arXiv subjects

Oleg Kochukhov

Publications and source records attributed to Oleg Kochukhov.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources

arXiv2019

Modeling a Carrington-scale Stellar Superflare and Coronal Mass Ejection from $κ^{1}Cet$

Observations from the Kepler mission have revealed frequent superflares on young and active solar-like stars. Superflares result from the large-scale restructuring of stellar magnetic fields, and are associated with the eruption of coronal material (a coronal mass ejection, or CME) and energy release that can be orders of magnitude greater than those observed in the largest solar flares. These catastrophic events, if frequent, can significantly impact the potential habitability of terrestrial exoplanets through atmospheric erosion or intense radiation exposure at the surface. We present results from numerical modeling designed to understand how an eruptive superflare from a young solar-type star, $κ^{1}Cet$, could occur and would impact its astrospheric environment. Our data-inspired, three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic modeling shows that global-scale shear concentrated near the radial-field polarity inversion line can energize the closed-field stellar corona sufficiently to power a global, eruptive superflare that releases approximately the same energy as the extreme 1859 Carrington event from the Sun. We examine proxy measures of synthetic emission during the flare and estimate the observational signatures of our CME-driven shock, both of which could have extreme space-weather impacts on the habitability of any Earth-like exoplanets. We also speculate that the observed 1986 Robinson-Bopp superflare from $κ^{1}Cet$ was perhaps as extreme for that star as the Carrington flare was for the Sun.

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arXiv2019

Starspot activity of HD 199178. Doppler images from 1994--2017

Context. Studying the spots of late-type stars is crucial for distinguishing between the various proposed dynamo mechanisms believed to be the main cause of starspot activity. For this research it is important to collect observation time series that are long enough to unravel both long- and short-term spot evolution. Doppler imaging is a very efficient method for studying spots of stars that cannot be angularly resolved. Aims. High-resolution spectral observations during 1994-2017 are analysed in order to reveal long- and short-term changes in the spot activity of the FK Comae-type subgiant HD 199178. Methods. Most of the observations were collected with the Nordic Optical Telescope. The Doppler imaging temperature maps were calculated using an inversion technique based on Tikhonov regularisation and utilising multiple spectral lines. Results. We present a unique series of 41 temperature maps spanning more than 23 years. All reliable images show a large cool spot region centred near the visible rotation pole. Some lower latitude cool features are also recovered, although the reliability of these is questionable. There is an expected anti-correlation between the mean surface temperature and the spot coverage. Using the Doppler images, we construct the equivalent of a solar butterfly diagram for HD 199178. Conclusions. HD 199178 clearly has a long-term large and cool spot structure at the rotational pole. This spot structure dominated the spot activity during the years 1994-2017. The size and position of the structure has evolved with time, with a gradual increase during the last years. The lack of lower latitude features prevents the determination of a possible differential rotation.

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arXiv2019

Spot evolution on LQ Hya during 2006--2017: temperature maps based on SOFIN and FIES data

Context. LQ Hya is one of the most frequently studied young solar analogue stars. Recently, it has been observed to show intriguing behaviour by analysing long-term photometry: during 2003--2009, a coherent spot structure migrating in the rotational frame has been reported by various authors, but since that time the star has entered a chaotic state where coherent structures seem to have disappeared and rapid phase jumps of the photometric minima occur irregularly over time. Aims. LQ Hya is one of the stars included in the SOFIN/FIES long-term monitoring campaign extending over 25 years. Here we publish new temperature maps for the star during 2006--2017, covering the chaotic state of the star. Methods. We use a Doppler imaging technique to derive surface temperature maps from high-resolution spectra. Results. From the mean temperatures of the Doppler maps we see a weak but systematic increase in the surface temperature of the star. This is consistent with the simultaneously increasing photometric magnitude. During nearly all observing seasons we see a high-latitude spot structure which is clearly nonaxisymmetric. The phase behaviour of this structure is very chaotic but agrees reasonably well with the photometry. Equatorial spots are also frequently seen, but many of them we interpret to be artefacts due to the poor to moderate phase coverage. Conclusions. Even during the chaotic phase of the star, the spot topology has remained very similar to the higher activity epochs with more coherent and long-lived spot structures: we see high-latitude and equatorial spot activity, the mid latitude range still being most often void of spots. We interpret the erratic jumps and drifts in phase of the photometric minima to be caused by changes in the high-latitude spot structure rather than the equatorial spots.

