arXiv subjects

P. Natarajan

Publications and source records attributed to P. Natarajan.

34 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

arXiv2006

Truncation of galaxy dark matter halos in high density environments

Our aim is to constrain the properties of dark matter halos inhabiting high density environments, such as is the case in massive galaxy clusters. We use galaxy-galaxy lensing techniques that utilize a maximum likelihood method to constrain the parameters of the lenses. It has been demonstrated that such a technique provides strong constraints on the parameters that characterize a galaxy halo, as well as on the aperture mass of these halos. In this analysis, we only use weak shear data and do not include strong lensing constraints. We present the results of a study of galaxy-galaxy lensing in a homogeneous sample of massive X-ray luminous clusters at z~0.2. These have been observed in three bands with the CFH12k instrument. We find dark matter halos in these clusters to be compact compared to those inferred around isolated field galaxies of equivalent luminosity at this redshift: the half mass radius is found to be smaller than 50 kpc, with a mean total mass of order 0.2 10^{12} M_sun. This is in good agreement with previous galaxy-galaxy lensing results and with numerical simulations, in particular with the tidal stripping scenario. We thus provide a strong confirmation of tidal truncation from a homogeneous sample of galaxy clusters. Moreover, it is the first time that cluster galaxies are probed successfully using galaxy-galaxy lensing techniques from ground based data.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2006

Could GRB 060614 and its presumed host galaxy be a chance superposition?

The lack of an observed supernova associated with GRB 060614 appears to require a new paradigm for the formation of (a subset of) long-duration GRBs. This requirement is based on the presumed low redshift of the burst, which was inferred from the spatial coincidence of the afterglow with a z=0.125 galaxy. We explore the possibility that this low-redshift galaxy is a chance superposition along the line of sight to GRB 060614. We examine the galaxy distribution of the field of GRB 060614 and find that the probability of a chance association with a galaxy at least as bright as the putative host is only ~ 0.5 - 1.9%. However, for the current ensemble of ~180 Swift GRBs it is likely that several such coincidences have occurred, and given the "non-standard" nature of GRB 060614 it is not implausible that this is one such occurrence. Thus the conclusion that GRB 060614 requires a revision to the formation paradigm for long-duration GRBs should be approached with caution.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2006

Galaxy Galaxy Lensing as a Probe of Galaxy Dark Matter Halos

Gravitational lensing has now become a popular tool to measure the mass distribution of structures in the Universe on various scales. Here we focus on the study of galaxy's scale dark matter halos with galaxy-galaxy lensing techniques: observing the shapes of distant background galaxies which have been lensed by foreground galaxies allows us to map the mass distribution of the foreground galaxies. The lensing effect is small compared to the intrinsic ellipticity distribution of galaxies, thus a statistical approach is needed to derive some constraints on an average lens population. An advantage of this method is that it provides a probe of the gravitational potential of the halos of galaxies out to very large radii, where few classical methods are viable, since dynamical and hydrodynamical tracers of the potential cannot be found at this radii. We will begin by reviewing the detections of galaxy-galaxy lensing obtained so far. Next we will present a maximum likelihood analysis of simulated data we performed to evaluate the accuracy and robustness of constraints that can be obtained on galaxy halo properties. Then we will apply this method to study the properties of galaxies which stand in massive cluster lenses at z~0.2. The main result of this work is to find dark matter halos of cluster galaxies to be significantly more compact compared to dark matter halos around field galaxies of equivalent luminosity, in agreement with early galaxy-galaxy lensing studies and with theoretical expectations, in particular with the tidal stripping scenario. We thus provide a strong confirmation of tidal truncation from a homogeneous sample of galaxy clusters. Moreover, it is the first time that cluster galaxies are probed successfully using galaxy-galaxy lensing techniques from ground based data.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2006

SN 2006aj and the nature of low-luminosity gamma-ray bursts

We present SMARTS consortium optical/IR light curves of SN 2006aj associated with GRB 060218. We find that this event is broadly similar to two previously observed events SN 1998bw/GRB 980425 and SN 2003lw/GRB 031203. In particular, all of these events are greatly under-luminous in gamma-rays compared to typical long-duration GRBs. We find that the observation by Swift of even one such event implies a large enough true event rate to create difficulties in interpreting these events as typical GRBs observed off-axis. Thus these events appear to be intrinsically different from and much more common than high-luminosity GRBs, which have been observed in large numbers out to a redshift of at least 6.3. The existence of a range of intrinsic energies of GRBs may present challenges to using GRBs as standard candles.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2006

