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P. Bonifacio

Publications and source records attributed to P. Bonifacio.

At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources

First Stars XI. Chemical composition of the extremely metal-poor dwarfs in the binary CS 22876--032

We have used high-resolution, high-S/N ratio spectra from the UVES spectrograph at the ESO VLT telescope. Long-term radial-velocity measurements and broad-band photometry allow us to determine improved orbital elements and stellar parameters for both components. We use OSMARCS 1D models and the {\scshape turbospectrum} spectral synthesis code to determine the abundances of Li, O, Na, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Sc, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co and Ni. We also use the CO$^5$BOLD model atmosphere code to compute the 3D abundance corrections, especially for Li and O. We find a metallicity of [Fe/H]$\sim -3.6$ for both stars, using 1D models with 3D corrections of $\sim -0.1$ dex from averaged 3D models. We determine the oxygen abundance from the near-UV OH bands; the 3D corrections are large, -1 and -1.5 dex for the secondary and primary respectively, and yield [O/Fe] $\sim 0.8$, close to the high-quality results obtained from the [OI] 630 nm line in metal-poor giants. Other [$α$/Fe] ratios are consistent with those measured in other dwarfs and giants with similar [Fe/H], although Ca and Si are somewhat low ([X/Fe]$\la 0$). Other element ratios follow those of other halo stars. The Li abundance of the primary star is consistent with the Spite plateau, but the secondary shows a lower abundance; 3D corrections are small. The Li abundance in the primary star supports the extension of the {\em Spite Plateau} value at the lowest metallicities, without any decrease. The low abundance in the secondary star could be explained by endogenic Li depletion, due to its cooler temperature. If this is not the case, another, yet unknown mechanism may be causing increased scatter in A(Li) at the lowest metallicities.

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First Stars VIII -- Enrichment of the neutron-capture elements in the early Galaxy

Our aim is to measure accurate, homogeneous neutron-capture element abundances for the sample of 32 EMP giant stars studied earlier in this series, including 22 stars with [Fe/H] $< -$3.0. Based on high-resolution, high S/N spectra from the ESO VLT/UVES, 1D, LTE model atmospheres, and synthetic spectrum fits, we determine abundances or upper limits for the 16 elements Sr, Y, Zr, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, and Yb in all stars. As found earlier, [Sr/Fe], [Y/Fe], [Zr/Fe] and [Ba/Fe] are below Solar in the EMP stars, with very large scatter. However, we find a tight anti-correlation of [Sr/Ba], [Y/Ba], and [Zr/Ba] with [Ba/H] for $-4.5 <$ [Ba/H] $< -2.5$, also when subtracting the contribution of the main $r$-process as measured by [Ba/H]. The huge, well-characterised scatter of the [n-capture/Fe] ratios in our EMP stars is in stark contrast to the negligible dispersion in the [$α$/Fe] and [Fe-peak/Fe] ratios for the same stars found in Paper V. These results demonstrate that a second (``weak'' or LEPP) $r$-process dominates the production of the lighter neutron-capture elements for [Ba/H] $< -2.5$. The combination of very consistent [$α$/Fe] and erratic [n-capture/Fe] ratios indicates that inhomogeneous models for the early evolution of the halo are needed. Our accurate data provide strong constraints on future models of the production and mixing of the heavy elements in the early Galaxy.

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The isotopic 6Li/7Li ratio in Cen X-4 and the origin of Li in X-ray binaries

Context: Cool stars, companions to compact objects, are known to show Li abundances which are high compared to field stars of the same spectral type, which are heavily Li depleted. This may be due either to Li production or Li preservation in these systems. Aims: To measure the lithium isotopic ratio in the companion star of the neutron star X-ray binary Cen X-4. Method: We use UVES spectra obtained in years 2000 and 2004 around the orbital quadratures. The spectra are analysed with spectrum synthesis techniques and the errors estimated with Monte Carlo simulations. Results: We measure A(Li)=2.87+-0.20 and 6Li/7Li = 0.12+0.08-0.05 at 68% confidence level. We also present updated system parameters with a refined determination of the orbital period and component masses i.e. 1.14+-0.45 Msun and 0.23+-0.10 Msun for the neutron star and companion, respectively. Conclusions: In our view the low level of 6Li favours Li preservation scenarios, although Li production mechanisms cannot be ruled out. In the case of preservation, no Li is freshly created in the binary, but the tidally-locked companion has preserved its original Li by some mechanism, possibly inhibited destruction due to its fast rotation.

