arXiv subjects

P. Guillard

Publications and source records attributed to P. Guillard.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Dust production in the harsh environment of Sgr A* - MIRI/JWST observation of the O-rich asymptotic giant branch star IRS~3

Studies of the interstellar medium (ISM) have frequently revealed signatures of the dust produced in the envelopes of asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars, demonstrating a connection between the dust composition of the ISM and that of AGB stellar envelopes. Investigating this relationship in the extreme, radiation-dominated environment surrounding Sgr A*, the center of our own galaxy, reveals how such conditions might influence dust composition and the recycling of material in galactic centers. IRS 3, the brightest L band source in the Galactic center and most prominent AGB star within the inner parsec of the Milky Way, is embedded in a dusty envelope with an estimated radius of $\sim$10000 AU. We aim to conduct a comprehensive spectral analysis to more tightly constrain the dust composition and line-emitting species within the envelope of IRS 3 in the immediate vicinity of Sgr A*. In 2025, we observed the inner parsec of the Milky Way with the Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) on board the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) as part of the guaranteed time observations (GTO) program Mid-Infrared Characterisation of Nearby Iconic galaxy Centres (MICONIC). We used the MIRI Medium Resolution Spectrometer (MRS) to study the spectroscopic characteristics of the AGB star IRS 3, located about 0.17 parsecs in projection from Sgr A*.

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arXiv2026

MICONIC: The spatial relationship between star formation and the AGN in Centaurus A revealed by JWST/MIRI

Centaurus A (Cen A), the nearest active radio galaxy, hosts a warped dust disc formed in a gas-rich merger. We present JWST/MIRI imaging in three filters, F560W, F770W, and F1130W, of this central disc over a ~4 x 2 kpc region to characterise its resolved mid-infrared stellar populations. The images reveal a system of extended dusty structures, previously identified with Spitzer as an "oval dusty shell", now resolved into multiple loop-like features that are brightest in F1130W and closely associated with the warped disc. Colour-magnitude and colour-colour diagnostics reveal a distinct population of 928 red point sources with strong infrared excess, accounting for ~36 per cent of sources with high-quality photometry in all three bands, spatially confined to the disc. These sources exhibit rising mid-infrared spectral slopes indicative of emission from warm dust. Their colours and spatial distribution are consistent with a population dominated by embedded young stellar objects, tracing recent (~10^5-10^6 yr) star formation within the disc. The strong geometric alignment of these sources with the disc, together with the lack of correlation with the radio jet, suggests that star formation in the central regions of Cen A is primarily regulated by merger-accreted gas, with no strong evidence for AGN jet-ISM interactions.

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arXiv2026

JWST resolves jet-driven H2 and ionized outflows in radio galaxy 3C305

We present JWST MIRI MRS, NIRSpec, NIRCam, and MIRI imaging observations of 3C 305, a radio galaxy with a compact jet that is confined within the galaxy. We use the H2 0-0 S(1)-S(7) lines, several mid-IR fine-structure lines, and PAH emission in the MIRI MRS spectrum to conduct a multiphase study of the radio jet's impact on the interstellar medium. Multiple tracers, including H2/PAH 11.3 um and [Fe II] 5.34 um, provide evidence for shocks at the jet termination locations. Two Gaussian components are required to reproduce the warm H2 kinematics adequately, with one representing the bulk low-velocity component and the other corresponding to an outflow. The ionized gas reaches higher outflow velocities than the H2 gas, and the sharp increase in velocity at the jet hotspots points to jet-driven outflows. We fit the H2 excitation diagram with a power-law temperature distribution and find that the hotspots exhibit flatter slopes, indicating a larger warm/hot gas mass fraction at these locations. Our MAPPINGS line-ratio analysis indicates that most of the mid-IR ionized gas can be fit by a shock-plus-precursor model. We find that strong radiative losses dominated by line cooling, together with moderate kinetic power in the molecular and ionized gas outflows, can account for the estimated jet power, indicating high jet coupling efficiency in 3C 305. Together with other studies of multiphase gas, our results show that jets can efficiently shock-heat and accelerate the gas they encounter, driving massive, kiloparsec-scale, multiphase outflows.