GRB 050814 at z = 5.3 and the Redshift Distribution of Swift GRBs

We report optical, near-infrared and X-ray observations of the afterglow of GRB 050814, which was seen to exhibit very red optical colours. By modelling its spectral energy distribution we find that z = 5.3 +/- 0.3. We next present a carefully selected sample of 19 Swift GRBs, intended to estimate in an unbiased way the GRB redshift distribution, including the mean redshift (z_mean) as well as constraints on the fraction of high-redshift bursts. We find that z_mean = 2.7 and that at least 5% of the GRBs originate at z > 5. The redshift distribution of the sample is qualitatively consistent with models where the GRB rate is proportional to the star formation rate in the Universe. The high mean redshift of this GRB sample and the wide redshift range clearly demonstrates the suitability of GRBs as efficient probes of galaxies and the intergalactic medium over a significant fraction of the history of the Universe.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2005

A mean redshift of 2.8 for Swift gamma-ray bursts

The exceptionally high luminosities of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), gradually emerging as extremely useful probes of star formation, make them promising tools for exploration of the high-redshift Universe. Here we present a carefully selected sample of Swift GRBs, intended to estimate in an unbiased way the GRB mean redshift (z_mean), constraints on the fraction of high-redshift bursts and an upper limit on the fraction of heavily obscured afterglows. We find that z_mean = 2.8 and that at least 7% of GRBs originate at z > 5. In addition, consistent with pre-Swift observations, at most 20% of afterglows can be heavily obscured. The redshift distribution of the sample is qualitatively consistent with models where the GRB rate is proportional to the star formation rate in the Universe. We also report optical, near-infrared and X-ray observations of the afterglow of GRB 050814, which was seen to exhibit very red optical colours. By modelling its spectral energy distribution we find that z = 5.3 +/- 0.3. The high mean redshift of GRBs and their wide redshift range clearly demonstrates their suitability as efficient probes of galaxies and the intergalactic medium over a significant fraction of the history of the Universe.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2004

The submm properties of GRB host galaxies

Long duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) accompany the deaths of some massive stars and hence, since massive stars are short lived, are a tracer of star formation activity. Given that GRBs are bright enough to be seen to very high redshifts, and detected even in dusty environments, they should therefore provide a powerful probe of the global star formation history of the universe. The potential of this approach can be investigated via submm photometry of GRB host galaxies. Submm luminosity also correlates with star formation rate, so the distribution of host galaxy submm fluxes should allow us to test the two methods for consistency. Here, we report new JCMT/SCUBA 850 micron measurements for 15 GRB hosts. Combining these data with results from previous studies we construct a sample of 21 hosts with <1.4 mJy errors. We show that the distribution of apparent 850 micron flux densities of this sample is reasonably consistent with model predictions, but there is tentative evidence of a dearth of submm bright (>4 mJy) galaxies. Furthermore, the optical/infrared properties of the submm brightest GRB hosts are not typical of the galaxy population selected in submm surveys, although the sample size is still small. Possible selection effects and physical mechanisms which may explain these discrepancies are discussed.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2003

A wide field Hubble Space Telescope study of the cluster CL0024+16 at z=0.4. I: morphological distributions to 5 Mpc radius

We describe a new wide field Hubble Space Telescope survey of the galaxy cluster Cl0024+16 (z~0.4) consisting of a sparse-sampled mosaic of 39 Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 images which extends to a cluster radius of 5 Mpc. [Abridged] We examine both the morphology-radius (T-R) and morphology-density (T-Sigma) relations and demonstrate sensitivities adequate for measures from the core to a radius of 5 Mpc, spanning over 3 decades in local projected density. The fraction of early-type galaxies declines steeply from the cluster center to 1 Mpc radius and more gradually thereafter, asymptoting towards the field value at the periphery. We discuss our results in the context of three distinct cluster zones, defined according to different physical processes that may be effective in transforming galaxy morphology in each. By treating infalling galaxies as isolated test particles, we deduce that the most likely processes responsible for the mild gradient in the morphological mix outside the virial radius are harassment and starvation. Although more data are needed to pin down the exact mechanisms, starvation seems more promising in that it would naturally explain the stellar and dynamical homogeneity of cluster E/S0s. However, we find significant scatter in the local density at any given radius outside 0.5 Mpc, and that the same T-Sigma relation holds in subregions of the cluster, independent of location. In this hitherto unprobed region, where the potential of the cluster is weak, galaxies apparently retain their identities as members of infalling sub-groups whose characteristic morphological properties remain intact. Only upon arrival in the central regions is the substructure erased, as indicated by the tight correlation between cluster radius and Sigma.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2002