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A new measure of Delta alpha/alpha at redshift z = 1.84 from very high resolution spectra of Q1101-264

We probe the evolution of the fine-structure constant, alpha, with cosmic time. Accurate positions of the FeII lines 1608, 2382,and 2600 A are measured in the z = 1.84 absorption system from a high-resolution (FWHM = 3.8 km/s) and high signal-to-noise (S/N >= 100) spectrum of the quasar Q1101-264 (z_em = 2.15, V = 16.0), integrated for 15.4 hours. The Single Ion Differential alpha Measurement (SIDAM) procedure and the Delta chi^2 method are used to set constraints on Delta alpha/alpha. We have found a relative radial velocity shift between the 1608 A and 2382,2600 A lines of Delta v = -180 +/- 85 m/s (both random and systematic errors are included), which, if real, would correspond to Delta alpha/alpha = (5.4 +/- 2.5) 10^{-6} (1sigma C.L.). Considering the strong implications of a such variability, additional observations with comparable accuracy at redshift z ~ 1.8 are required to confirm this result.

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High-resolution spectroscopy of RGB stars in the Sagittarius Streams. I. Radial velocities and chemical abundances

Context. The Sagittarius (Sgr) dwarf spheroidal galaxy is currently being disrupted under the strain of the Milky Way. A reliable reconstruction of Sgr star formation history can only be obtained by combining core and stream information. Aims. We present radial velocities for 67 stars belonging to the Sgr Stream. For 12 stars in the sample we also present iron (Fe) and $α$-element (Mg, Ca) abundances. Methods. Spectra were secured using different high resolution facilities: UVES@VLT, HARPS@3.6m, and SARG@TNG. Radial velocities are obtained through cross correlation with a template spectra. Concerning chemical analysis, for the various elements, selected line equivalent widths were measured and abundances computed using the WIDTH code and ATLAS model atmospheres. Results. The velocity dispersion of the trailing tail is found to be $σ$=8.3$\pm$0.9 km s$^{-1}$, i.e., significantly lower than in the core of the Sgr galaxy and marginally lower than previous estimates in the same portion of the stream. Stream stars follow the same trend as Sgr main body stars in the [$α$/Fe] vs [Fe/H] plane. However, stars are, on average, more metal poor in the stream than in the main body. This effect is slightly stronger in stars belonging to more ancient wraps of the stream, according to currently accepted models of Sgr disruption.

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NLTE determination of the sodium abundance in a homogeneous sample of extremely metal-poor stars

Abundance ratios in extremely metal-poor (EMP) stars are a good indication of the chemical composition of the gas in the earliest phases of the Galaxy evolution. It had been found from an LTE analysis that at low metallicity, and in contrast with most of the other elements, the scatter of [Na/Fe] versus [Fe/H] was surprisingly large and that, in giants, [Na/Fe] decreased with metallicity. Since it is well known that the formation of sodium lines is very sensitive to non-LTE effects, to firmly establish the behaviour of the sodium abundance in the early Galaxy, we have used high quality observations of a sample of EMP stars obtained with UVES at the VLT, and we have taken into account the non-LTE line formation of sodium. The profiles of the two resonant sodium D lines (only these sodium lines are detectable in the spectra of EMP stars) have been computed in a sample of 54 EMP giants and turn-off stars (33 of them with [Fe/H]< -3.0) with a modified version of the code MULTI, and compared to the observed spectra. With these new determinations in the range -4 <[Fe/H]< -2.5, both [Na/Fe] and [Na/Mg] are almost constant with a low scatter. In the turn-off stars and "unmixed" giants (located in the low RGB): [Na/Fe] = -0.21 +/- 0.13 or [Na/Mg] = -0.45 +/- 0.16. These values are in good agreement with the recent determinations of [Na/Fe] and [Na/Mg] in nearby metal-poor stars. Moreover we confirm that all the sodium-rich stars are "mixed" stars (i.e., giants located after the bump, which have undergone an extra mixing). None of the turn-off stars is sodium-rich. As a consequence it is probable that the sodium enhancement observed in some mixed giants is the result of a deep mixing.