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arXiv2026

MICONIC: The multiphase circumnuclear region of Centaurus A as seen with JWST/MIRI MRS observations. I. Spectral inventory and properties of the warm molecular disk

Supermassive black holes power Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN), injecting energy that regulates accretion and shapes host galaxies. We investigate the morphology, excitation, and kinematics of molecular hydrogen (H2) in the inner circumnuclear disk of Centaurus A, the nearest radio galaxy. We present JWST/MIRI MRS integral-field spectroscopy of the central 170x100 pc2 at 0.3"-0.7" (5-12 pc) resolution, focusing on pure rotational H2 lines. The spectra show strong nuclear continuum and bright H2 emission from S(1) to S(8), including the first S(8) detection in Centaurus A. Optically thin nuclear lines enable maps of temperature, column density, and ortho-to-para ratio from spaxel-level excitation-diagram fitting. Warm H2 shows a complex morphology, dominating the central region where CO emission is weak or undetected. Low-excitation H2 lines trace an inhomogeneous ring with a 20-pc-radius cavity aligned with the jet's near side, suggesting that the jet affects the morphology of the molecular disk. Higher-excitation lines form filamentary structures around the AGN. Kinematics are rotational with an S-shaped distortion, indicating non-circular motions or a warped disk. A coherent, low-dispersion (70 km/s) streamer spirals inward. A power-law temperature distribution yields a warm (100-2000 K) H2 mass of (5.6+/-1.4)e5 Msun and a dynamical mass of 5e8 Msun within 100 pc. Shock excitation is supported by enhanced H2/continuum and H2/PAH ratios, elevated [Ne III]/[Ne II], and sub-equilibrium ortho-to-para ratios (1.6-2.4). Turbulent dissipation can balance H2 cooling and likely dominates heating beyond 30 pc. In the inner 100 pc of Centaurus A, AGN feeding and feedback are linked: shocks excite H2, regulate the gas temperature, and prevent cooling below 100 K, explaining the weak CO emission and lack of a massive outflow. These shocks may drive angular momentum loss and help fuel the nucleus.

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arXiv2026

JWST observations of photodissociation regions. IV. Carbonaceous emission band sub-components in NGC 7023 have distinct spatial distributions

We analyze JWST spectroscopy of the northwest filament of NGC7023, where the relatively soft radiation field results in a photodissociation region with an extended atomic hydrogen region, and strongly pronounced variations of the carbonaceous emission band profiles. We focus on the 16.4 and 17.4 um bands and their relation to the main bands at 3.3, 3.4, 5.2, 5.7, 6.2, 7.7, 8.6, 11.3, and 12.7 um, and aim to identify which bands and sub-features originate from co-spatial emission carriers. We apply a PAHFIT spectral decomposition to measure the emission bands and their individual sub-components, and produce maps that spatially resolve the main dissociation front (DF1). Nearly all emission maps peak at DF1, while the relative intensity in the atomic hydrogen region (ATM) varies strongly. We classify the features into spatial distribution types based on the intensity ratio in ATM relative to DF1. Most bands are of type I (low ATM/DF1; 3.3, 3.4, 5.2, 5.7, 11.3 um) or II (medium ATM/DF1; 16.2, 7.7, 8.6, 12.7, 16.4 um), while only few are of type III (high ATM/DF1; 11.0, 17.4 um). A breakdown of the 5.7, 7.7, 11.3 and 12.7 um bands into blue and red sub-components reveals that contributions on the blue side are of type III, while those on the red side are of type I or II. These strongly differing spatial distributions reveal that at least two different populations contribute to the 16-18 um range, and that these populations are also connected to the profiles of the 5.7, 7.7, 11.3, and 12.7 um bands. The maps further indicate a continued evolution of these profiles toward the central cavity of NGC7023, where fullerene emission (C60) was previously detected. We speculate that the population of emission carriers could be in an intermediate photochemical evolution stage that precedes fullerene formation.

