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Octavio Valenzuela

Publications and source records attributed to Octavio Valenzuela.

31 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

A novel method to bracket the corotation radius in galaxy disks: vertex deviation maps

We map the kinematics of stars in simulated galaxy disks with spiral arms using the velocity ellipsoid vertex deviation (l$_v$). We use test particle simulations, and for the first time, fully self-consistent high resolution N-body models. We compare our maps with the Tight Winding Approximation model analytical predictions. We see that for all barred models spiral arms rotate closely to a rigid body manner and the vertex deviation values correlate with the density peaks position bounded by overdense and underdense regions. In such cases, vertex deviation sign changes from negative to positive when crossing the spiral arms in the direction of disk rotation, in regions where the spiral arms are in between corotation (CR) and the Outer Lindblad Resonance (OLR). By contrast, when the arm sections are inside the CR and outside the OLR, l$_v$ changes from negative to positive.We propose that measurements of the vertex deviations pattern can be used to trace the position of the main resonances of the spiral arms. We propose that this technique might exploit future data from Gaia and APOGEE surveys. For unbarred N-body simulations with spiral arms corotating with disk material at all radii, our analysis suggests that no clear correlation exists between l$_v$ and density structures.

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On the galaxy spiral arms' nature as revealed by rotation frequencies

High resolution N-body simulations using different codes and initial condition techniques reveal two different behaviours for the rotation frequency of transient spiral arms like structures. Whereas unbarred disks present spiral arms nearly corotatingwith disk particles, strong barred models (bulged or bulge-less) quickly develop a bar-spiral structure dominant in density, with a pattern speed almost constant in radius. As the bar strength decreases the arm departs from bar rigid rotation and behaves similar to the unbarred case. In strong barred models we detect in the frequency space other subdominant and slower modes at large radii, in agreement with previous studies, however we also detect them in the configuration space. We propose that the distinctive behaviour of the dominant spiral modes can be exploited in order to constraint the nature of Galactic spiral arms by the astrometric survey GAIA and by 2-D spectroscopic surveys like CALIFA and MANGA in external galaxies.

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Constraining dark matter sub-structure with the dynamics of astrophysical systems

The accuracy of the measurements of some astrophysical dynamical systems allows to constrain the existence of incredibly small gravitational perturbations. In particular, the internal Solar System dynamics (planets, Earth-Moon) opens up the possibility, for the first time, to prove the abundance, mass and size, of dark sub-structures at the Earth vicinity. We find that adopting the standard dark matter density, its local distribution can be composed by sub-solar mass halos with no currently measurable dynamical consequences, regardless of the mini-halo fraction. On the other hand, it is possible to exclude the presence of dark streams with linear mass densities higher than $λ_{\rm st}> 10^{-10} \Msun/\AU$ (about the Earth mass spread along the diameter of the SS up to the Kuiper belt). In addition, we review the dynamics of wide binaries inside the dwarf spheroidal galaxies in the MW. The dynamics of such kind of binaries seem to be compatible with the presence of a huge fraction of dark sub-structure, thus their existence is not a sharp discriminant of the dark matter hypothesis as been claimed before. However, there are regimes where the constraints from different astrophysical systems may reveal the sub-structure mass function cut-off scale.

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Hints on halo evolution in SFDM models with galaxy observations

A massive, self-interacting scalar field has been considered as a possible candidate for the dark matter in the universe. We present an observational constraint to the model arising from strong lensing observations in galaxies. The result points to a discrepancy in the properties of scalar field dark matter halos for dwarf and lens galaxies, mainly because halo parameters are directly related to physical quantities in the model. This is an important indication that it becomes necessary to have a better understanding of halo evolution in scalar field dark matter models, where the presence of baryons can play an important role.

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Detecting Triaxiality in the Galactic Dark Matter halo through Stellar Kinematics

Assuming the dark matter halo of the Milky Way as a non-spherical potential (i.e. triaxial, prolate, oblate), we show how the assembling process of the Milky Way halo, may have left long lasting stellar halo kinematic fossils only due to the shape of the dark matter halo. In contrast with tidal streams, associated with recent satellite accretion events, these stellar kinematic groups will typically show inhomogeneous chemical and stellar population properties. However, they may be dominated by a single accretion event for certain mass assembling histories. If the detection of these peculiar kinematic stellar groups is confirmed, they would be the smoking gun for the predicted triaxiality of dark halos in cosmological galaxy formation scenarios.