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arXiv2019

Magnetic Field of the Eclipsing M Dwarf Binary YY Gem

YY Gem is a short-period eclipsing binary system containing two nearly identical, rapidly rotating, very active early-M dwarfs. This binary represents an important benchmark system for calibrating empirical relations between fundamental properties of low-mass stars and for testing theories of interior structure and evolution of these objects. Both components of YY Gem exhibit inflated radii, which has been attributed to poorly understood magnetic activity effects. Despite a long history of magnetic activity studies of this system no direct magnetic field measurements have been made for it. Here we present a comprehensive characterisation of the surface magnetic field in both components of YY Gem. We reconstructed the global field topologies with the help of a tomographic inversion technique applied to high-resolution spectropolarimetric data. This analysis revealed moderately complex global fields with a typical strength of 200-300 G and anti-aligned dipolar components. A complementary Zeeman intensification analysis of the disentangled intensity spectra showed that the total mean field strength reaches 3.2-3.4 kG in both components of YY Gem. We used these results together with other recent magnetic field measurements of M dwarfs to investigate the relation between the global and small-scale fields in these stars. We also assessed predictions of competing magnetoconvection interior structure models developed for YY Gem, finding that only one of them anticipated the surface field strength compatible with our observations. Results of our star spot mapping of YY Gem do not support the alternative family of theoretical stellar models which attempts to explain the radii inflation by postulating a large spot filling factor.

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arXiv2018

The magnetic fields of intermediate-mass T Tauri stars : I. Magnetic detections and fundamental stellar parameters

Context. The origin of the fossil magnetic fields detected in 5 to 10% of intermediate-mass main sequence stars is still highly debated. Aims. We want to bring observational constraints to a large population of intermediate-mass pre-main sequence (PMS) stars in order to test the theory that convective-dynamo fields generated during the PMS phases of stellar evolution can occasionally relax into fossil fields on the main sequence. Methods. Using distance estimations, photometric measurements, and spectropolarimetric data from HARPSpol and ESPaDOnS of 38 intermediate-mass PMS stars, we determined fundamental stellar parameters (Teff, L and v sin i) and measured surface magnetic field characteristics (including detection limits for non-detections, and longitudinal fields and basic topologies for positive detections). Using PMS evolutionary models, we determined the mass, radius, and internal structure of these stars. We compared different PMS models to check that our determinations were not model-dependant. We then compared the magnetic characteristics of our sample accounting for their stellar parameters and internal structures. Results. We detect magnetic fields in about half of our sample. About 90% of the magnetic stars have outer convective envelopes larger than ~25% of the stellar radii, and heavier than ~2% of the stellar mass. Going to higher mass, we find that the magnetic incidence in intermediate-mass stars drops very quickly, within a time-scale of the order of few times 0.1 Myr. Finally, we propose that intermediate-mass T Tauri stars with large convective envelopes, close to the fully convective limit, have complex fields and that their dipole component strengths may decrease as the sizes of their convective envelopes decrease, similar to lower-mass T Tauri stars.

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arXiv2018

A theoretical tool for the study of radial velocities in the atmospheres of roAp stars

Over the last decade significant amounts of high-spectral and time-resolution spectroscopic data have been acquired for a number of rapidly oscillating Ap stars. Progress in the understanding of the information held by these data requires the development of theoretical models that can be directly compared with them. In this work we present a theoretical model for the radial velocities of roAp stars that takes full account of the coupling between the pulsations and the magnetic field. We explore the impact on the radial velocities of changing the position of the observer, the mode frequency and angular degree, as well as of changing the region of the disk where the elements are concentrated. We find that for integrations over the full disc, in the outermost layers the radial velocity is generally dominated by the acoustic waves, showing a rapid increase in amplitude. The most significant depth-variations in the radial velocity phase are seen for observers directed towards the equator and for even degree modes with frequencies close to, or above the acoustic cutoff. Comparison between the radial velocities obtained for spots of elements located around the magnetic poles and around the magnetic equator, shows that these present distinct amplitude-phase relations, resembling some of the differences seen in the observations. Finally, we discuss the conditions under which one may expect to find false nodes in the pulsation radial velocity of roAp stars.