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arXiv2026

Turning JWST/MIRI backgrounds into a survey of diffuse molecular hydrogen

Context. A statistically significant sampling of H2 rotational excitation in the diffuse interstellar medium (ISM) is essential to identifying its excitation mechanisms and assessing the importance of H2 in the cooling of the gas and the regulation of thermal pressure. Aims. To complement the statistics provided by ancillary telescopes, we conducted a search for pure rotational H2 emission lines in all publicly available background observations obtained with the Medium Resolution Spectrometer (MRS) aboard the JWST. Methods. The sample consists of 276 background observations acquired over the past three years. Departing from the standard pipeline, each uncalibrated MRS background file was reprocessed, enabling the analysis of H2 pure rotational emission. Lines of sight likely associated with star-forming complexes were excluded to focus on emission from the diffuse ISM. The results were compared with FUSE absorption data and were analyzed in relation to the column densities of H and H2 and to dust emission derived from HI4PI, Planck, and WISE data. Results. This analysis reveals widespread H2 emission throughout the Galaxy. We report the first detections of the pure rotational S(4), S(5), and S(7) lines in the diffuse ISM. The S(1) line is detected along 84 lines of sight, corresponding to a detection rate of 41%. Its integrated intensity decreases steeply with Galactic latitude, spanning nearly two orders of magnitude, in remarkable agreement with absorption measurements. The T\_34 and T\_35 excitation temperatures vary between 200 and $\sim$1000 K, are correlated with each other, and are anticorrelated with the column density of H2 , as expected from ancillary data. All lines of sight in the sample have undergone the H-H2 transition, at N\_H ___ 10 +20 cm -2 , and are partly molecular, with f\_H2 ___ 0.1. Under these conditions, the cooling rate associated with the S(1) line, expressed per hydrogen atom, is found to be remarkably constant, with a characteristic value of $\sim$4x10 -27 erg s-1 H-1. Conclusions. This study demonstrates that the high sensitivity of the JWST enables measurements that both strengthen and complement those from absorption studies. Observations collected over just a fraction of JWST's lifetime have already yielded detections along dozens of lines of sight, significantly expanding the statistical sample of H2 rotational excitation in the diffuse ISM.

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arXiv2026

MICONIC: JWST/MIRI-MRS reveals heavily reprocessed PAH emission in the circum-nuclear disc of Centaurus A

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are key dust components in galaxies and play a fundamental role in the physics of the interstellar medium (ISM), yet their response to AGN feedback remains debated. We present a spatially resolved analysis of PAHs in the central $7^{\prime\prime}\times12^{\prime\prime}$ ($\sim100\times200$ pc$^2$) of Centaurus A. We use JWST/MIRI-MRS observations at 5-28 $\mu$m from the MIRI European consortium GTO program MICONIC, with angular resolution of $0.35^{\prime\prime}-1^{\prime\prime}$ (about 6-17 pc). We derive PAH moment-0 maps via local continuum subtraction and extract one-dimensional spectra from five regions of interest, including the nucleus, the circumnuclear disc, and a PAH-deficient region. The spectra are decomposed into continuum, emission lines, and PAHs to measure feature intensities and equivalent widths (EWs). PAH emission is primarily distributed in a ring-like structure with localized enhancements at $\sim40$ pc from the nucleus. A distinct PAH-deficient region is observed to the north-west, roughly perpendicular to the jet axis, and coincident with enhanced ionized-gas velocity dispersion and inflowing molecular streamers. The 11.3/7.7 $\mu$m and 6.2/7.7 $\mu$m ratios exceed model predictions for pericondensed PAHs, indicating processed populations with more open structures. The 11.3/12.7 $\mu$m ratio suggests a dominance of solo hydrogen sites and partial dehydrogenation, particularly in the PAH-deficient region, where shocks likely drive erosion. The largest EWs are found in the ring, while reduced values in the deficient region point to partial destruction; in the nucleus, low EWs are mainly due to continuum dilution.

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arXiv2026

JWST imaging of the Pleiades: anisotropy of turbulence in the cold neutral medium

Interstellar medium studies rely on magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence as a framework for interpretation. In this context, the statistical characterization of interstellar observations is of prime importance. We open a new perspective on diffuse interstellar matter by analyzing James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) observations of the Pleiades nebula with NIRCam. These observations are remarkable in that they provide a microscope view at the cold neutral medium (CNM) with a spatial resolution of 0.2 mpc (40 au). A two-dimensional Fourier analysis is used to characterize the structure of PAH emission in regions near and far from the Pleiades star Merope. To produce maps of the interstellar emission, stars and galaxies are filtered out. The final step in the data cleaning involves subtracting a component, in Fourier space, which we infer to be a residual of the near-infrared cosmic background. The PAH emission power spectra are highly anisotropic. They are well fitted with a break-free power-law, suggesting that we do not observe a specific scale for energy dissipation. Power-law indices are -3.5 near Merope and -3 in the more distant field. The magnetic field orientation, as derived from the Planck dust polarization data, aligns with the PAH anisotropy. The power anisotropy is constant across scales. These findings are discussed in relation to interstellar turbulence that may be driven by the Pleiades stars. The JWST observations of the Pleiades offer a new viewpoint for comparing observations and theoretical models, as they examine physical scales at which turbulence in the CNM is subsonic and decoupled from the thermal instability. The observations may indicate that the turbulent energy cascade in the CNM is anisotropic.

