arXiv subjects

Omid Hemmatyar

Publications and source records attributed to Omid Hemmatyar.

14 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2024

High-throughput antibody screening with high-quality factor nanophotonics and bioprinting

Empirical investigation of the quintillion-scale, functionally diverse antibody repertoires that can be generated synthetically or naturally is critical for identifying potential biotherapeutic leads, yet remains burdensome. We present high-throughput nanophotonics- and bioprinter-enabled screening (HT-NaBS), a multiplexed assay for large-scale, sample-efficient, and rapid characterization of antibody libraries. Our platform is built upon independently addressable pixelated nanoantennas exhibiting wavelength-scale mode volumes, high-quality factors (high-Q) exceeding 5000, and pattern densities exceeding one million sensors per square centimeter. Our custom-built acoustic bioprinter enables individual sensor functionalization via the deposition of picoliter droplets from a library of capture antigens at rates up to 25,000 droplets per second. We detect subtle differentiation in the target binding signature through spatially-resolved spectral imaging of hundreds of resonators simultaneously, elucidating antigen-antibody binding kinetic rates, affinity constant, and specificity. We demonstrate HT-NaBS on a panel of antibodies targeting SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A, and Influenza B antigens, with a sub-picomolar limit of detection within 30 minutes. Furthermore, through epitope binning analysis, we demonstrate the competence and diversity of a library of native antibodies targeting functional epitopes on a priority pathogen (H5N1 bird flu) and on glycosylated therapeutic Cetuximab antibodies against epidermal growth factor receptor. With a roadmap to image tens of thousands of sensors simultaneously, this high-throughput, resource-efficient, and label-free platform can rapidly screen for high-affinity and broad epitope coverage, accelerating biotherapeutic discovery and de novo protein design.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2022

Complex Skin Modes in Non-Hermitian Coupled Laser Arrays

From biological ecosystems to spin glasses, connectivity plays a crucial role in determining the function, dynamics, and resiliency of a network. In the realm of non-Hermitian physics, the possibility of complex and asymmetric exchange interactions (|kappa_ij| not equal to |kappa_ji|) between a network of oscillators has been theoretically shown to lead to novel behaviors like delocalization, skin effect, and bulk-boundary correspondence. An archetypical lattice exhibiting the aforementioned properties is that proposed by Hatano and Nelson in a series of papers in late 1990s. While the ramifications of these theoretical works in optics have been recently pursued in synthetic dimensions, the Hatano-Nelson model has yet to be realized in real space. What makes the implementation of these lattices challenging is the difficulty in establishing the required asymmetric exchange interactions in optical platforms. In this work, by using active optical oscillators featuring non-Hermiticity and nonlinearity, we introduce an anisotropic exchange between the resonant elements in a lattice, an aspect that enables us to observe the non-Hermitian skin effect, phase locking, and near-field beam steering in a Hatano-Nelson laser array. Our work opens up new regimes of phase-locking in lasers while shedding light on the fundamental physics of non-Hermitian systems.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2021

Enhanced Meta-Displays Using Advanced Phase-Change Materials

Structural colors generated due to light scattering from static all-dielectric metasurfaces have successfully enabled high-resolution, high-saturation, and wide-gamut color printing applications. Despite recent advances, most demonstrations of these structure-dependent colors lack post-fabrication tunability. This hinders their applicability for front-end dynamic display technologies. Phase-change materials (PCMs), with significant contrast of their optical properties between their amorphous and crystalline states, have demonstrated promising potentials in reconfigurable nanophotonics. Herein, we leverage tunable all-dielectric reflective metasurfaces made of newly emerged classes of low-loss optical PCMs, i.e., antimony trisulphide (Sb$_2$S$_3$) and antimony triselenide (Sb$_2$Se$_3$), with superb characteristics to realize switchable, high-saturation, high-efficiency and high-resolution dynamic meta-pixels. Exploiting polarization-sensitive building blocks, the presented meta-pixel can generate two different colors when illuminated by either one of two orthogonally polarized incident beams. Such degrees of freedom (i.e., material phase and polarization state) enable a single reconfigurable metasurface with fixed geometrical parameters to generate four distinct wide-gamut colors. We experimentally demonstrate, for the first time, an electrically-driven micro-scale display through the integration of phase-change metasurfaces with an on-chip heater formed by transparent conductive oxide. Our experimental findings enable a versatile platform suitable for a wide range of applications, including tunable full-color printing, enhanced dynamic displays, information encryption, and anti-counterfeiting.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2021