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The He II Fowler lines and the O III and N III Bowen fluorescence lines in the symbiotic nova RR Tel

A new measure of reddening (E$_{(B-V)}$$\sim$0.00) has been obtained from the comparison between the observed and the theoretical intensity decrement for 20 emission lines of the $\ion{He}{ii}$ Fowler (n$\to$3) series. This value has been confirmed by the STIS and IUE continuum distribution, and by the value of n$_H$ from the damped profile of the IS H Ly-$α$ line. We have obtained very accurate measurements for about thirty Bowen lines of $\ion{O}{iii}$ and a precise determination of the efficiency in the O1 and O3 excitation channels (18 % and 0.7 %, respectively). The relative $\ion{O}{iii}$ intensities are in good agreement with the predictions by Froese Fischer (1994). A detailed study of the decays from all levels involved in the Bowen mechanism has lead to the detection of two new $\ion{O}{iii}$ Bowen lines near $λ$ 2190. High resolution IUE data have shown a nearly linear decline with time, from 1978 to 1995, in the efficiency of the O1 and O3 processes, with a steeper slope for the O3 channel. A detailed study of the $\ion{N}{iii}$ $λ$ 4640 lines and of their excitation mechanism has shown that, recombination and continuum fluorescence being ruled out, line fluorescence remains the only viable mechanism to pump the 3d $^2D_{5/2}$ and 3d $^2D_{3/2}$ levels of $\ion{N}{iii}$. We point out the important role of multiple scattering in the resonance lines of $\ion{O}{iii}$ and $\ion{N}{iii}$ near $λ$ 374 and show that the observed $\ion{N}{iii}$ line ratios and intensities can be explained in terms of line fluorescence by the three resonance lines of $\ion{O}{iii}$ at $λ$$λ$ 374.432, 374.162 and 374.073 under optically thick conditions.

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The exotic chemical composition of the Sagittarius dwarf Spheroidal galaxy

The Sagittarius dwarf Spheroidal galaxy is the nearest neighbor of the Milky Way. Moving along a short period quasi-polar orbit within the Halo, it is being destroyed by the tidal interaction with our Galaxy, losing its stellar content along a huge stellar stream. We study the detailed chemical composition of 12 giant stars in the Sagittarius dwarf Spheroidal main body, together with 5 more in the associated globular cluster Terzan 7 by means of high resolution VLT-UVES spectra. Abundances are derived for up to 21 elements from O to Nd, by fitting lines EW or line profiles against ATLAS 9 model atmospheres and SYNTHE spectral syntheses calculated ad-hoc. Temperatures are derived from (V-I)_0 or (B-V)_0 colors, gravities from Fe I - Fe II ionization equilibrium. The metallicity of the observed stars is between [Fe/H]=-0.9 and 0. We detected a highly peculiar ``chemical signature'', with undersolar alpha elements, Na, Al, Sc, V, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn among others, and overabundant La, Ce and Nd. Many of these abundance ratios (in particular light-odd elements and iron peak ones) are strongly at odds with what is observed within the Milky Way, they thus may be a very useful tool to recognize populations originated within the Sagittarius dwarf. This can be clearly seen in the case of the globular Palomar 12, which is believed to have been stripped from Sagittarius: the cluster shows precisely the same chemical ``oddities'', thus finally confirming its extragalactic origin.

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First stars VII. Lithium in extremely metal poor dwarfs

Aims. This study aims to determine the level and constancy of the Spite plateau as definitively as possible from homogeneous high-quality VLT-UVES spectra of 19 of the most metal-poor dwarf stars known. Methods. Our high-resolution (R ~ 43000), high S/N spectra are analysed with OSMARCS 1D LTE model atmospheres and turbospectrum synthetic spectra to determine effective temperatures, surface gravities, and metallicities, as well as Li abundances for our stars. Results. Eliminating a cool subgiant and a spectroscopic binary, we find 8 stars to have -3.5 < [Fe/H] < -3.0 and 9 stars with -3.0 < [Fe/H] < -2.5. Our best value for the mean level of the plateau is A(Li) =2.10 +- 0.09. The scatter around the mean is entirely explained by our estimate of the observational error and does not allow for any intrinsic scatter in the Li abundances. In addition, we conclude that a systematic error of the order of 200 K in any of the current temperature scales remains possible. The iron excitation equilibria in our stars support our adopted temperature scale, which is based on a fit to wings of the Halpha line, and disfavour hotter scales, which would lead to a higher Li abundance, but fail to achieve excitation equilibrium for iron. Conclusions. We confirm the previously noted discrepancy between the Li abundance measured in extremely metal-poor turnoff stars and the primordial Li abundance predicted by standard Big-Bang nucleosynthesis models adopting the baryonic density inferred from WMAP. We discuss recent work explaining the discrepancy in terms of diffusion and find that uncertain temperature scales remain a major question. (abridged)

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First stars X. The nature of three unevolved Carbon-Enhanced Metal-Poor stars

