arXiv subjects

O. Manuel

Publications and source records attributed to O. Manuel.

18 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2007

Observational confirmation of the Sun's CNO cycle

Gamma rays from a solar flare in Active Region 10039 on 23 July 2002 with the RHESSI spacecraft spectrometer indicate that the CNO cycle occurs at the solar surface, in electrical discharges along closed magnetic loops. At the two feet of the loop, H ions are accelerated to energy levels that surpass Coulomb barriers for the C-12[H-1, gamma]N-13 and N-14[H-1, gamma]O-15 reactions. First x-rays appear along the discharge path. Next annihilation of positrons from N-13 and O-15 [half-life = 10 m and 2 m] produce bright spots of 0.511 MeV gammas at the loop feet. As C-13 increases from positron decay of N-13, the C-13[He-4, n]O-16 reaction produces neutrons and then the 2.2 MeV emission line appears from n-capture on H-1. These results suggest that the CNO cycle changed the N-15/N-14 ratio in the solar wind and at the solar surface over geologic time, and this ratio may contain an important historical record of climate changes related to sunspot activity.

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arXiv2007

The Sun is a plasma diffuser that sorts atoms by mass

The Sun is a magnetic plasma diffuser that selectively moves light elements like H and He and the lighter isotopes of each element to its surface. The Sun formed on the collapsed core of a supernova. It consists mostly of iron, oxygen, nickel, silicon and sulfur made near the SN core, like the rocky planets and ordinary meteorites. H ions, generated by emission and decay of neutrons at the core, are accelerated upward by deep magnetic fields, thus acting as a carrier gas that maintains mass separation in the Sun. Neutron emission from the central neutron star triggers a series of reactions that generate solar luminosity, solar neutrinos, solar mass-fractionation, and an outpouring of the neutron decay product, H, in the solar wind. Mass fractionation appears to have operated in the parent star as well, and likely occurs in other stars.

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arXiv2005

On the Cosmic Nuclear Cycle and the Similarity of Nuclei and Stars

Repulsive interactions between neutrons in compact stellar cores cause luminosity and a steady outflow of hydrogen from stellar surfaces. Neutron repulsion in more massive compact objects made by gravitational collapse produces violent, energetic, cosmological events (quasars, gamma ray bursts, and active galactic centers) that had been attributed to black holes before neutron repulsion was recognized. Rather than evolving in one direction by fusion, nuclear matter on the cosmological scale cycles between fusion, gravitational collapse, and dissociation (including neutron-emission). This cycle involves neither the production of matter in an initial Big Bang nor the disappearance of matter into black holes. The similarity Bohr noted between atomic and planetary structures extends to a similarity between nuclear and stellar structures.

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arXiv2005

The Nuclear Cycle that Powers the Stars: Fusion, Gravitational Collapse and Dissociation

The finding of an unexpectedly large source of energy from repulsive interactions between neutrons in the 2,850 known nuclides has challenged the assumption that H-fusion is the main source of energy that powers the Sun and other stars. Neutron repulsion in compact objects produced by the collapse of stars and collisions between galaxies may power more energetic cosmological events (quasars, gamma ray bursts, and active galactic centers) that had been attributed to black holes before neutron repulsion was recognized. On a cosmological scale, nuclear matter cycles between fusion, gravitational collapse, and dissociation (including neutron emission) rather than evolve in one direction by fusion. The similarity Bohr noted between atomic and planetary structures may extend to a similarity nuclear and stellar structures.

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arXiv2005

Isotopes Tell Origin and Operation of the Sun

The Iron Sun formed on the collapsed core of a supernova and now acts as a magnetic plasma diffuser, as did the precursor star, separating ions by mass. This process covers the solar surface with lightweight elements and with lighter isotopes of each element. Running difference images expose rigid, iron-rich structures below the fluid photosphere made of lightweight elements. The energy source for the Sun and ordinary stars seems to be neutron-emission and neutron-decay, with partial fusion of the decay product, rather than simple fusion of hydrogen into helium or heavier elements. Neutron-emission from the solar core and neutron-decay generate about sixty five percent of solar luminosity and H-fusion generates about thirty-five percent. The upward flow of H ions maintains mass-separation in the Sun. Only about one percent of this neutron decay product survives its upward journey to depart as solar-wind hydrogen.

