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P. Rosati

Publications and source records attributed to P. Rosati.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
arXiv2026

Narrowing down the Hubble constant value by exploiting the extended surface brightness of the supernova Refsdal host galaxy

We present the first inference of the Hubble constant and matter density parameter from a strongly lensed supernova by exploiting the mass model of a galaxy cluster enhanced by an extended surface brightness reconstruction. Building upon the recent mass model of the galaxy cluster MACS J1149.5+2223, relying on the identified image positions only, we include the surface brightness distribution of the SN Refsdal host, to infer some cosmological parameter values within a flat LCDM framework. We consider two cosmological parameterizations, with either H0 and Ωm or H0 alone treated as free parameters, acknowledging the milder dependency on Ωm when incorporating additional constraints from the SN host. We explore four different mass-model realizations to assess some of the systematic uncertainties associated with the constraint weighting and source reconstruction. Although known as one of the main possible systematic effects, including influences from the external convergence, we deliberately keep the cluster total mass parametrization fixed to that of the previously published point-like mass model to enable a fair comparison. This reveals that incorporating 77,000 HST pixels reduces the uncertainty on the inferred value of the Hubble constant by a factor of 2.0, while all model realizations remain mutually consistent. Our final measurements are $H_0 = 65.0^{+2.0}_{-1.8}$ km/s/Mpc and $Ω_m = 0.30^{+0.08}_{-0.09}, in agreement with previous results. This corresponds to a substantially improved precision, reaching a remarkable 3.0% uncertainty on the value of H0 given our cluster total mass parameterization. The contributions of the uncertainties on the lens total mass and on the measured time delays to the final H0 error are now comparable, indicating that future improvements in cluster-scale time-delay cosmography will increasingly depend on (abridged version).

astro-ph.CO↗
arXiv2026

Too many or too bright? Status and perspectives in the study of the UV Luminosity Function at z>10

The finding that galaxies in the first 500Myr were much more numerous and/or brighter than expected is often cited as one of the main discoveries of the James Webb Space Telescope in its first four years of operation. This result is now solidly based on an impressive number of surveys that have detected, spectroscopically confirmed, and characterized a relatively large sample of galaxies up to z=14.44, the redshift of the most distant galaxy currently known. This finding has motivated the introduction of additional physical mechanisms into theoretical models to reproduce the observed numbers and luminosities. These results contrast with the failure, despite ongoing efforts, to confirm any galaxy candidate beyond this redshift. This review summarizes the status of the search for and characterization of galaxies at z>9, focusing on the evolution of the UV Luminosity Function (UVLF), which is the main statistical description of the galaxy population that can be obtained at these redshifts. We first provide a comprehensive overview of the full set of JWST data obtained so far. We perform a 'meta--analysis' on the entire data set and provide a simple yet effective description of the global evolution of the UVLF, averaging over the various surveys. We also compare these results extensively with theoretical models that were developed to match the new JWST observations and that explore different physical mechanisms able to drive the observed evolution. We conclude with a summary of the contrasting results regarding the search for galaxy candidates at z>15, and outline the requirements for future surveys aimed at breaking this barrier.

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arXiv2026

A new $H_0$ measurement with SNe Requiem and Encore using $\texttt{Gravity.jl}$

We present a strong-lensing (SL) analysis of the galaxy cluster MACS J0138.0-2155 (z=0.336), the first known lens cluster discovered to host two distinct multiply imaged Type Ia supernovae (SNe): SN Requiem and SN Encore. Both SNe are located in the massive, multiply imaged red galaxy MRG-M0138 at z=1.949. The projected total mass of this cluster has been investigated with several independent lens models (Suyu+26; Pierel+26), using a sample of 23 spectroscopically confirmed multiple images from 8 background sources (0.767 10%). The forthcoming reappearance of SN Requiem offers an immediate opportunity to significantly improve constraints on H0, provided that lens-model systematics are controlled. These results establish M0138 as a premier anchor for high-precision cluster TDC.