From high-resolution VLT/UVES spectra (R~43,000), we determine abundances or upper limits for Li, C, N, O, and other important elements, as well as 12C/13C isotopic ratio for three Carbon enhanced metal poor stars. All three stars have -3.30 <= [Fe/H] <= -2.85 and moderate to high CNO abundances. CS 22958-042 is one of the most carbon-rich CEMP stars known ([C/Fe] = +3.2), while CS 29528-041 (one of the few N-enhanced metal-poor stars known) is one of the most nitrogen rich ([N/Fe] = +3.0). Oxygen is very high in CS 31080-095 ([O/Fe] = +2.35) and in CS 22958-042 ([O/Fe] = +1.35). All three stars exhibit [Sr/Fe] < 0; Ba is not detected in CS 22958-042 ([Ba/Fe] < -0.53), but it is moderately enhanced ([Ba/Fe] ~ 1) in the other two stars. CS 22958-042 displays one of the largest sodium overabundances yet found in CEMP stars ([Na/Fe] = +2.8). CS 22958-042 has 12C/13C = 9, similar to most other CEMP stars without enhanced neutron-capture elements, while 12C/13C <= 40 in CS 31080-095. CS 31080-095 and CS 29528-041 have A(Li) ~ 1.7, below the Spite Plateau, while Li is not detected in CS 22958-042. CS 22958-042 is a CEMP-no star, but the other two stars are in no known class of CEMP star and thus either constitute a new class or are a link between the CEMP-no and CEMP-s classes, adding complexity to the abundance patterns for CEMP stars. We interpret the abundance patterns in our stars to imply that current models for the presumed AGB binary progenitors lack an extra-mixing process, similar to those apparently operating in RGB stars.

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First stars IX -Mixing in extremely metal-poor giants. Variation of the 12C/13C, [Na/Mg] and [Al/Mg] ratios

Extremely metal-poor (EMP) stars preserve a fossil record of the composition of the ISM when the Galaxy formed. It is crucial, however, to verify whether internal mixing has modified their surface. We aim to understand the CNO abundance variations found in some, but not all EMP field giants analysed earlier. Mixing beyond the first dredge-up of standard models is required, and its origin needs clarification.The 12C/13C ratio is the most robust diagnostic of deep mixing, because it is insensitive to the adopted stellar parameters and should be uniformly high in near-primordial gas. We have measured 12C and 13C abundances in 35 EMP giants from high-quality VLT/UVES spectra. Correlations with other abundance data are used to study the depth of mixing.The 12C/13C ratio is found to correlate with [C/Fe] (and Li/H), and clearly anti-correlate with [N/Fe]. Evidence for such deep mixing is observed in giants above log L/Lsolar = 2.6, brighter than in less metal-poor stars, but matching the bump in the luminosity function in both cases. Three of the mixed stars are also Na-and Al-rich, another signature of deep mixing, but signatures of the ON cycle are not clearly seen in these stars. Extra mixing processes clearly occur in luminous RGB stars. The Na-and Al-rich giants could be AGB stars themselves, but an inhomogeneous early ISM or pollution from a binary companion remain possible alternatives (abridged).

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The Ital-FLAMES survey of the Sagittarius dwarf Spheroidal galaxy. I. Chemical abundances of bright RGB stars

We present iron and $α$ element (Mg, Ca, Ti) abundances for a sample of 15 Red Giant Branch stars belonging to the main body of the Sagittarius dwarf Spheroidal galaxy. Abundances have been obtained from spectra collected using the high resolution spectrograph FLAMES-UVES mounted at the VLT. Stars of our sample have a mean metallicity of [Fe/H]=-0.41$\pm$0.20 with a metal poor tail extending to [Fe/H]=-1.52. The $α$ element abundance ratios are slightly subsolar for metallicities higher than [Fe/H]\gtsima-1, suggesting a slow star formation rate. The [$α$/Fe] of stars having [Fe/H]$<$-1 are compatible to what observed in Milky Way stars of comparable metallicity.

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The chemistry of the neighbors: detailed abundances in the Sgr and CMa dwarf galaxies

We summarize the results of our ongoing investigation of the chemical abundances in the Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy (Sgr dSph) and in the Canis Major Overdensity (CMa). 12 RGB stars were analyzed in the Sgr dSph, plus 5 in the associated globular Terzan 7, together with three CMa candidate members. Detailed abundances have been derived for up to 23 elements from Oxygen to Europium.