Lensing effects of misaligned disks in dark matter halos

We study the observational signatures of the lensing signal produced by dark matter halos with embedded misaligned disks. This issue is of particular interest at the present time since most of the observed multiple lens systems have magnification ratios and image geometries that are not well-fit by standard mass models. The presence of substructure exterior to the lens has been invoked by several authors in the context of Cold Dark Matter (CDM) models in order to explain the anamolous magnification ratios. We emphasize that the anomalous magnification ratios may be an artifact of the simple one-component mass models currently in use; the inclusion of a misaligned disk may be able to mimic the effect of substructure. These slight spatial offsets between the dark matter halo and the disk, which are likely to occur during or as a consequence of interactions or mergers, lead to complex image configurations and non-standard magnification ratios. We investigate two illustrative lens models: a spiral disk embedded within a dark matter halo, and a compact disk-like component within an elliptical galaxy. The expected fraction of galaxies with a misaligned disk is estimated to be of the order of 10%. In such cases we find that the resultant lensing geometries are unusual, with high image multiplicities. The caustic structures - both radial and tangential - are drastically modified and the magnification ratios differ compared to expectations from standard lens models. The additional parameters required to specify the relative alignment of the mass components in the primary lens introduce yet another source of uncertainty in the mass modeling of gravitational lens systems.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2002

SCUBA observations of the host galaxies of four dark gamma-ray bursts

We present the results of a search for submillimetre-luminous host galaxies of optically dark gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) using the Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array (SCUBA) on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT). We made photometry measurements of the 850-micron flux at the location of four `dark bursts', which are those with no detected optical afterglow despite rapid deep searches, and which may therefore be within galaxies containing substantial amounts of dust. We were unable to detect any individual source significantly. Our results are consistent with predictions for the host galaxy population as a whole, rather than for a subset of dusty hosts. This indicates that optically dark GRBs are not especially associated with very submillimetre-luminous galaxies and so cannot be used as reliable indicators of dust-enshrouded massive star-formation activity. Further observations are required to establish the relationship between the wider GRB host galaxy population and SCUBA galaxies.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2002

An HST study of three very faint GRB host galaxies

As part of the HST/STIS GRB host survey program we present the detection of three faint gamma-ray burst (GRB) host galaxies based on an accurate localisation using ground-based data of the optical afterglows (OAs). A common property of these three hosts is their extreme faintness. The location at which GRBs occur with respect to their host galaxies and surrounding environments are robust indicators of the nature of GRB progenitors. The bursts studied here are among the four most extreme outliers, in terms of relative distance from the host center, in the recent comprehensive study of Bloom et al. 2002. We obtain a revised and much higher probability that the galaxies identified as hosts indeed are related to the GRBs (P(n_chance)=0.78, following Bloom et al. 2002), thereby strengthening the conclusion that GRBs are preferentially located in star-forming regions in their hosts. Apart from being faint, the three hosts consist of multiple structures, indicative of merging and active star-formation. For one of the hosts, GRB 980329, we estimate a photometric redshift of z~3.5.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2002

First stars, very massive black holes and metals

Recent studies suggest that the initial mass function (IMF) of the first stars was likely to be extremely top-heavy, unlike what is observed at present. We propose a scenario to generate fragmentation to lower masses once the first massive stars have formed and derive constraints on the primordial IMF. We estimate the mass fraction of pair-unstable supernovae, shown to be the dominant sources of the first heavy elements. These metals enrich the gas up to about $10^{-5}$ solar metallicity, when a transition to efficient cooling-driven fragmentation occurs producing 1 solar mass clumps. We argue that the remaining fraction of the first stars ends up in 100 solar mass VMBHs (Very Massive Black Holes). We obtain constraints on the fraction of first stars that contribute to the initial metal enrichment and the transition redshift for primordial IMF away from a top-heavy one, by making various assumptions about the fate of these VMBHs at late times. We conclude with a discussion of several hitherto unexplored implications of a high-mass dominated star formation mode in the early Universe.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2001