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Detection of Satellite Remnants in the Galactic Halo with Gaia - II. A modified Great Circle Cell Method

We propose an extension of the GC3 streamer finding method of Johnston et al. 1996 that can be applied to the future Gaia database. The original method looks for streamers along great circles in the sky, our extension adds the kinematical restriction that velocity vectors should also be constrained to lie along these great circles, as seen by a Galactocentric observer. We show how to use these combined criteria starting from heliocentric observables. We test it by using the mock Gaia catalogue of Brown et al. 2005, which includes a realistic Galactic background and observational errors, but with the addition of detailed star formation histories for the simulated satellites. We investigate its success rate as a function of initial satellite luminosity, star formation history and orbit. We find that the inclusion of the kinematical restriction vastly enhances the contrast between a streamer and the background, even in the presence of observational errors, provided we use only data with good astrometric quality (fractional errors of 30 per cent or better). The global nature of the method diminishes the erasing effect of phase mixing and permits the recovery of merger events of reasonable dynamical age. Satellites with a star formation history different to that of the Galactic background are also better isolated. We find that satellites in the range of 10^8-10^9 Lsun can be recovered even for events as old as ~10 Gyr. Even satellites with 4-5x10^7 Lsun can be recovered for certain combinations of dynamical ages and orbits.

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Low-mass galaxy formation in cosmological AMR simulations: the effects of varying the sub-grid physics parameters

We present numerical simulations aimed at exploring the effects of varying the sub-grid physics parameters on the evolution and the properties of the galaxy formed in a low-mass dark matter halo (~7 times 10^10 Msun/h at redshift z=0). The simulations are run within a cosmological setting with a nominal resolution of 218 pc comoving and are stopped at z = 0.43. In all of our simulations, an extended old/intermediate-age stellar halo and a more compact younger stellar disk are formed. We found that a non negligible fraction of the halo stars are formed in situ in a spheroidal distribution. Changes in the sub-grid physics parameters affect significantly and in a complex way the evolution and properties of the galaxy: (i) Lower threshold densities nsf produce larger stellar effective radii Re, less peaked circular velocity curves V_c(R), and greater amounts of low-density and hot gas in the disk mid-plane; (ii) When stellar feedback is modeled by temporarily switching off radiative cooling in the star forming regions, Re increases (by a factor of ~ 2 in our particular model), the circular velocity curve becomes flatter, and a complex multi-phase gaseous disk structure develops; (iii) A more efficient local conversion of gas mass to stars, measured by a stellar particle mass distribution biased toward larger values, increases the strength of the feedback energy injection -driving outflows and inducing burstier SF histories; iv) If feedback is too strong, gas loss by galactic outflows -which are easier to produce in low-mass galaxies- interrupts SF, whose history becomes episodic. The simulations exhibit two important shortcomings: the baryon fractions are higher, and the specific SF rates are much smaller, than observationally inferred values for redshifts ~ 0.4-1.

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The Synoptic All-Sky Infrared (SASIR) Survey

We are proposing to conduct a multicolor, synoptic infrared (IR) imaging survey of the Northern sky with a new, dedicated 6.5-meter telescope at San Pedro Mártir (SPM) Observatory. This initiative is being developed in partnership with astronomy institutions in Mexico and the University of California. The 4-year, dedicated survey, planned to begin in 2017, will reach more than 100 times deeper than 2MASS. The Synoptic All-Sky Infrared (SASIR) Survey will reveal the missing sample of faint red dwarf stars in the local solar neighborhood, and the unprecedented sensitivity over such a wide field will result in the discovery of thousands of z ~ 7 quasars (and reaching to z > 10), allowing detailed study (in concert with JWST and Giant Segmented Mirror Telescopes) of the timing and the origin(s) of reionization. As a time-domain survey, SASIR will reveal the dynamic infrared universe, opening new phase space for discovery. Synoptic observations of over 10^6 supernovae and variable stars will provide better distance measures than optical studies alone. SASIR also provides significant synergy with other major Astro2010 facilities, improving the overall scientific return of community investments. Compared to optical-only measurements, IR colors vastly improve photometric redshifts to z ~ 4, enhancing dark energy and dark matter surveys based on weak lensing and baryon oscillations. The wide field and ToO capabilities will enable a connection of the gravitational wave and neutrino universe - with events otherwise poorly localized on the sky - to transient electromagnetic phenomena.

astro-ph.IM↗

Constraints on the angular distribution of satellite galaxies about spiral hosts

We present, using a novel technique, a study of the angular distribution of satellite galaxies around a sample of isolated, blue host galaxies selected from the sixth data release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. As a complement to previous studies we subdivide the sample of galaxies into bins of differing inclination and use the systematic differences that would exist between the different bins as the basis for our approach. We parameterize the cumulative distribution function of satellite galaxies and apply a maximum likelihood, Monte-Carlo technique to determine allowable distributions, which we show as an exclusion plot. We find that the allowed distributions of the satellites of spiral hosts are very nearly isotropic. We outline our formalism and our analysis and discuss how this technique may be refined for future studies and future surveys.