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arXiv2018

A sudden change of the global magnetic field of the active M dwarf AD Leo revealed by full Stokes spectropolarimetric observations

In this paper we present an analysis of the first high-resolution full Stokes vector spectropolarimetric observations of the active M dwarf AD Leo. Based on observations collected in 2016 with the ESPaDOnS instrument at CFHT, we derived the least-squares deconvolved Stokes profiles and detected linear polarisation signatures in spectral lines. At the same time, we discovered that the circular polarisation profiles corresponding to our data set are significantly weaker compared to all archival spectra of AD Leo, which exhibited approximately constant profiles over the timescale of at least 6 years until 2012. Magnetic maps obtained using Zeeman Doppler imaging confirm the sudden change in the surface magnetic field. Although the total magnetic field energy decreased by about 20% between 2012 and 2016, the field component responsible for the observed circular polarisation signatures corresponds to a stronger field occupying a smaller fraction of the stellar surface in the more recent map. These results represent the first evidence that active M dwarfs with dipole-dominated axisymmetric field topologies can undergo a long-term global magnetic variation.

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arXiv2016

Zeeman-Doppler imaging of active young solar type stars

By studying young magnetically active late-type stars, i.e. analogues to the young Sun, one can draw conclusions on the evolution of the solar dynamo. We determine the topology of the surface magnetic field and study the relation between the magnetic field and cool photospheric spots in three young late-type stars. High-resolution spectropolarimetry of the targets were obtained with the HARPSpol instrument mounted at the ESO 3.6 m telescope. The signal-to-noise ratio of the Stokes IV measurements were boosted by combining the signal from a large number of spectroscopic absorption lines through the least squares deconvolution technique. Surface brightness and magnetic field maps were calculated using the Zeeman-Doppler imaging technique. All the three targets show clear signs of both magnetic fields and cool spots. Only one of the targets, namely V1358 Ori, shows evidence of the dominance of non-axisymmetric modes. In two of the targets, the poloidal field is significantly stronger than the toroidal one, indicative of an $α^2$-type of a dynamo, in which convective turbulence effects dominate over the weak differential rotation. In two of the cases there is a slight anti-correlation between the cool spots and the strength of the radial magnetic field. However, even in these cases the correlation is much weaker than in the case of sunspots. The weak correlation between the measured radial magnetic field and cool spots may indicate a more complex magnetic field structure in the spots or spot groups involving mixed magnetic polarities. Comparison with a previously published magnetic field map shows that on one of the stars, HD 29615, the underlying magnetic field has changed its polarity between 2009 and 2013.

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arXiv2015

First Zeeman Doppler imaging of a cool star using all four Stokes parameters

Magnetic fields are ubiquitous in active cool stars but they are in general complex and weak. Current Zeeman Doppler imaging (ZDI) studies of cool star magnetic fields chiefly employ circular polarization observations because linear polarization is difficult to detect and requires a more sophisticated radiative transfer modeling to interpret. But it has been shown in previous theoretical studies, and in the observational analyses of magnetic Ap stars, that including linear polarization in the magnetic inversion process makes it possible to correctly recover many otherwise lost or misinterpreted magnetic features. We have obtained phase-resolved observations in all four Stokes parameters of the RS CVn star II Peg at two separate epochs. Here we present temperature and magnetic field maps reconstructed for this star using all four Stokes parameters. This is the very first such ZDI study of a cool active star. Our magnetic inversions reveal a highly structured magnetic field topology for both epochs. The strength of some surface features is doubled or even quadrupled when linear polarization is taken into account. The total magnetic energy of the reconstructed field map also becomes about 2.1-3.5 times higher. The overall complexity is also increased as the field energy is shifted towards higher harmonic modes when four Stokes parameters are used. As a consequence, the potential field extrapolation of the four Stokes parameter ZDI results indicates that magnetic field becomes weaker at a distance of several stellar radii due to a decrease of the large-scale field component.

