arXiv subjects

P. H. Kim

Publications and source records attributed to P. H. Kim.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2025

A continuously-cooled 3He/4He phase separation refrigerator

We present a novel cooling method that uses the phase separation and evaporative cooling of 3He to reach and continuously maintain sub-kelvin temperatures. While less complex than a dilution refrigerator, the system performs similarly to a continuous 3He cryostat but with a simpler design, a more efficient cooldown process, and a significantly smaller 3He requirement. Our prototype demonstrated a base temperature of 585 mK and 3 mW cooling power at 700 mK using just two gaseous liters of 3He. Lower temperatures could be expected in systems with improved heat exchangers and pumping efficiency.

cond-mat.other↗

arXiv2020

Observation of bistable turbulence in quasi-two-dimensional superflow

Turbulent flow restricted to two dimensions can spontaneously develop order on large scales, defying entropy expectations and in sharp contrast with turbulence in three dimensions where nonlinear turbulent processes act to destroy large-scale order. In this work we report the observation of unusual turbulent behavior in steady-state flow of superfluid \4He---a liquid with vanishing viscosity and discrete vorticity---in a nearly two-dimensional channel. Surprisingly, for a range of experimental parameters, turbulence is observed to exist in two bistable states. This bistability can be well explained by the appearance of large-scale regions of flow of opposite vorticity.

cond-mat.other↗

arXiv2019

Stabilized Pair Density Wave via Nanoscale Confinement of Superfluid $^3$He

Superfluid $^3$He under nanoscale confinement has generated significant interest due to the rich spectrum of phases with complex order parameters that may be stabilized. Experiments have uncovered a variety of interesting phenomena, but a complete picture of superfluid $^3$He under confinement has remained elusive. Here, we present phase diagrams of superfluid $^3$He under varying degrees of uniaxial confinement, over a wide range of pressures, which elucidate the progressive stability of both the $A$-phase, as well as a growing region of stable pair density wave (PDW) state.

cond-mat.supr-con↗

arXiv2019

Coherent Magneto-Optomechanical Signal Transduction and Long-Distance Phase-Shift Keying

A transducer capable of converting quantum information stored as microwaves into telecom-wavelength signals is a critical piece of future quantum technology as it promises to enable the networking of quantum processors. Cavity optomechanical devices that are simultaneously coupled to microwave fields and optical resonances are being pursued in this regard. Yet even in the classical regime, developing optical modulators based on cavity optomechanics could provide lower power or higher bandwidth alternatives to current technology. Here we demonstrate a magnetically-mediated wavelength conversion technique, based on mixing high frequency tones with an optomechanical torsional resonator. This process can act either as an optical phase or amplitude modulator depending on the experimental configuration, and the carrier modulation is always coherent with the input tone. Such coherence allows classical information transduction and transmission via the technique of phase-shift keying. We demonstrate that we can encode up to eight bins of information, corresponding to three bits, simultaneously and demonstrate the transmission of an 52,500 pixel image over 6 km of optical fiber with just 0.67% error. Furthermore, we show that magneto-optomechanical transduction can be described in a fully quantum manner, implying that this is a viable approach to signal transduction at the single quantum level.

physics.app-ph↗

arXiv2019

Dueling Dynamical Backaction in a Cryogenic Optomechanical Cavity

Dynamical backaction has proven to be a versatile tool in cavity optomechanics, allowing for precise manipulation of a mechanical resonator's motion using confined optical photons. In this work, we present measurements of a silicon whispering-gallery-mode optomechanical cavity where backaction originates from opposing radiation pressure and photothermal forces, with the former dictating the optomechanical spring effect and the latter governing the optomechanical damping. At high enough optical input powers, we show that the photothermal force drives the mechanical resonator into self-oscillations for a pump beam detuned to the lower-frequency side of the optical resonance, contrary to what one would expect for a radiation-pressure-dominated optomechanical device. Using a fully nonlinear model, we fit the hysteretic response of the optomechanical cavity to extract its properties, demonstrating that this non-sideband-resolved device exists in a regime where photothermal damping could be used to cool its motion to the quantum ground state.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗

