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Radio Galaxy Zoo EMU: Harnessing Citizen Science and AI to Advance Open Science Catalogues

Over the past decades, significant efforts have been devoted to developing sophisticated algorithms for automatically identifying and classifying radio sources in large surveys. However, even the most advanced methods face challenges in recognising complex radio structures and accurately associating radio emission with their host galaxies. Leveraging data from the ASKAP telescope and the Evolutionary Map of the Universe (EMU) survey, Radio Galaxy Zoo EMU (RGZ EMU) was created to generate high-quality radio source classifications for training deep learning models and cataloging millions of radio sources in the southern sky. By integrating novel machine learning techniques, including anomaly detection and natural language processing, our workflow actively engages citizen scientists to enhance classification accuracy. We present results from Phase I of the project and discuss how these data will contribute to improving open science catalogues like EMUCAT.

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Radio Galaxy Zoo: Morphological classification by Fanaroff-Riley designation using self-supervised pre-training

In this study, we examine over 14,000 radio galaxies finely selected from Radio Galaxy Zoo (RGZ) project and provide classifications for approximately 5,900 FRIs and 8,100 FRIIs. We present an analysis of these predicted radio galaxy morphologies for the RGZ catalogue, classified using a pre-trained radio galaxy foundation model that has been fine-tuned to predict Fanaroff-Riley (FR) morphology. As seen in previous studies, our results show overlap between morphologically classified FRI and FRII luminosity-size distributions and we find that the model's confidence in its predictions is lowest in this overlap region, suggesting that source morphologies are more ambiguous. We identify the presence of low-luminosity FRII sources, the proportion of which, with respect to the total number of FRIIs, is consistent with previous studies. However, a comparison of the low-luminosity FRII sources found in this work with those identified by previous studies reveals differences that may indicate their selection is influenced by the choice of classification methodology. We investigate the impacts of both pre-training and fine-tuning data selection on model performance for the downstream classification task, and show that while different pre-training data choices affect model confidence they do not appear to cause systematic generalisation biases for the range of physical and observational characteristics considered in this work; however, we note that the same is not necessarily true for fine-tuning. As automated approaches to astronomical source identification and classification become increasingly prevalent, we highlight training data choices that can affect the model outputs and propagate into downstream analyses.

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MeerKAT HI observations of Low Surface Brightness/Ultradiffuse Galaxy Candidates Projected around Two Southern Loose Groups

A large catalogue of low surface brightness galaxies (LSBGs) from the Dark Energy Survey showed significant clustering around nearby galaxy groups and clusters. Using the HIPASS survey, we tried to determine the redshift of a sub-sample of these LSBGs and determine whether they were members of the groups they were projected near, but this was hampered by HIPASS's high spectral rms. This letter reports on MeerKAT H I observations to determine the redshifts of 52 LSBG candidates projected in the vicinity of two groups from our previous HIPASS study. The main goal is to investigate and ascertain whether these LSBGs are genuine group members. H I was detected with MeerKAT and redshifts were determined for only five of the 52 candidates within a velocity range of $\pm$ 2500 km/s of their respective group velocities. All five H I detections were blue LSBGs and two of them were confirmed to be ultradiffuse galaxies (UDGs). Both these UDGs were group members, while the other three detections were either foreground or background galaxies. In this letter we explore scenarios that can explain the 90% non-detection. MeerKAT's excellent sensitivity allows us to conclude that the majority of the non-detected candidates, particularly the blue galaxies, are not group members but lie at higher redshifts. However, this still leaves the open question as why Tanoglidis LSBG candidates, in particular the red ones, appear to be clustered in projection around nearby groups.

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Investigating the HI distribution and kinematics of ESO444-G084 and [KKS2000]23: New insights from the MHONGOOSE survey

We present the HI distribution, kinematics, mass modeling, and disk stability of the dwarf irregular galaxies ESO444-G084 and [KKS2000]23 using high-resolution, high-sensitivity MHONGOOSE survey data from MeerKAT. ESO444-G084 shows centrally concentrated HI emission, while [KKS2000]23 exhibits irregular high-density clumps. Total HI fluxes measured down to 10^19 and 10^18 cm^-2 are nearly identical, indicating that the increased HI diameter at lower column densities results mainly from the larger beam, with no significant extra emission detected. We derive total HI masses of (1.1 +/- 0.1) x 10^8 and (6.1 +/- 0.3) x 10^8 solar masses for ESO444-G084 and [KKS2000]23, respectively. Using PyFAT and TiRiFiC, we extract 3D rotation curves that reveal disk-like kinematics in both galaxies. ESO444-G084 shows a warp beyond ~1.8 kpc and a fast-rising curve consistent with a centrally concentrated dark matter distribution, while [KKS2000]23's more gradual rise suggests a more extended halo. Mass modeling with an isothermal halo and stellar mass-to-light ratios of 0.20 for ESO444-G084 and 0.18 for [KKS2000]23 yields consistent results. We analyze disk stability using spatially resolved Toomre Q and gas-to-critical surface density ratios, linking these with H-alpha and FUV-based star formation. ESO444-G084 supports localized star formation despite global stability, while [KKS2000]23 appears gravitationally unstable yet lacks H-alpha, suggesting that turbulence, gas depletion, or past feedback suppresses star formation. No inflows or outflows are detected, indicating internal processes regulate star formation. This study highlights the interplay between HI morphology, kinematics, dark matter distribution, and disk stability, showing how internal processes shape dwarf galaxy evolution.

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