Advanced Phase-Change Materials for Enhanced Meta-Displays

Structural colors generated due to light scattering from static all-dielectric metasurfaces have successfully enabled high-resolution, high-saturation and wide-gamut color printing applications. Despite recent advances, most demonstrations of these structure-dependent colors lack post-fabrication tunability that hinders their applicability for front-end dynamic display technologies. Phase-change materials (PCMs), with significant contrast of their optical properties between their amorphous and crystalline states, have demonstrated promising potentials in reconfigurable nanophotonics. Herein, we leverage a tunable all-dielectric reflective metasurface made of a newly emerged class of low-loss optical PCMs with superb characteristics, i.e., antimony trisulphide (Sb$_2$S$_3$), antimony triselenide (Sb$_2$Se$_3$), and binary germanium-doped selenide (GeSe$_3$), to realize switchable, high-saturation, high-efficiency and high-resolution structural colors. Having polarization sensitive building blocks, the presented metasurface can generate two different colors when illuminated by two orthogonally polarized incident beams. Such degrees of freedom (i.e., structural state and polarization) enable a single reconfigurable metasurface with fixed geometrical parameters to generate four distinct wide-gamut colors suitable for a wide range of applications, including tunable full-color printing and displays, information encryption, and anti-counterfeiting.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2021

Electrically driven programmable phase-change meta-switch reaching 80% efficiency

Despite recent advances in active metaoptics, wide dynamic range combined with high-speed reconfigurable solutions is still elusive. Phase-change materials (PCMs) offer a compelling platform for metasurface optical elements, owing to the large index contrast and fast yet stable phase transition properties. Here, we experimentally demonstrate an in situ electrically-driven reprogrammable metasurface by harnessing the unique properties of a phase-change chalcogenide alloy, Ge$_{2}$Sb$_{2}$Te$_{5}$ (GST), in order to realize fast, non-volatile, reversible, multilevel, and pronounced optical modulation in the near-infrared spectral range. Co-optimized through a multiphysics analysis, we integrate an efficient heterostructure resistive microheater that indirectly heats and transforms the embedded GST film without compromising the optical performance of the metasurface even after several reversible phase transitions. A hybrid plasmonic-PCM meta-switch with a record electrical modulation of the reflectance over eleven-fold (an absolute reflectance contrast reaching 80%), unprecedented quasi-continuous spectral tuning over 250 nm, and switching speed that can potentially reach a few kHz is presented. Our work represents a significant step towards the development of fully integrable dynamic metasurfaces and their potential for beamforming applications.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2021

Engineering Interaction Dynamics in Active Resonant Photonic Structures

The collective response of a system is profoundly shaped by the interaction dynamics between its constituent elements. In physics, tailoring these interactions can enable the observation of unusual phenomena that are otherwise inaccessible in standard settings, ranging from the possibility of a Kramer's degeneracy even in the absence of spin to the breakdown of the bulkboundary correspondence. Here, we show how such tailored asymmetric coupling terms can be realized in photonic integrated platforms by exploiting non-Hermitian concepts. In this regard, we introduce a generalized photonic molecule composed of a pair of microring resonators with internal S-bends connected via two directional couplers and a link waveguide. By judiciously designing the parameters of this system, namely the length of the links and the power division ratio of the directional couplers, we experimentally show the emergence of Hermitian and non-Hermitian type exchange interactions. The ramifications of such coupling dynamics are then studied in 1D chain and ring-type active lattices. Our findings establish the proposed structure as a promising building block for the realization of a variety of phenomena, especially those associated with phase locking in laser arrays and non-Hermitian topological lattices.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2020

Dynamic hybrid metasurfaces

Efficient hybrid plasmonic-photonic metasurfaces that simultaneously take advantage of the potential of both pure metallic and all-dielectric nanoantennas are identified as an emerging technology in flat optics. Nevertheless, post-fabrication tunable hybrid metasurfaces are still elusive. Here, we present a reconfigurable hybrid metasurface platform by incorporating the phase-change material Ge$_{2}$Sb$_{2}$Te$_{5}$ (GST) into metal-dielectric meta-atoms for active and non-volatile tuning of properties of light. We systematically design a reduced-dimension meta-atom, which selectively controls the fundamental hybrid plasmonic-photonic resonances of the metasurface via the dynamic change of optical constants of GST without compromising the scattering efficiency. As a proof-of-concept, we experimentally demonstrate miniaturized tunable metasurfaces that control the amplitude and phase of incident light necessary for high-contrast optical switching and anomalous to specular beam deflection, respectively. Finally, we leverage a deep learning-based approach to present an intuitive low-dimensional visualization of the enhanced range of response reconfiguration enabled by the addition of GST. Our findings further substantiate dynamically tunable hybrid metasurfaces as promising candidates for the development of small-footprint energy harvesting, imaging, and optical signal processing devices.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2020