arXiv2018

Two-Level System Damping in a Quasi-One-Dimensional Optomechanical Resonator

Nanomechanical resonators have demonstrated great potential for use as versatile tools in a number of emerging quantum technologies. For such applications, the performance of these systems is restricted by the decoherence of their fragile quantum states, necessitating a thorough understanding of their dissipative coupling to the surrounding environment. In bulk amorphous solids, these dissipation channels are dominated at low temperatures by parasitic coupling to intrinsic two-level system (TLS) defects, however, there remains a disconnect between theory and experiment on how this damping manifests in dimensionally-reduced nanomechanical resonators. Here, we present an optomechanically-mediated thermal ringdown technique, which we use to perform simultaneous measurements of the dissipation in four mechanical modes of a cryogenically-cooled silicon nanoresonator, with resonant frequencies ranging from 3 - 19 MHz. Analyzing the device's mechanical damping rate at fridge temperatures between 10 mK - 10 K, we demonstrate quantitative agreement with the standard tunneling model for TLS ensembles confined to one dimension. From these fits, we extract the defect density of states ($P_0 \sim$ 1 - 4 $\times$ 10$^{44}$ J$^{-1}$ m$^{-3}$) and deformation potentials ($γ\sim$ 1 - 2 eV), showing that each mechanical mode couples on average to less than a single thermally-active defect at 10 mK.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗

arXiv2018

Broadband optomechanical transduction of nanomagnetic spin modes

The stable vortex state that occurs in micron-scale magnetic disks is one of the most interesting and potentially useful phenomenon in nanomagnetism. A variety of tools have been applied to study the vortex state, and collective spin excitations corresponding to harmonic motion of the vortex, but to-date these tools have measured either strongly driven vortex resonances or have been unable to simultaneously measure static properties such as the magnetization. Here we show that by combining the sensitivity of cavity optomechanics with the technique of torque mixing resonance spectroscopy, we are able to measure the magnetization, in-plane susceptibility, and spin resonances of individual vortices in the low-drive limit. These measurements elucidate the complex behavior of the vortex as it moves through the pinning landscape of the disk. Furthermore, we observe gyrotropic resonances as high as 1.1 GHz, suggesting the use of engineering defects for applications such as microwave-to-optical wavelength conversion.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗

arXiv2017

Magnetic Actuation and Feedback Cooling of a Cavity Optomechanical Torque Sensor

We demonstrate the integration of a mesoscopic ferromagnetic needle with a cavity optomechanical torsional resonator, and its use for quantitative determination of the needle's magnetic properties, as well as amplification and cooling of the resonator motion. With this system we measure torques as small as 32 zNm, corresponding to sensing an external magnetic field of 0.12 A/m (150 nT). Furthermore, we are able to extract the magnetization (1710 kA/m) of the magnetic sample, not known a priori, demonstrating this system's potential for studies of nanomagnetism. Finally, we show that we can magnetically drive the torsional resonator into regenerative oscillations, and dampen its mechanical mode temperature from room temperature to 11.6 K, without sacrificing torque sensitivity.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗

arXiv2016

Approaching the Standard Quantum Limit of Mechanical Torque Sensing

Mechanical transduction of torque has been key to probing a number of physical phenomena, such as gravity, the angular momentum of light, the Casimir effect, magnetism, and quantum oscillations. Following similar trends as mass and force sensing, mechanical torque sensitivity can be dramatically improved by scaling down the physical dimensions, and therefore moment of inertia, of a torsional spring. Yet now, through precision nanofabrication and sub-wavelength cavity optomechanics, we have reached a point where geometric optimization can only provide marginal improvements to torque sensitivity. Instead, nanoscale optomechanical measurements of torque are overwhelmingly hindered by thermal noise. Here we present cryogenic measurements of a cavity-optomechanical torsional resonator cooled in a dilution refrigerator to a temperature of 25 mK, corresponding to an average phonon occupation of = 35, that demonstrate a record-breaking torque sensitivity of 2.9 yNm/Hz^{1/2}. This a 270-fold improvement over previous optomechanical torque sensors and just over an order of magnitude from its standard quantum limit. Furthermore, we demonstrate that mesoscopic test samples, such as micron-scale superconducting disks, can be integrated with our cryogenic optomechanical torque sensing platform, in contrast to other cryogenic optomechanical devices, opening the door for mechanical torque spectroscopy of intrinsically quantum systems.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗

arXiv2015

Optomechanics and thermometry of cryogenic silica microresonators

We present measurements of silica optomechanical resonators, known as bottle resonators, passively cooled in a cryogenic environment. These devices possess a suite of properties that make them advantageous for preparation and measurement in the mechanical ground state, including high mechanical frequency, high optical and mechanical quality factors, and optomechanical sideband resolution. Performing thermometry of the mechanical motion, we find that the optical and mechanical modes demonstrate quantitatively similar laser-induced heating, limiting the lowest average phonon occupation observed to just ~1500. Thermalization to the 9 mK thermal bath would facilitate quantum measurements on these promising nanogram-scale mechanical resonators.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗

arXiv2014

Separated Response Functions in Exclusive, Forward $π^{\pm}$ Electroproduction on Deuterium