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arXiv2005

Plasma Diffuser Sorts Light Atoms to Solar Surface

The Sun operates like a giant plasma diffuser that sorts lighter isotopes and elements to the solar surface. Measurements indicate that the interior of the Sun consists mostly of the same seven, even-numbered elements as ordinary meteorites: Iron, oxygen, nickel, silicon, sulfur, magnesium, and calcium. These ordinary elements compose clothing on the central neutron star that was produced at the core of the supernova that exploded here 5 billion years ago. Neutron emission generates most solar energy. Neutron-decay near the core produces Hydrogen ions that are accelerated upward by deep-seated magnetic fields. This is the carrier gas that maintains mass separation in the Sun. Like smoke, Hydrogen is a by-product from the solar furnace that powers the Sun. As smoke passes over catalytic converters in the flue of a high-efficiency furnace, most Hydrogen is fused into Helium during its upward journey. H-fusion makes less than 38 percent of solar energy. Each year 50 trillion tons of Hydrogen reach the solar surface and are flung off in the solar wind, with isotopes of other trace elements carefully sorted by mass. Hydrogen is smoke from the solar furnace, rather than its primary fuel.

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arXiv2005

Superfluidity in the Solar Interior: Implications for Solar Eruptions and Climate

Efforts to understand unusual weather or abrupt changes in climate have been plagued by deficiencies of the standard solar model (SSM). While it assumes that our primary source of energy began as a homogeneous ball of hydrogen (H) with a steady, well-behaved H-fusion reactor at its core, observations instead reveal a very heterogeneous, dynamic Sun. As examples, the upward acceleration and departure of H+ ions from the surface of the quiet Sun and abrupt climatic changes, including geomagnetic reversals and periodic magnetic storms that eject material from the solar surface are not explained by the SSM. The present magnetic fields are probably deep-seated remnants of very ancient origin. These could have been generated from two mechanisms. These are: a) Bose-Einstein condensation of iron-rich, zero-spin material into a rotating, superfluid, superconductor surrounding the solar core and/or b) superfluidity and quantized vortices in nucleon-paired Fermions at the core.

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arXiv2004

Solar Abundance of Elements from Neutron-Capture Cross Sections

Excess lightweight products of slow neutron capture in the photosphere, over the mass range of 25 to 207 amu, confirm the solar mass separation recorded by excess lightweight isotopes in the solar wind, over the mass range of 3 to 136 amu [Solar Abundance of the Elements, Meteoritics, volume 18, 1983, pages 209 to 222]. Both measurements show that major elements inside the Sun are Fe, O, Ni, Si and S, like those in rocky planets.

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arXiv2004

Nuclear Clustering and Interactions Between Nucleons

Nuclear mass data provide EMPIRICAL evidence of: 1. Clustering of nucleons; 2. Attractive n-p interactions; and 3. Repulsive but symmetric n-n and p-p interactions after correcting for the repulsive Coulomb interactions between positive nuclear charges. These findings suggest a possible source of energy in neutron stars, in stars which formed on them, and demonstrate the need for a Theoretical understanding of 1. Interactions between nucleons; 2. Clustering of nucleons; and 3. Neutron-emission by penetration of the gravitational barrier surrounding a neutron star.

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arXiv2004

Live Fe-60 in the Early Solar System

The latest finding by Hester et al. supports the view of ". . . iron cores of the inner planets, iron meteorites, and the core of the sun as likely condensation products from the supernova core." [Science 195, 209 (14 January 1977)]

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arXiv2004

The Structure of the Solar Core

Data from the Galileo mission to Jupiter and the Apollo mission to the Moon show isotopically distinct types of xenon in Jupiter and in the Sun and evidence of a mass separation process that selectively moves lighter elements and the lighter isotopes of each element to the solar surface. Understanding the source of solar luminosity, solar neutrinos, and mono-isotopic H-1 pouring from the solar surface depends on measurements of anti-neutrinos coming from neutron decay in the Sun and on the development of a better theoretical basis for the empirical evidence of a.) Repulsive interactions between like nucleons; b.) Clustering of nucleons; and c.) Neutron penetration of the gravitational barrier surrounding a neutron star.