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arXiv2025

JWST observations of photodissociation regions III. Dust modelling at the illuminated edge of the Horsehead PDR

Carbonaceous nano-grains are a significant component of interstellar dust and dominate the mid-infrared emission of photodissociation regions (PDRs). We study the evolution of nano-grains across the illuminated edge of the Horsehead PDR, especially their abundance and size properties. This work is part of the Physics and Chemistry of PDR Fronts program studying dust and gas in PDRs with JWST. We use NIRCam+MIRI photometric bands and NIRSpec+MRS spectroscopy to map the illuminated edge. We model dust emission using the THEMIS dust model with the SOC radiative transfer code. Detailed modeling of high angular resolution JWST data allows us to obtain constraints on nano-grain properties. We find that diffuse ISM dust cannot account for the observed data, requiring evolved grains. A sharp density increase is observed at the illuminated edge, consistent with ALMA observations revealing a sharp transition between molecular and ionized gas. Although the PDR length could not be directly determined, we estimate an upper limit of approximately 0.015 pc. This implies a lower limit on small grain abundance (greater than 0.003), showing small grains are not depleted at the Horsehead edge, unlike in the Orion Bar. Our findings indicate a high-density environment and less steep size distribution for nano-grains at the illuminated edge versus the diffuse ISM. This implies nano-grain destruction mechanisms might be less efficient in the Horsehead's moderate-UV field than in more intense PDRs. These results support a model where nano-grain population recovery is slower in moderate-UV environments, leading to a unique dust size distribution at the edge of the Horsehead Nebula.

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arXiv2025

JWST observations of photodissociation regions: II. Warm molecular Hydrogen spectroscopy in the Horsehead nebula

H2 is the most abundant molecule in the interstellar medium and is a useful tool to study photodissociation regions, where radiative feedback from massive stars on molecular clouds is dominant. The James Webb Space Telescope, with its high spatial resolution, sensitivity, and wavelength coverage provides unique access to the detection of most of H2 lines and the analysis of its spatial morphology. Our goal is to use H2 line emission detected with the JWST in the Horsehead nebula to constrain the physical parameters (e.g., extinction, gas temperature, thermal pressure) throughout the PDR and its geometry. The study of H2 morphology reveals that FUV-pumped lines peak closer to the edge of the PDR than thermalized lines. From H2 lines, we estimate the value of extinction throughout the PDR. We find that AV is increasing from the edge of the PDR to the second and third H2 filaments. Then, we study the H2 excitation in different regions across the PDR. The temperature profile shows that the observed gas temperature is quite constant throughout the PDR, with a slight decline in each of the dissociation fronts. This study also reveals that the OPR is far from equilibrium. We observe a spatial separation of para and ortho rovibrational levels, indicating that efficient ortho-para conversion and preferential ortho self-shielding are driving the spatial variations of the OPR. Finally, we derive a thermal pressure in the first filament around P > 6x10$^6$ K cm$^{-3}$, about ten times higher than that of the ionized gas. We highlight that template stationary 1D PDR models cannot account for the intrinsic 2D structure and the very high temperature observed in the Horsehead nebula. We argue the highly excited, over-pressurized H2 gas at the edge of the PDR interface could originate from the mixing between the cold and hot phase induced by the photo-evaporation of the cloud.

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arXiv2025

Characterizing the star cluster populations in Stephan's Quintet using HST and JWST observations