Background: Measurements of forward exclusive meson production at different squared four-momenta of the exchanged virtual photon, $Q^2$, and at different four-momentum transfer, t, can be used to probe QCD's transition from meson-nucleon degrees of freedom at long distances to quark-gluon degrees of freedom at short scales. Ratios of separated response functions in $π^-$ and $π^+$ electroproduction are particularly informative. The ratio for transverse photons may allow this transition to be more easily observed, while the ratio for longitudinal photons provides a crucial verification of the assumed pole dominance, needed for reliable extraction of the pion form factor from electroproduction data. Method: Data were acquired with 2.6-5.2 GeV electron beams and the HMS+SOS spectrometers in Jefferson Lab Hall C, at central $Q^2$ values of 0.6, 1.0, 1.6 GeV$^2$ at W=1.95 GeV, and $Q^2$=2.45 GeV$^2$ at W=2.22 GeV. There was significant coverage in $ϕ$ and $ε$, which allowed separation of $σ_{L,T,LT,TT}$. Results: $σ_L$ shows a clear signature of the pion pole, with a sharp rise at small -t. In contrast, $σ_T$ is much flatter versus t. The longitudinal/transverse ratios evolve with $Q^2$ and t, and at the highest $Q^2$=2.45 GeV$^2$ show a slight enhancement for $π^-$ production compared to $π^+$. The $π^-/π^+$ ratio for transverse photons exhibits only a small $Q^2$-dependence, following a nearly universal curve with t, with a steep transition to a value of about 0.25, consistent with s-channel quark knockout. The $σ_{TT}/σ_T$ ratio also drops rapidly with $Q^2$, qualitatively consistent with s-channel helicity conservation. The $π^-/π^+$ ratio for longitudinal photons indicates a small isoscalar contamination at W=1.95 GeV, consistent with what was observed in our earlier determination of the pion form factor at these kinematics.

nucl-ex↗

arXiv2014

Optical microscope and tapered fiber coupling apparatus for a dilution refrigerator

We have developed a system for tapered fiber measurements of optomechanical resonators inside a dilution refrigerator, which is compatible with both on- and off-chip devices. Our apparatus features full three-dimensional control of the taper-resonator coupling conditions enabling critical coupling, with an overall fiber transmission efficiency of up to 70%. Notably, our design incorporates an optical microscope system consisting of a coherent bundle of 37,000 optical fibers for real-time imaging of the experiment at a resolution of $\sim$1 $μ$m. We present cryogenic optical and optomechanical measurements of resonators coupled to tapered fibers at temperatures as low as 9 mK.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗

arXiv2014

Separated Response Function Ratios in Exclusive, Forward pi^{+/-} Electroproduction

The study of exclusive $π^{\pm}$ electroproduction on the nucleon, including separation of the various structure functions, is of interest for a number of reasons. The ratio $R_L=σ_L^{π^-}/σ_L^{π^+}$ is sensitive to isoscalar contamination to the dominant isovector pion exchange amplitude, which is the basis for the determination of the charged pion form factor from electroproduction data. A change in the value of $R_T=σ_T^{π^-}/σ_T^{π^+}$ from unity at small $-t$, to 1/4 at large $-t$, would suggest a transition from coupling to a (virtual) pion to coupling to individual quarks. Furthermore, the mentioned ratios may show an earlier approach to pQCD than the individual cross sections. We have performed the first complete separation of the four unpolarized electromagnetic structure functions above the dominant resonances in forward, exclusive $π^{\pm}$ electroproduction on the deuteron at central $Q^2$ values of 0.6, 1.0, 1.6 GeV$^2$ at $W$=1.95 GeV, and $Q^2=2.45$ GeV$^2$ at $W$=2.22 GeV. Here, we present the $L$ and $T$ cross sections, with emphasis on $R_L$ and $R_T$, and compare them with theoretical calculations. Results for the separated ratio $R_L$ indicate dominance of the pion-pole diagram at low $-t$, while results for $R_T$ are consistent with a transition between pion knockout and quark knockout mechanisms.