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arXiv2004

The Origin, Composition, and Energy Source for the Sun

Heterogeneous supernova debris formed the solar system. Cores of inner planets formed in the central iron rich region. The Sun formed on the collapsed supernova core. Lighter elements and the lighter isotopes of each element are enriched at the solar surface. The most abundant nuclide in the Sun is Iron 56, the decay product of doubly magic Nickel 56. Doubly magic Oxygen 16 is next most abundant. The least abundant elements, Li, Be, and B, have loosely bound nucleons. Abundance is linked with nuclear stability, except for an over abundance of H from neutron emission and neutron decay near the core. The main elements in the Sun, Fe, Ni, O, Si, S, Mg, and Ca, comprise 99 percent of meteorites. Neutron emission from the SN core triggers a series of reactions that produce solar luminosity, solar neutrinos, excess H, and an annual outpouring of 2.7 E 43 Hydrogen atoms in the solar wind.

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arXiv2004

Surface Evidence of an Iron-Rich Solar Interior and a Neutron-Rich Solar Core

Quantitative data on the solar wind, solar magnetic fields, solar eruptions, solar neutrinos, and on the planetary material orbiting the Sun all indicate the presence of an iron-rich solar interior and a neutron star at the core of the Sun. Solar magnetic fields are deep-seated remnants from the core and/or Bose-Einstein condensation of Fe-rich material into a rotating superconductor. Neutron emission from the core triggers a series of reactions that produce solar luminosity, the H carrier gas that maintains mass separation in the Sun, and an outpouring of 3 E43 H+ ions per year in the solar wind.

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arXiv2004

Composition of the Solar Interior: Information from Isotope Ratios

Measurements are reviewed showing that the interior of the Sun, the inner planets, and ordinary meteorites consist mostly of the same elements: Iron, oxygen, nickel, silicon, magnesium, sulfur and calcium. These results do not support the standard solar model.

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arXiv2004

An Iron-Rich Sun and Its Source of Energy

Mass-fractionation enriches light elements and the lighter isotopes of each element at the solar surface, making a photosphere that is 91 percent H and 9 percent He. The solar interior consists mostly of elements that comprise 99 percent of ordinary meteorites (Fe, O, Ni, Si, S, Mg and Ca) elements made in the deep interior of a supernova. Solar energy arises from a series of nuclear reactions triggered by neutron-emission from the collapsed supernova core on which the Sun formed. Solar mass-fractionation, solar neutrinos, and the annual solar-wind outpouring of 3 E43 H atoms from the solar surface are by-products of solar luminosity.

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arXiv2004

Why the Model of a Hydrogen-Filled Sun Is Obsolete

Isotope analyses on meteorites, planets, lunar samples, the solar wind, and solar flares show that heterogeneous debris of a supernova (SN) that exploded here 5 Gy ago formed the solar system. The Sun formed on the collapsed SN core. Iron meteorites and the iron cores of the terrestrial planets formed out of iron-rich material surrounding the SN core. Giant gaseous planets formed out of the light-weight elements in the outer SN layers. Mass separation enriches light elements like H and He at the solar surface, but the bulk Sun consists almost entirely of the same seven, even-numbered elements that comprise 99% of ordinary meteorites - iron (Fe), oxygen (O), nickel (Ni), silicon (Si), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S) and calcium (Ca).

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arXiv2004

Is There a Deficit of Solar Neutrinos?

Measurements on the isotopic and elemental compositions of meteorites, planets, lunar samples, the solar wind, and solar flares since 1960 suggest that the standard solar model may be in error. A new solar model suggests that the observed number of solar neutrinos represents at least 87% of the number generated: There is little if any deficit of solar neutrinos.

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arXiv2004

The Need to Measure Low Energy Anti-Neutrinos (E < 0.782MeV) from the Sun

Measurements are needed of low energy, anti-neutrinos generated by possible neutron decay at the core of the Sun. The measurement will test the validity of a proposal that solar luminosity, neutrinos, and the solar wind are products of a chain of reactions triggered by neutron emission from the solar core. Inverse beta-decay of 87-day S-35, induced by capture of low-energy anti-neutrinos on Cl-35, is a likely candidate for this measurement.

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