A wide field survey of the distant rich cluster CL0024+1654

We describe the first results from a comprehensive study of the distant cluster Cl0024+1654 (z=0.39) based upon a pattern of 38 mosaiced HST-WFPC2 images extending to radii ~5Mpc. These are being analysed in conjunction with extensive spectroscopy conducted with the CFHT, WHT, and Keck Telescopes. The overall goal is to understand the morphological transformations and associated short-term star formation histories of representative numbers of infalling field galaxies in the context of the cluster potential as defined by weak lensing studies. Our HST database contains over 2000 galaxy morphologies to I=22.5. Spectroscopic data and HST morphologies are currently available for about 215 members over an unprecedented range of environments. We confirm the existence of a well-defined morphology-density relation over a large dynamic range within a single system at a significant look-back time. Tentative trends in the E/S0 fraction as a function of radius are discussed. A weak lensing signal in the background galaxies has been detected at the cluster periphery and its inversion demonstrates only marginal substructure. A statistically-significant galaxy-galaxy lensing signal has also been seen for the cluster members. Further work will relate radial dependencies in the dark matter and halo masses in the context of spectroscopic and morphological diagnostics of truncated star formation.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2001

The Galaxy Octopole Moment as a Probe of Weak Lensing Shear Fields

In this paper, we introduce the octopole moment of the light distribution in galaxies as a probe of the weak lensing shear field. While traditional ellipticity estimates of the local shear derived from the quadrupole moment are limited by the width of the intrinsic ellipticity distribution of background galaxies, the dispersion in the intrinsic octopole distribution is expected to be much smaller, implying that the signal from this higher order moment is ultimately limited by measurement noise, and not by intrinsic scatter. We present the computation of the octopole moment and show that current observations are at the regime where the octopole estimates will soon be able to contribute to the overall accuracy of the estimates of local shear fields. Therefore, the prospects for this estimator from future datasets like the Advanced Camera for Survey and the Next Generation Space Telescope are very promising.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2001

The Host Galaxy and Optical Light Curve of the Gamma-Ray Burst GRB 980703

We present deep HST/STIS and ground-based photometry of the host galaxy of the gamma-ray burst GRB 980703 taken 17, 551, 710, and 716 days after the burst. We find that the host is a blue, slightly over-luminous galaxy with V_gal = 23.00 +/- 0.10, (V-R)_gal = 0.43 +/- 0.13, and a centre that is approximately 0.2 mag bluer than the outer regions of the galaxy. The galaxy has a star-formation rate of 8-13 M_sun/yr, assuming no extinction in the host. We find that the galaxy is best fit by a Sersic R^(1/n) profile with n ~= 1.0 and a half-light radius of 0.13 arcsec (= 0.72/h_100 proper kpc). This corresponds to an exponential disk with a scale radius of 0.22 arcsec (= 1.21/h_100 proper kpc). Subtracting a fit with elliptical isophotes leaves large residuals, which suggests that the host galaxy has a somewhat irregular morphology, but we are unable to connect the location of GRB 980703 with any special features in the host. The host galaxy appears to be a typical example of a compact star forming galaxy similar to those found in the Hubble Deep Field North. The R-band light curve of the optical afterglow associated with this gamma-ray burst is consistent with a single power-law decay having a slope of alpha = -1.37 +/- 0.14. Due to the bright underlying host galaxy the late time properties of the light-curve are very poorly constrained. The decay of the optical light curve is consistent with a contribution from an underlying Type Ic supernova like SN1998bw, or a dust echo, but such contributions cannot be securely established.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2000

HST/STIS Imaging of the Host Galaxy of GRB980425/SN1998bw

We present HST/STIS observations of ESO 184-G82, the host galaxy of the gamma-ray burst GRB 980425 associated with the peculiar Type Ic supernova SN1998bw. ESO 184-G82 is found to be an actively star forming SBc sub-luminous galaxy. We detect an object consistent with being a point source within the astrometric uncertainty of 0.018 arcseconds of the position of the supernova. The object is located inside a star-forming region and is at least one magnitude brighter than expected for the supernova based on a simple radioactive decay model. This implies either a significant flattening of the light curve or a contribution from an underlying star cluster.

astro-ph↗