Stephan's Quintet (SQ) is a local compact galaxy group system that exhibits significant star formation activity. A history of tidal interactions between its four member galaxies and a recent collision between an intruder galaxy and the original group are associated with active star formation, particularly in many shocked regions in the intra-group medium. Using an existing star cluster candidate (SCC) catalog constructed from HST UV/optical images, we integrate flux measurements from five near-infrared filters (F090W, F150W, F200W, F277W, F356W) obtained from JWST NIRCam observations in 2022. Leveraging the extended photometric baseline from HST and JWST, spanning ~300 nm to ~3500 nm, we perform spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting using the CIGALE code to derive reliable estimates of age, mass, and extinction for the 1,588 high-confidence SCCs. We confirm earlier results that very young SCCs (~a few Myr) are predominantly located along previously identified shock regions near the merging galaxies, while older (>100 Myr) and globular clusters are more widely distributed. Our analysis shows that NIR photometry helps break the age-extinction degeneracy, reclassifying many SCCs from older to younger, moderately dust-extincted clusters when added to HST-based SED fits. We also observe a strong spatial correlation between young clusters and CO-traced molecular gas, although active star formation is present in several regions with no detectable CO. We find that the two prominent epochs of star formation, around 5 Myr and 200 Myr, correspond to the two major interaction events in SQ that gave rise to the observed extended tidal features.

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arXiv2025

SQ-A: A Collision Triggered Starburst in Intra-Group Medium of Stephan's Quintet

We present new observational evidence supporting the hypothesis that SQ-A, a starburst in the intra-group medium (IGrM) of Stephan's Quintet (SQ), is triggered by a high-speed collision between two gas systems, one associated with the IGrM (v~6900 km/s) and another with the intruder galaxy NGC7318b (v~6000 km/s). The new ALMA CO(2-1) dataset has angular resolutions between 0.2" and 7.0" and the new VLA HI datacube an angular resolution of 6.6" * 7.9". The CO maps show that the two gas systems are bridged by another system with an intermediate velocity of ~6600 km/s, whereas the HI data show that the component of v~6600 km/s fits well into a gap in the more extended v~6000 km/s component, albeit with a displacement of ~5 kpc. Both the bridge and the complementary distributions between different gas systems are common features of starbursts triggered by cloud-cloud collision. An analysis of clumps (sizes of 100--200 pc) reveals very diversified star formation (SF) activity in clumps belonging to different kinematic systems, with the molecular gas depletion time of the v~6900 km/s clumps more than 10 times longer than that of the v~6600 km/s clumps. The results are consistent with a scenario in which the enhanced SF activity (and the starburst) in the system of v~6600 km/s is due to gas compression generated in cloud-cloud collisions, whereas the suppression of SF in the v~6900 km/s system is due to vortices (i.e. gas rotation) generated in more complex collisions involving dense clouds and diffuse intercloud gas accompanied by blast-wave shocks.

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arXiv2025

JWST Observations of Photo-dissociation Regions. II. Aliphatic/Aromatic Carbonaceous Dust, Ices, and Gas Phase Spectral Line Inventory

This paper provides an overview of the spectroscopic data obtained by the JWST Guaranteed Time Observations (GTO) program 1192, "The Physics and Chemistry of PDR Fronts", including an inventory of the spatially resolved dust, gas, and molecular content in the Horsehead nebula and the NW filament of NGC~7023. We demonstrate the unique capability of this high spatial resolution data set to elucidate the evolution of gas and dust at the interface between stars and their natal clouds at the scale at which the physics and chemistry occur. The Disassociation Regions (PDRs) in the Horsehead nebula and the North West (NW) filament of NGC 7023 were mapped with a spectral resolution 1000-3000 and a spatial resolution of ~2e-4 pc between 0.97-28um. Spectra extracted from template regions yield a large number of atomic, ionized, and molecular lines. Full line lists and extracted spectra for all 10 regions are provided through CDS. Absorption from H$_2$O, CO$_2$, and CO ices are identified in 3 regions in NGC 7023. In this overview, we have focused on the spectral region between 3 and 5 um which is dominated by emission from aromatic and aliphatic carbon bonds to illustrate the power of the data set. We confirm the entrainment of aromatic carbonaceous species in the photo-evaporative flow from the PDR surface into the H\,{\sc{ii}} region in the Horsehead. No aliphatic emission is present in the outflow, indicating the complete removal of aliphatic bonds when exposed to strong UV fields. There is a clear detection of deuterium substitution in the carbon bonds. Aliphatic D-substitution is more efficient relative to aromatic D-substitution, ranging from N$_{D}$/N$_{H}$ ~ 0.1-0.3 for aliphatics compared to ~0.03 for the aromatics.