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arXiv2014

Stokes $IQUV$ magnetic Doppler imaging of Ap stars - III. Next generation chemical abundance mapping of Alpha 2 CVn

In a previous paper we presented an updated magnetic field map for the chemically peculiar star Alpha 2 CVn using ESPaDOnS and Narval time-resolved high-resolution Stokes $IQUV$ spectra. In this paper we focus on mapping various chemical element distributions on the surface of Alpha 2 CVn. With the new magnetic field map and new chemical abundance distributions we can investigate the interplay between the chemical abundance structures and the magnetic field topology on the surface of Alpha 2 CVn. Previous attempts at chemical abundance mapping of Alpha 2 CVn relied on lower resolution data. With our high resolution (R=65,000) dataset we present nine chemical abundance maps for the elements O, Si, Cl, Ti, Cr, Fe, Pr, Nd and Eu. We also derive an updated magnetic field map from Fe and Cr lines in Stokes $IQUV$ and O and Cl in Stokes $IV$. These new maps are inferred from line profiles in Stokes $IV$ using the magnetic Doppler imaging code Invers10. We examine these new chemical maps and investigate correlations with the magnetic topology of Alpha 2 CVn. We show that chemical abundance distributions vary between elements, with two distinct groups of elements; one accumulates close to the negative part of the radial field, whilst the other group shows higher abundances located where the radial magnetic field is on the order of 2 kG regardless of the polarity of the radial field component. We compare our results with previous works which have mapped chemical abundance structures of Ap stars. With the exception of Cr and Fe, we find no clear trend between what we reconstruct and other mapping results. We also find a lack of agreement with theoretical predictions. This suggests that there is a gap in our theoretical understanding of the formation of horizontal chemical abundance structures and the connection to the magnetic field in Ap stars.

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arXiv2014

The effect of isotopic splitting on the bisector and inversions of the solar Ca II 854.2 nm line

The Ca II 854.2 nm spectral line is a common diagnostic of the solar chromosphere. The average line profile shows an asymmetric core, and its bisector shows a characteristic inverse-C shape. The line actually consists of six components with slightly different wavelengths depending on the isotope of calcium. This isotopic splitting of the line has been taken into account in studies of non-solar stars, but never for the Sun. We performed non-LTE radiative transfer computations from three models of the solar atmosphere and show that the asymmetric line-core and inverse C-shape of the bisector of the 854.2 nm line can be explained by isotopic splitting. We confirm this finding by analysing observations and showing that the line asymmetry is present irrespective of conditions in the solar atmosphere. Finally, we show that inversions based on the Ca II 854.2 nm line should take the isotopic splitting into account, otherwise the inferred atmospheres will contain erroneous velocity gradients and temperatures.

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arXiv2013

The importance of non-photon noise in stellar spectropolarimetry. The spurious detection of a non-existing magnetic field in the A0 supergiant HD 92207

The low-resolution, Cassegrain mounted, FORS spectropolarimeter of the ESO Very Large Telescope is being extensively used for magnetic field surveys. Some of the new discoveries suggest that relatively strong magnetic fields may play an important role in numerous physical phenomena observed in the atmospheres as well as in the circumstellar environments of certain kinds of stars. We show in detail how small instabilities or data-reduction inaccuracies represent an alternative explanation for the origin of certain signals of circular polarisation published in recent years. With the help of analytical calculations we simulate the observation of a spectral line in spectropolarimetric mode, adding very small spurious wavelength shifts, which may mimic the effects of seeing variations, rapid variations of the stellar radial velocity, or instrument instabilities. As a case study, we then re-visit the FORS2 measurements that have been used to claim the discovery of a magnetic field in the A0 supergiant HD 92207. In addition, we present new observations of this star obtained with the HARPSpol instrument. Both calibration and science data show compelling evidence that photon-noise is not the only source of error in magnetic field measurements, especially in sharp spectral lines. Non-photon noise may be kept under control by accurate data reduction and quality controls. Our re-analysis of FORS2 observations of HD 92207 shows no evidence of a magnetic field, and we are able to reproduce the previous FORS detection only by degrading the quality of our wavelength calibration. Our HARPSpol spectropolarimetric measurements show no evidence of a magnetic field at the level of 10 G.