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arXiv2026

DREAMS: Taking the Temperature of a Massive Galaxy at z ~ 11

We present a detailed photometric and spectroscopic analysis of Janus-11, a $z=10.7933 \pm 0.0006 $ galaxy magnified by a factor 1.6 by the galaxy cluster MACS J0416. It was observed with JWST/NIRCam as part of the PEARLS program and with JWST/NIRSpec MSA as part of the DREAMS program. It has M$_{\rm UV}=-19.78^{+0.12}_{-0.11}$, and its stellar mass of log(M*/M_sun) = 8.75 (+0.08/-0.10) places it among the most massive known $z>10$ galaxies, while its $A_V=0.54\pm0.09$ mag and UV slope of $β=-1.71\pm0.26$ are compatible with a red monster classification, albeit among the least obscured members of this population: this could hint at a transition from the red monster to the blue monster phase. Moreover, the [OIII]4363 detection allows for the highest-redshift metallicity measurement based on the [OIII]4363 direct method to date of $12 + \log(O/H) = 7.74^{+0.11}_{-0.10}$, together with an electron temperature of $T_e$(O$^{++}$) = $(2.1 \pm 0.2)\times10^4$ K. Its spatially resolved nature, with an effective radius of $136 \pm 9$ pc, together with the narrow FWHM of the emission lines ($\lesssim 230$ km s$^{-1}$, or $σ_v \lesssim 100$ km s$^{-1}$), and the lack of significant detections of high-ionization emission lines and broad components, favor an SFG classification, although an AGN contribution cannot be excluded. Janus-11 joins the small sample of spectroscopically confirmed and characterized sources at $z>10$, providing new information on massive systems with non-negligible dust attenuation and well-measured metallicity in this epoch.

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arXiv2026

GA-NIFS view of LAP1: Assembly of Pop~III stellar clusters during EoR

Lensed and Pristine 1 (LAP1) is one of the most promising candidates for the detection of so-called Pop~III stars at $z\sim6.6$. In this work, we present new high-spectral-resolution ($R \sim 2700$) \jwst NIRSpec-IFS observations of the system along with a detailed re-analysis of all archival \jwst and VLT/MUSE data. We confirm the very low metallicity of the system, with $12+\log(\text{O/H})=6.5\text{--}6.8$ (1--2\% Z$_{\odot}$), and its low stellar mass, with $M_{*}= 10^{3\text{--}4}$ \Msun, based on the non-detection in \jwst/NIRCam filter stacks and the \Hbeta luminosity. The high-resolution IFS data allow us to constrain the upper limits on the dynamical masses ($\log_{10}(M_{*}/M_{\odot})$) of the A and B components to $<6.6\text{--}7.6$ and $<5.6\text{--}6.6$, respectively. Based on the metallicity and the high equivalent width of \Halpha (EW $>1200$\,Å), we estimate the possible range of the LAP1 stellar population ages to be $2\text{--}5$~Myr, consistent with the first burst of star formation in a pristine environment. Based on the size ($<10$~pc) and mass of the system, we discuss the nature of LAP1 as representing the formation of the first stellar clusters in a larger undetected galaxy, similar to other low-metallicity Pop~III candidates in the literature.