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Is there Evidence for Flat Cores in the Halos of Dwarf Galaxies?: The Case of NGC 3109 and NGC 6822

Two well studied dwarf galaxies -- NGC 3109 and NGC 6822 -- present some of the strongest observational support for a flat core at the center of galactic dark matter (DM) halos. We use detailed cosmologically motivated numerical models to investigate the systematics and the accuracy of recovering parameters of the galaxies. Some of our models match the observed structure of the two galaxies remarkably well. Our analysis shows that the rotation curves of these two galaxies are instead quite compatible with their DM halos having steep cuspy density profiles. The rotation curves in our models are measured using standard observational techniques. The models reproduce the rotation curves of both galaxies, the disk surface brightness profiles as well as the profile of isophotal ellipticity and position angle. The models are centrally dominated by baryons; however, the dark matter component is globally dominant. The simulated disk mass is marginally consistent with a stellar mass-to-light ratio in agreement with the observed colors. We show that non-circular motions combined with gas pressure support and projection effects results in a large underestimation of the circular velocity in the central $\sim 1$ kpc region, creating the illusion of a constant density core. Although the systematic effects mentioned above are stronger in barred systems, they are also present in axisymetric disks. Our results strongly suggest that there is no contradiction between the observed rotation curves in dwarf galaxies and the cuspy central dark matter density profiles predicted by Cold Dark Matter models.

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The rotation curves of dwarf galaxies: a problem for Cold Dark Matter?

We address the issue of accuracy in recovering density profiles from observations of rotation curves of galaxies. We ``observe'' and analyze our models in much the same way as observers do the real galaxies. We find that the tilted ring model analysis produces an underestimate of the central rotational velocity. In some cases the galaxy halo density profile seems to have a flat core, while in reality it does not. We identify three effects, which explain the systematic biases: (1) inclination (2), small bulge, and (3) bar. The presence of even a small non-rotating bulge component reduces the rotation velocity. In the case of a disk with a bar, the underestimate of the circular velocity is larger due to a combination of non-circular motions and random velocities. Signatures of bars can be difficult to detect in the surface brightness profiles of the model galaxies. The variation of inclination angle and isophote position angle with radius are more reliable indicators of bar presence than the surface brightness profiles. The systematic biases in the central ~ 1 kpc of galaxies are not large. Each effect separately gives typically a few kms error, but the effects add up. In some cases the error in circular velocity was a factor of two, but typically we get about 20 percent. The result is the false inference that the density profile of the halo flattens in the central parts. Our observations of real galaxies show that for a large fraction of galaxies the velocity of gas rotation (as measured by emission lines) is very close to the rotation of stellar component (as measured by absorption lines). This implies that the systematic effects discussed in this paper are also applicable both for the stars and emission-line gas.

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Secular bar formation in galaxies with significant amount of dark matter

Using high resolution N-body simulations of stellar disks embedded in cosmologically motivated dark matter halos, we study the evolution of bars and the transfer of angular momentum between halos and bars. We find that dynamical friction results in some transfer of angular momentum to the halo, but the effect is much smaller than previously found in low resolution simulations and is incompatible with early analytical estimates. In simulations with millions of particles reaching a resolution of 20-40 pc, the pattern speed may not change over billions of years. Our high resolution models produce bars which are fast rotators, where the ratio of the corotation radius to the bar major semi-axis lies in the range R =1.2-1.7, marginally compatible with observational results. In contrast to many previous simulations, we find that bars are relatively short. As in many observed cases, the bar major semi-axis is close to the exponential length of the disk. The transfer of angular momentum between inner and outer parts of the disk plays a very important role in the secular evolution of the disk and the bar. The bar formation increases the exponential length of the disk by a factor of 1.2 -1.5. The transfer substantially increases the stellar mass in the centre of the galaxy and decreases the dark matter-to-baryons ratio. As the result, the central 2 kpc region is always strongly dominated by the baryonic component. At intermediate 3-10kpc scales the disk is sub-dominant. In summary, realistic models produce bar structure in striking agreement with observational results.

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Where are the missing galactic satellites?

Using published data, we have compiled the circular velocity (Vc) distribution function (VDF) of galaxy satellites in the Local Group. We find that within the volumes of radius of 570 kpc (400/h kpc for h=0.7) centered on the Milky Way and Andromeda, the average VDF is roughly approximated as n(>Vc)~ 45(Vc/10 km/s)^{-1} h^3 Mpc^{-3} for Vc in the range ~10-70 km/s. The observed VDF is compared with results of high-resolution cosmological simulations. We find that the VDF in models is very different from the observed one: n(>Vc)~1200(Vc/10 km/s)^{-2.75}h^3 Mpc^{-3}. Cosmological models thus predict that a halo of the size of our Galaxy should have about 50 dark matter satellites with circular velocity >20 km/s and mass >3x10^8/h Msun within a 570 kpc radius. This number is significantly higher than the approximate dozen satellites actually observed around our Galaxy. The observed and predicted VDFs cross at ~50 km/s, indicating that the predicted abundance of satellites with Vc> 50 km/s is in reasonably good agreement with observations. We conclude, therefore, that unless a large fraction of the Local Group satellites has been missed in observations, there is a dramatic discrepancy between observations and hierarchical models, regardless of the model parameters. We discuss several possible explanations for this discrepancy including identification of some satellites with the High Velocity Clouds observed in the Local Group, and the existence of dark satellites that failed to accrete gas and form stars due either to the expulsion of gas in the supernovae-driven winds or to gas heating by the intergalactic ionizing background. (Abridged)

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