Meta-optics for spatial optical analog computing

Rapidly growing demands for high-performance computing, powerful data processing systems, and big data necessitate the advent of novel optical devices to perform demanding computing processes effectively. Due to its unprecedented growth in the past two decades, the field of meta-optics offers a viable solution for spatially, spectrally, and/or even temporally sculpting amplitude, phase, polarization, and/or dispersion of optical wavefronts. In this Review, we discuss state-of-the-art developments as well as emerging trends in computational meta-structures as disruptive platforms for spatial optical analog computation. Two fundamental approaches based on general concepts of spatial Fourier transformation and Green's function are discussed in detail. Moreover, numerical investigations and experimental demonstrations of computational optical surfaces and meta-structures for solving a diverse set of mathematical problems (e.g., integro-differentiation and convolution equations) necessary for on-demand applications (e.g., edge detection) are reviewed. Finally, we explore the current challenges and the potential resolutions in computational meta-optics followed by our perspective on future research directions and possible developments in this promising area.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2020

ITO-Based Microheaters for Reversible Multi-Stage Switching of Phase-Change Materials: Towards Miniaturized Beyond-Binary Reconfigurable Integrated Photonics

Inducing a large refractive-index change is the holy grail of reconfigurable photonic structures, a goal that has long been the driving force behind the discovery of new optical material platforms. Recently, the unprecedentedly large refractive-index contrast between the amorphous and crystalline states of Ge-Sb-Te (GST)-based phase-change materials (PCMs) has attracted tremendous attention for reconfigurable integrated nanophotonics. Here, we introduce a microheater platform that employs optically transparent and electrically conductive indium-tin-oxide (ITO) bridges for the fast and reversible electrical switching of the GST phase between crystalline and amorphous states. By the proper assignment of electrical pulses applied to the ITO microheater, we show that our platform allows for the registration of virtually any intermediate crystalline state into the GST film integrated on the top of the designed microheaters. More importantly, we demonstrate the full reversibility of the GST phase between amorphous and crystalline states. To show the feasibility of using this hybrid GST/ITO platform for miniaturized integrated nanophotonic structures, we integrate our designed microheaters into the arms of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer to realize electrically reconfigurable optical phase shifters with orders of magnitude smaller footprints compared to existing integrated photonic architectures. We show that the phase of optical signals can be gradually shifted in multiple intermediate states using a structure that can potentially be smaller than a single wavelength. We believe that our study showcases the possibility of forming a whole new class of miniaturized reconfigurable integrated nanophotonics using beyond-binary reconfiguration of optical functionalities in hybrid PCM-photonic devices.

physics.app-ph↗

arXiv2020

Tunable nanophotonics enabled by chalcogenide phase-change materials

Nanophotonics has garnered intensive attention due to its unique capabilities in molding the flow of light in the subwavelength regime. Metasurfaces (MSs) and photonic integrated circuits (PICs) enable the realization of mass-producible, cost-effective, and highly efficient flat optical components for imaging, sensing, and communications. In order to enable nanophotonics with multi-purpose functionalities, chalcogenide phase-change materials (PCMs) have been introduced as a promising platform for tunable and reconfigurable nanophotonic frameworks. Integration of non-volatile chalcogenide PCMs with unique properties such as drastic optical contrasts, fast switching speeds, and long-term stability grants substantial reconfiguration to the more conventional static nanophotonic platforms. In this review, we discuss state-of-the-art developments as well as emerging trends in tunable MSs and PICs using chalcogenide PCMs. We outline the unique material properties, structural transformation, electro-optic, and thermo-optic effects of well-established classes of chalcogenide PCMs. The emerging deep learning-based approaches for the optimization of reconfigurable MSs and the analysis of light-matter interactions are also discussed. The review is concluded by discussing existing challenges in the realization of adjustable nanophotonics and a perspective on the possible developments in this promising area.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2019