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arXiv2025

MICONIC: JWST/MIRI MRS reveals a fast ionized gas outflow in the central region of Centaurus A

We present a kinematical study of the ionized and molecular gas in the central region (~7-14"~100-200pc) of the nearby radio galaxy Cen A. We used JWST/MIRI MRS 5-28$\mu$m observations taken as part of the MIR Characterization of Nearby Iconic galaxy Centers (MICONIC) of the MIRI EC. The two gas phases present contrasting morphologies and kinematics. The brightest emission from the ionized gas, traced with a range of IP lines ([Fe II] to [Ne VI]), is extended along the direction of the radio jet. We also detected emission from low IP emission lines and H$_2$ transitions in the galaxy disk. Both gas phases present rotational motions but also complex kinematics. The observations reveal several ionized gas kinematical features that are consistent with simulation predictions of a jet-driven bubble and outflow interacting with the galaxy ISM. These include broad components in the nuclear line profiles ($\sigma$~600km/s), high velocities (~ +1000, -1400km/s) confined within the nuclear region, velocities of hundreds of km/s in several directions in the central 2", and enhanced velocity dispersions perpendicular to the radio jet. Moreover, we find evidence of shock excitation in the nuclear region based on MIR line ratios. We compared the ionized gas mass outflow rate with Cen A's AGN luminosity and radio jet power and demonstrate that both mechanisms provide sufficient energy to launch the outflow. The noncircular motions observed in the H$_2$ lines can be reproduced with either a warped rotating disk model or a radial component. The latter might be to related to gas streamers detected in cold molecular gas. There is no clear indication of a fast nuclear H$_2$ outflow, only a weak blueshifted component. This could be due to a relatively low nuclear warm H$_2$ column density and/or the limited geometrical coupling of Cen A's inner radio jet with the circumnuclear disk of the galaxy. (Abridged)

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2024

MICONIC: Dual active galactic nuclei, star formation, and ionised gas outflows in NGC 6240 seen with MIRI/JWST

As part of the guaranteed time observations program Mid-Infrared Characterization Of Nearby Iconic galaxy Centers (MICONIC), we used the medium-resolution spectrometer (MRS) of the Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) on board of the JWST to study the nearby merger NGC6240. We aim to characterise the dual active galactic nuclei (AGN), the ionised gas outflows and the main properties of the interstellar medium over a mapped area of 6.6"x7.7". We obtained integral field spectroscopic mid-infrared data of NGC6240, resolving both nuclei for the first time in the full 5-28{\mu}m spectral range. We modelled the emission lines through a kinematic decomposition, finding that the fine-structure lines in the southern (S) nucleus are broader than for the northern (N) nucleus (full width at half maximum of $\geq$1500 vs ~700 km s^{-1} on average). High excitation lines, such as [NeV], [NeVI], and [MgV], are clearly detected in the N nucleus. In the S nucleus, the same lines can be detected but only after a decomposition of the PAH features in the integrated spectrum, due to a combination of a strong mid-IR continuum, the broad emission lines, and the intense star formation (SF). The SF is distributed all over the mapped FoV of 3.5kpc x 4.1kpc (projected), with the maximum located around the S nucleus. Both nuclear regions appear to be connected by a bridge region detected with all the emission lines. Based on the observed MRS line ratios and the high velocity dispersion ({\sigma}~600 km s^{-1}), shocks are also dominating the emission in this system. We detected the presence of outflows as a bubble north-west from the N nucleus and at the S nucleus. We estimated a ionised mass outflow rate of 1.4$\pm$0.3 M yr^{-1} and 1.8$\pm$0.2 M yr^{-1}, respectively. Given the derived kinetic power of these outflows, both the AGN and the starburst could have triggered them. [Abridged]

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arXiv2024

Bird's-eye View of Molecular Gas across Stephan's Quintet Galaxy Group and Intra-group Medium

We present the large-scale distribution and kinematics of cold molecular gas across the compact galaxy group Stephan's Quintet, based on CO(2-1) observations performed with the Atacama Compact Array (ACA) and CO(1-0) data from the Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy (CARMA). We find coherent structures of molecular gas associated with the galaxies and intra-group medium, which follow the distribution of warm H$_{2}$ previously seen with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). CO is associated with a ridge of shocked gas that crosses the galaxy group, and with a spiral arm of the intruding galaxy NGC7318b, which interacts with the intra-group medium along the ridge. Although the ridge contains widespread shocks, turbulent gas, and warm H$_{2}$, the CO lines are narrower than elsewhere in Stephan's Quintet (FWHM~25-65 km/s), indicative of settled cold gas. At a distinctly different velocity, CO is found in the active galaxy NGC7319 and Northern star-forming region SQ-A. A bridge of turbulent molecular gas connects NGC7319 with the ridge, covering a gap of ~700 km/s between these structures. The gas excitation ranges from $L'_{\rm CO(2-1)}$/$L'_{\rm CO(1-0)}$ ~ 0.3 in the bridge and SQ-A, to ~0.5 along the ridge, to near unity in the center of NGC7319. We also detect either a molecular outflow or turbulent molecular gas associated with the radio source in NGC7319. These ACA data are part of a program with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) and JWST to study molecular gas physics from the largest to the smallest scales across the intra-group medium of Stephan's Quintet.