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arXiv2013

Radial velocity signatures of Zeeman broadening

Stellar activity signatures such as spots and plage can significantly limit the search for extrasolar planets. Current models of activity-induced radial velocity (RV) signals focused on the impact of temperature contrast in spots predicting the signal to diminish toward longer wavelengths. On the other hand, the relative importance of the Zeeman effect on RV measurements should grow with wavelength, because the Zeeman displacement itself grows with λ, and because a magnetic and cool spot contributes more to the total flux at longer wavelengths. We model the impact of active regions on stellar RV measurements including both temperature contrast in spots and Zeeman line broadening. We calculate stellar line profiles using polarized radiative transfer models including atomic and molecular Zeeman splitting from 0.5 to 2.3\mum. Our results show that the amplitude of the RV signal caused by the Zeeman effect alone can be comparable to that caused by temperature contrast. Furthermore, the RV signal caused by cool and magnetic spots increases with wavelength. We also calculate the RV signal due to variations in average magnetic field strength from one observation to the next, but find it unlikely that this can significantly influence the search for extrasolar planets. As an example, we derive the RV amplitude of the active M dwarf AD Leo as a function of wavelength using data from the HARPS spectrograph. The RV signal does not diminish at longer wavelengths but shows evidence for the opposite behavior. We conclude that the RV signal of active stars does not vanish at longer wavelength but sensitively depends on the combination of spot temperature and magnetic field; in active low-mass stars, it is even likely to grow with wavelength.

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arXiv2012

A self consistent chemically stratified atmosphere model for the roAp star 10 Aquilae

Context: Chemically peculiar A type (Ap) stars are a subgroup of the CP2 stars which exhibit anomalous overabundances of numerous elements, e.g. Fe, Cr, Sr and rare earth elements. The pulsating subgroup of the Ap stars, the roAp stars, present ideal laboratories to observe and model pulsational signatures as well as the interplay of the pulsations with strong magnetic fields and vertical abundance gradients. Aims: Based on high resolution spectroscopic observations and observed stellar energy distributions we construct a self consistent model atmosphere, that accounts for modulations of the temperature-pressure structure caused by vertical abundance gradients, for the roAp star 10 Aquilae (HD 176232). We demonstrate that such an analysis can be used to determine precisely the fundamental atmospheric parameters required for pulsation modelling. Methods: Average abundances were derived for 56 species. For Mg, Si, Ca, Cr, Fe, Co, Sr, Pr, and Nd vertical stratification profiles were empirically derived using the ddafit minimization routine together with the magnetic spectrum synthesis code synthmag. Model atmospheres were computed with the LLModels code which accounts for the individual abundances and stratification of chemical elements. Results: For the final model atmosphere Teff=7550 K and log g=3.8 were adopted. While Mg, Si, Co and Cr exhibit steep abundance gradients Ca, Fe and Sr showed much wider abundance gradients between log tau_5000=-1.5 and 0.5. Elements Mg and Co were found to be the least stratified, while Ca and Sr showed strong depth variations in abundance of up to ~ 6 dex.

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arXiv2012

How reliable is Zeeman Doppler Imaging without simultaneous temperature reconstruction?

Aims: The goal of this study is to perform numerical tests of Zeeman Doppler Imaging (ZDI) to asses whether correct reconstruction of magnetic fields is at all possible without taking temperature into account for stars in which magnetic and temperature inhomogeneities are spatially correlated. Methods: We used a modern ZDI code employing a physically realistic treatment of the polarized radiative transfer in all four Stokes parameters. We generated artificial observations of isolated magnetic spots and of magnetic features coinciding with cool temperature spots and then reconstructed magnetic and temperature distributions from these data. Results: Using Stokes I and V for simultaneous magnetic and temperature mapping for the star with a homogeneous temperature distribution yields magnetic field strengths underestimated by typically 10-15% relative to their true values. When temperature is kept constant and Stokes I is not used for magnetic mapping, the underestimation is 30-60%. At the same time, the strength of magnetic field inside cool spots is underestimated by as much as 80-95% and the spot geometry is also poorly reconstructed when temperature variations are ignored. On the other hand, the inversion quality is greatly improved when temperature variations are accounted for in magnetic mapping. When using all four Stokes parameters the reconstructed field strength inside cool spots is underestimated by 30-40% but the spot geometry can be recovered very accurately compared to the experiments with circular polarization alone. Conclusions: Reliable magnetic field reconstruction for a star with high-contrast temperature spots is essentially impossible if temperature inhomogeneities are ignored. A physically realistic line profile modeling method, which simultaneously accounts for both types of inhomogeneities, is required for meaningful ZDI of cool active stars.