Wide-Band/Angle Blazed Dual Mode Metallic Groove Gratings

We introduce a new and simple approach to acquire wide-band/angle blazing operation in one-dimensional metallic gratings supported by equivalent circuit analysis. The gratings that are investigated here are single-groove gratings that support two propagating guided modes. It is shown that under such operating conditions, one can achieve blazing over a wide range of frequencies and angles. Parameters of the proposed equivalent circuit model for the case of the transverse magnetic (TM) polarization are analytically derived. The accuracy of the models is verified through comparison against results of full-wave simulations. The procedure to achieve wide-band/angle blazing performance is delineated and the design parameters are explicitly given. It is shown that this structure is able to strongly transfer the power of the transverse magnetic (TM) polarized incident wave to the -1-th diffraction order with a fractional bandwidth of 50 % at working frequency f_0 equal to 10 GHz and for -10 dB specular reflection loss, thus realizing a broadband structure. From the circuit model, an insightful discussion is presented at various mechanisms at play, when Bragg and off-Bragg blazing occurs and fully justifies the behavior of the device. The proposed technique opens up new vistas in a wide range of applications such as spectroscopy, Littrow cavities, beam splitters, and frequency scanned antenna reflectors.

physics.class-ph↗

arXiv2019

Knowledge Discovery In Nanophotonics Using Geometric Deep Learning

We present here a new approach for using the intelligence aspects of artificial intelligence for knowledge discovery rather than device optimization in electromagnetic (EM) nanostructures. This approach uses training data obtained through full-wave EM simulations of a series of nanostructures to train geometric deep learning algorithms to assess the range of feasible responses as well as the feasibility of a desired response from a class of EM nanostructures. To facilitate the knowledge discovery and reduce the computation complexity, our approach combines the dimensionality reduction technique (using an autoencoder) with convex-hull and one-class support-vector-machine (SVM) algorithms to find the range of the feasible responses in the latent (or the reduced) response space of the EM nanostructure. We show that by using a small set of training instances (compared to all possible structures), our approach can provide better than 95% accuracy in assessing the feasibility of a given response. More importantly, the one-class SVM algorithm can be trained to provide the degree of feasibility (or unfeasibility) of a response from a given nanostructure. This important information can be used to modify the initial structure to an alternative one that can enable an initially unfeasible response. To show the applicability of our approach, we apply it to two important classes of binary metasurfaces (MSs), formed by array of plasmonic nanostructures, and periodic MSs formed by an array of dielectric nanopillars. In addition to theoretical results, we show the experimental results obtained by fabricating several MSs of the second class. Our theoretical and experimental results confirm the unique features of this approach for knowledge discovery in EM nanostructures.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2019

Full color generation with Fano-type resonant HfO$_2$ nanopillars designed by a deep-learning approach

In contrast to lossy plasmonic metasurfaces (MSs), wideband dielectric MSs comprising of subwavelength nanostructures supporting Mie resonances are of great interest in the visible wavelength range. Here, for the first time to our knowledge, we experimentally demonstrate a reflective MS consisting of a square-lattice array of Hafnia (HfO$_2$) nanopillars to generate a wide color gamut. To design and optimize these MSs, we use a deep-learning algorithm based on a dimensionality reduction technique. Good agreement is observed between simulation and experimental results in yielding vivid and high-quality colors. We envision that these structures not only empower the high-resolution digital displays and sensitive colorimetric biosensors but also can be applied to on-demand applications of beaming in a wide wavelength range down to deep ultraviolet.

physics.app-ph↗

arXiv2019

Deep Learning Reveals Underlying Physics of Light-matter Interactions in Nanophotonic Devices

In this paper, we present a deep learning-based (DL-based) algorithm, as a purely mathematical platform, for providing intuitive understanding of the properties of electromagnetic (EM) wave-matter interaction in nanostructures. This approach is based on using the dimensionality reduction (DR) technique to significantly reduce the dimensionality of a generic EM wave-matter interaction problem without imposing significant error. Such an approach implicitly provides useful information about the role of different features (or design parameters such as geometry) of the nanostructure in its response functionality. To demonstrate the practical capabilities of this DL-based technique, we apply it to a reconfigurable optical metadevice enabling dual-band and triple-band optical absorption in the telecommunication window. Combination of the proposed approach with existing commercialized full-wave simulation tools offers a powerful toolkit to extract basic mechanisms of wave-matter interaction in complex EM devices and facilitate the design and optimization of nanostructures for a large range of applications including imaging, spectroscopy, and signal processing. It is worth to mention that the demonstrated approach is general and can be used in a large range of problems as long as enough training data can be provided.

physics.optics↗