nucl-ex↗

arXiv2014

Nonlinear optomechanics in the stationary regime

We have observed nonlinear transduction of the thermomechanical motion of a nanomechanical resonator when detected as laser transmission through a sideband unresolved optomechanical cavity. Nonlinear detection mechanisms are of considerable interest as special cases allow for quantum nondemolition measurements of the mechanical resonator's energy. We investigate the origin of the nonlinearity in the optomechanical detection apparatus and derive a theoretical framework for the nonlinear signal transduction, and the optical spring effect, from both nonlinearities in the optical transfer function and second order optomechanical coupling. By measuring the dependence of the linear and nonlinear signal transduction -- as well as the mechanical frequency shift -- on laser detuning from optical resonance, we provide estimates of the contributions from the linear and quadratic optomechanical couplings.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗

arXiv2013

Multidimensional optomechanical cantilevers for high frequency atomic force microscopy

High-frequency atomic force microscopy has enabled extraordinary new science through large bandwidth, high speed measurements of atomic and molecular structures. However, traditional optical detection schemes restrict the dimensions, and therefore the frequency, of the cantilever - ultimately setting a limit to the time resolution of experiments. Here we demonstrate optomechanical detection of low-mass, high-frequency nanomechanical cantilevers (up to 20 MHz) that surpass these limits, anticipating their use for single-molecule force measurements. These cantilevers achieve 2 fm / sqrt(Hz) displacement noise floors, and force sensitivity down to 132 aN / sqrt(Hz). Furthermore, the ability to resolve both in-plane and out-of-plane motion of our cantilevers opens the door for ultrasensitive multidimensional force spectroscopy, and optomechanical interactions, such as tuning of the cantilever frequency in situ, provide new opportunities in high-speed, high-resolution experiments.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗

arXiv2012

Nanoscale Torsional Optomechanics

Optomechanical transduction is demonstrated for nanoscale torsional resonators evanescently coupled to optical microdisk whispering gallery mode resonators. The on-chip, integrated devices are measured using a fully fiber-based system, including a tapered and dimpled optical fiber probe. With a thermomechanically calibrated optomechanical noise floor down to 7 fm/sqrt(Hz), these devices open the door for a wide range of physical measurements involving extremely small torques, as little as 4x10^-20 N*m.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗

arXiv2012

Microfluidic and Nanofluidic Cavities for Quantum Fluids Experiments

The union of quantum fluids research with nanoscience is rich with opportunities for new physics. The relevant length scales in quantum fluids, 3He in particular, are comparable to those possible using microfluidic and nanofluidic devices. In this article, we will briefly review how the physics of quantum fluids depends strongly on confinement on the microscale and nanoscale. Then we present devices fabricated specifically for quantum fluids research, with cavity sizes ranging from 30 nm to 11 microns deep, and the characterization of these devices for low temperature quantum fluids experiments.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗

arXiv2008

Charged pion form factor between $Q^2$=0.60 and 2.45 GeV$^2$. I. Measurements of the cross section for the ${^1}$H($e,e'π^+$)$n$ reaction

Cross sections for the reaction ${^1}$H($e,e'π^+$)$n$ were measured in Hall C at Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (JLab) using the CEBAF high-intensity, continous electron beam in order to determine the charged pion form factor. Data were taken for central four-momentum transfers ranging from $Q^2$=0.60 to 2.45 GeV$^2$ at an invariant mass of the virtual photon-nucleon system of $W$=1.95 and 2.22 GeV. The measured cross sections were separated into the four structure functions $σ_L$, $σ_T$, $σ_{LT}$, and $σ_{TT}$. The various parts of the experimental setup and the analysis steps are described in detail, including the calibrations and systematic studies, which were needed to obtain high precision results. The different types of systematic uncertainties are also discussed. The results for the separated cross sections as a function of the Mandelstam variable $t$ at the different values of $Q^2$ are presented. Some global features of the data are discussed, and the data are compared with the results of some model calculations for the reaction ${^1}$H($e,e'π^+$)$n$.

nucl-ex↗