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arXiv2012

Doppler images of II Pegasi for 2004-2010

Aims. We study the spot activity of II Peg during the years 2004-2010 to determine long- and short-term changes in the magnetic activity. In a previous study, we detected a persistent active longitude, as well as major changes in the spot configuration occurring on a timescale of shorter than a year. The main objective of this study is to determine whether the same phenomena persist in the star during these six years of spectroscopic monitoring. Methods. The observations were collected with the high-resolution SOFIN spectrograph at the Nordic Optical Telescope. The temperature maps were calculated using a Doppler imaging code based on Tikhonov regularization. Results. We present 12 new temperature maps that show spots distributed mainly over high and intermediate latitudes. In each image, 1-3 main active regions can be identified. The activity level of the star is clearly lower than during our previous study for the years 1994-2002. In contrast to the previous observations, we detect no clear drift of the active regions with respect to the rotation of the star. Conclusions. Having shown a systematic longitudinal drift of the spot-generating mechanism during 1994-2002, the star has clearly switched to a low-activity state for 2004-2010, during which the spot locations appear more random over phase space. It could be that the star is near to a minimum of its activity cycle.

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arXiv2011

Distance Scale Zero-Points from Galactic RR Lyrae Star Parallaxes

We present new absolute trigonometric parallaxes and proper motions for seven Pop II variable stars: five RR Lyr variables; RZ Cep, XZ Cyg, SU Dra, RR Lyr, UV Oct; and two type 2 Cepheids; VY Pyx and κ Pav. We obtained these results with astrometric data from Fine Guidance Sensors, white-light interfer- ometers on Hubble Space Telescope. We find absolute parallaxes in milliseconds of arc: RZ Cep, 2.12\pm0.16 mas; XZ Cyg, 1.67\pm0.17 mas; SU Dra, 1.42\pm0.16 mas; RR Lyr, 3.77\pm0.13 mas; UV Oct, 1.71\pm0.10 mas; VY Pyx, 6.44\pm0.23 mas; and κ Pav, 5.57\pm0.28 mas; an average σπ/π = 5.4%. With these parallaxes we compute absolute magnitudes in V and K bandpasses corrected for interstellar extinction and Lutz-Kelker-Hanson bias. Using these RRL absolute magnitudes, we then derive zero-points for MV -[Fe/H] and MK -[Fe/H]-Log P relations. The technique of reduced parallaxes corroborates these results. We employ our new results to determine distances and ages of several Galactic globular clusters and the dis- tance of the LMC. The latter is close to that previously derived from Classical Cepheids uncorrected for any metallicity effect, indicating that any such effect is small. We also discuss the somewhat puzzling results obtained for our two type 2 Cepheids.

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arXiv2011

Abundance and stratification analysis of the CP star HD 103498

Slow rotation and absence of strong mixing processes in atmospheres of chemically peculiar stars develop ideal conditions for the appearance of abundance anomalies through the mechanism of microscopic particle diffusion. This makes these objects look spectroscopically and photometrically different from their "normal" analogs. As a result, it is often difficult to accurately determine atmospheric parameters of these stars and special methods are needed for the consistent analysis of their atmospheres. The main aim of the present paper is to analyse atmospheric abundance and stratification of chemical elements in the atmosphere of the chemically peculiar star HD 103498. We find that two model atmospheres computed with individual and stratified abundances provide reasonable fit to observed spectroscopic and photometric indicators: Teff=9300 K, logg=3.5 and Teff=9500K, logg=3.6. It is shown that Mg has a large abundance gradient in the star's atmosphere with accumulation of Mg ions in the uppermost atmospheric layers, whereas Si demonstrates opposite behaviour with accumulation in deep layers. In addition, a detailed non-LTE analysis showed that none of Mg transitions under consideration is a subject of noticeable non-LTE effects. Comparing observed photometry transformed to physical units we estimated the radius of HD 103498 to be between R=(4.56 +/- 0.77)Rsun for Teff=9300K, logg=3.5 and R=(4.39 +/- 0.75)Rsun for Teff=9500K, logg=3.6 models respectively. We note that the lack of suitable observations in absolute units prevents us to uniquely determine the Teff of the star at the current stage of analysis.

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