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arXiv2024

MICONIC: JWST/MIRI MRS observations of the nuclear and circumnuclear regions of Mrk231

We present JWST/MIRI MRS spatially resolved $\sim 5-28\,\mu$m observations of the central ~4-8kpc of the ultraluminous infrared galaxy and broad absorption line quasar Mrk231. These are part of the Mid-Infrared Characterization of Nearby Iconic galaxy Centers (MICONIC) program of the MIRI European Consortium guaranteed time observations. No high excitation lines (i.e., [MgV] at 5.61$\mu$m or [NeV] at 14.32$\mu$m) typically associated with the presence of an active galactic nucleus (AGN) are detected in the nuclear region of Mrk231. This is likely due to the intrinsically X-ray weak nature of its quasar. Some intermediate ionization potential lines, for instance, [ArIII] at 8.99$\mu$m and [SIV] at 10.51$\mu$m, are not detected either, even though they are clearly observed in a star-forming region ~920pc south-east of the AGN. Thus, the strong nuclear mid-infrared (mid-IR) continuum is also in part hampering the detection of faint lines in the nuclear region. The nuclear [NeIII]/[NeII]line ratio is consistent with values observed in star-forming galaxies. Moreover, we resolve for the first time the nuclear starburst in the mid-IR low-excitation line emission (size of ~400pc, FWHM). Several pieces of evidence also indicate that it is partly obscured even at these wavelengths. At the AGN position, the ionized and warm molecular gas emission lines have modest widths (W_80~300km/s). There are, however, weak blueshifted wings reaching velocities v_02~-400km/s in [NeII]. The nuclear starburst is at the center of a large (~8kpc), massive rotating disk with widely-spread, low velocity outflows. Given the high star formation rate of Mrk231, we speculate that part of the nuclear outflows and the large-scale non-circular motions observed in the mid-IR are driven by its powerful nuclear starburst.

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arXiv2024

Radiative and mechanical energies in galaxies I. Contributions of molecular shocks and PDRs in 3C 326 N

Context: Atomic and molecular lines in galaxies offer insights into energy budgets and feedback mechanisms. Aims: This study establishes a new framework for interpreting these lines and deducing energy budgets from observations. Methods: Atomic and molecular lines detected in a given object are assumed to result from the combination of distributions of shocks and photo-dissociation regions (PDR). Using the Paris-Durham shock code and the Meudon PDR code, emissions are computed over a wide range of parameters. Total emissions are calculated using probability distribution functions, with a defined distance metric based on observed and predicted intensity ratios. Results: We analyze the radio galaxy 3C 326 N, finding both shocks and PDRs necessary to explain the line fluxes. Viable solutions occur only at low densities ($\rm n_H < 100 cm^{-3}$), indicating emission from diffuse interstellar matter. The optimal solution involves low-velocity shocks (5-20 km/s) in PDRs illuminated by UV radiation ten times stronger than in the solar neighborhood. The H$2$ 0-0 S(0) $28 \mu$m, [CII] $158 \mu$m, and [OI] $63 \mu$m lines originate from PDRs, while other H$2$ lines mostly come from shocks. The reprocessed radiative and mechanical energies are $\rm {L_{UV} = 6.3\times10^9 L\odot}$ and $\rm {L_K = 3.9\times10^8 L_\odot}$, respectively, in agreement with 3C 326 N's infrared luminosity, and consistent with 1% of the AGN jet kinetic power dissipated in the interstellar medium. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the radiative and mechanical energy budgets of galaxies can be derived from observations of atomic and molecular lines alone. It highlights the unexpected importance of the diffuse medium for 3C 326 N. Comparison with new JWST data for 3C 326 N shows striking agreement, opening new prospects for predicting and interpreting extragalactic observations.

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