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Sulphur abundance in Galactic stars

We investigate sulphur abundance in 74 Galactic stars by using high resolution spectra obtained at ESO VLT and NTT telescopes. For the first time the abundances are derived, where possible, from three optical multiplets: Mult. 1, 6, and 8. By combining our own measurements with data in the literature we assemble a sample of 253 stars in the metallicity range -3.2 < [Fe/H] < +0.5. Two important features, which could hardly be detected in smaller samples, are obvious from this large sample: 1) a sizeable scatter in [S/Fe] ratios around [Fe/H] ~ -1 ; 2) at low metallicities we observe stars with [S/Fe] ~ 0.4, as well as stars with higher [S/Fe] ratios. The latter do not seem to be kinematically different from the former ones. Whether the latter finding stems from a distinct population of metal-poor stars or simply from an increased scatter in sulphur abundances remains an open question.

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Li in NGC 6752 and the formation of globular clusters

Li abundances for 9 Turnoff (TO) stars of the intermediate metallicity cluster ([Fe/H]=-1.4) NGC6752 are presented. The cluster is known to show abundance anomalies and anticorrelations observed in both evolved and main sequence stars. We find that Li abundance anticorrelates with Na (and N) and correlates with O in these Turn-Off stars. For the first time we observe Pop II hot dwarfs systematically departing from the Spite plateau. The observed anticorrelations are in qualitative agreement with what is expected if the original gas were contaminated by Intermediate Mass AGB - processed material. However, a quantitative comparison shows that none of the existing models can reproduce all the observations at once. The very large amount of processed gas present in the cluster does not imply a 'pollution', but rather that the whole protocluster cloud was enriched by a previous generation of stars. We finally note that the different abundance patterns in NGC 6397 and NGC 6752 imply different ejecta of the preenrichment composition for the two clusters.

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Early star formation in the Galaxy from beryllium and oxygen abundances

We investigate the evolution of the star formation rate in the early Galaxy using beryllium and oxygen abundances in metal poor stars. Specifically, we show that stars belonging to two previously identified kinematical classes (the so-called ``accretion'' and ``dissipative'' populations) are neatly separated in the [O/Fe] vs. Log(Be/H) diagram. The dissipative population follows the predictions of our model of Galactic evolution for the thick disk component, suggesting that the formation of this stellar population occurred on a timescale significantly longer (by a factor ~5-10) than the accretion component. The latter shows a large scatter in the [O/Fe] vs. Log(Be/H) diagram, probably resulting from the inhomogeneous enrichment in oxygen and iron of the protogalactic gas. Despite the limitation of the sample, the data suggest that the combined use of products of spallation reactions (like beryllium) and elemental ratios of stellar nucleosynthesis products (like [O/Fe]) can constrain theoretical models for the formation and early evolution of our Galaxy.

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Family ties: abundances in Terzan 7, a Sgr dSph globular cluster

We study the chemical composition of 5 giant stars in the globular cluster Terzan 7 associated with the Sagittarius dwarf spheroidal galaxy (Sgr dSph), based on high resolution UVES-VLT spectra. We confirm the metallicity found by previous high resolution investigations: [Fe/H] ~ -0.6. We also show that this cluster displays the same low alpha-element to iron ratio found in Sgr dSph field stars of similar metallicity, as well as the same low Ni/Fe ratio. These chemical signatures are characteristic of the Sgr dSph system, and appear to be shared both by the globular cluster Pal 12, which was most likely stripped from Sgr by tidal interaction, and by Pal 5, which may also have belonged in the past to the Sgr dSph system. Intriguingly even globular cluster Ruprecht 106, although not associated to Sgr, displays similar characteristics.

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Sulphur abundances in Terzan 7

We present here the first measurements of sulphur abundances in extragalactic stars. We make use of high resolution spectra, obtained with UVES at the ESO 8.2 m Kueyen telescope, of three giants of the Globular Cluster Terzan 7, which belongs to the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy. We measure the sulphur abundances using the lines of S I multiplet 1. The S/Fe ratios for all three stars are nearly solar, thus considerably lower than what is found in Galactic stars of comparable iron content ([Fe/H] ~ -0.50). This finding is in keeping with the abundances of other alpha-chain elements in this cluster and in Sagittarius and other dSphs in general. These low alpha-chain elements to iron ratios suggest that Sagittarius and its Globular Clusters have experienced a low or bursting star-formation rate. Our sulphur abundances imply <\log (S/O)> = -1.61 which is comparable to what is found in many H II regions of similar oxygen content, and is slightly lower than the solar value (log (S/O)sun = -1.51). These are also the first measurements of sulphur abundances in a Globular Cluster, thus a direct comparison of Terzan 7 and Galactic Globular Clusters is not possible yet. However our analysis suggests that the lines of S I multiplet 1 should be measurable for other Globular Clusters at least down to a metallicity ~ -1.5.

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