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arXiv2026

Observation-driven simulations of strong lensing galaxy clusters

Galaxy clusters are the most powerful strong lenses: they greatly magnify the flux of distant and faint sources. Strong lensing also allows for the reconstruction of their mass distribution with-1% level accuracy and enables investigating cosmological parameters. The number of known systems of this type is bound to increase in the next years thanks to wide imaging surveys. Using simulations in this context is crucial to validate the analysis methods before they are applied to real data, and to train machine learning algorithms that can handle large volumes of images. In this work, we present a simulated set of one hundred images of galaxy clusters that we have produced with a novel code for simulating cluster-scale strong lenses. One of the main novelties of our approach, distinguishing it from other existing codes, is the use of empirical relations, derived from state-of-the-art observations, for modelling the characteristics, such as morphology, color, and spatial distribution of the cluster member population. This allows us to reliably reproduce the complexity of real observations. The simulations are partly carried out with the latest version of SkyLens, a code that creates mock observations of strong lensing events in different systems and observational setups. The main improvements we introduce are the use of the message passage interface (MPI) paradigm, a standard for parallel programming that leverages the use of several processors to perform some given task, and the implementation of score-based diffusion models to augment the images of the background sources. Together, they lead to more efficient and realistic image simulations. We also present the validation of the code and simulations by comparing the properties of the mock clusters to those of real ones. [Abridged]

astro-ph.CO↗
arXiv2026

Euclid preparation. XCI. Validation method for the detections in the Euclid Catalogue of Galaxy Clusters using external data

We present our methodology for identifying known clusters as counterparts to objects in the Euclid Catalogue of Galaxy Clusters (ECGC). Euclid is expected to detect a large number of optically-selected galaxy clusters over the approximately 14000 square degrees of its extragalactic sky survey. Extending out well beyond redshift unity, the catalogue will contain many new high-redshift clusters, while at lower redshifts a fraction of the clusters will have been observed in other surveys. Identifying these known clusters as counterparts to the Euclid-detected clusters is an important step in the validation and construction of the ECGC to augment information with external observables. We present a set of catalogues and meta-catalogues of known clusters that we have assembled for this step, and we illustrate their application and our methodology using the Dark Energy Survey Year 1 RedMaPPer cluster catalogue in lieu of the future ECGC. In the process of this work, we have constructed and delivered an updated EC-RedMaPPer catalogue with multi-wavelength counterparts.

astro-ph.CO↗
arXiv2026

A Cosmic Archipelago of lensed metal-poor galaxies at $z\sim6$

The Cosmic Archipelago is an ensemble of galaxies, strongly lensed by the cluster MACSJ0416, showing extreme physical properties at $z\sim6.14$. We combine JWST/NIRCam with deep VLT/X-Shooter and JWST/NIRSpec IFU to perform a joint spectrophotometric analysis from the far ultraviolet to red optical rest-frame. We focus on CA4, a UV-faint ($M_{UV}=-17.7$), compact ($r_e=81\pm11$ pc) galaxy at $z=6.1446$, magnified by a factor $μ=3.73$. CA4 is a young, low-mass ($M_\star =4.3\times10^6$ M$\odot$), star-forming (${\rm SFR}=0.46$ M$\odot$/yr), and metal-poor ($Z\sim0.02$ Z$\odot$) galaxy, and an efficient producer of ionizing photons ($\log(ξ_{ion}/{\rm erg^{-1} Hz})\sim25.5$). Its properties place CA4 at the poorly explored interface between massive stellar clusters and dwarf galaxies during the epoch of reionization. Moreover, CA4 shows large Ly$α$ ($f_{esc}^{\rm Lyα}\sim43\%$) and Lyman-continuum ($f_{esc}\sim47\%$) escape fractions, consistent with its small Ly$α$ velocity offset ($Δv\sim100$ km/s) and extremely blue UV-continuum slope ($β=-3.10$). These characteristics suggest that such UV-faint, metal-poor galaxies may contribute significantly to cosmic reionization. We also confirm five additional systems at the redshift of the Cosmic Archipelago, magnified by factors up to 12.5. They are all young (mass-weighted ages $<11$ Myr) and metal-poor ($Z<0.05$ Z$_\odot$), spanning a wide range of stellar masses and SFRs. Given the large number of these bursty star-forming galaxies in a small cosmic volume, we estimate that the currently known members of the Cosmic Archipelago result in a significant overdensity at $z\sim6$ ($Δz\sim0.08$), with $δ_{gal}=12.3^{+6.6}_{-4.6}$. These results highlight the Cosmic Archipelago as an unprecedented laboratory for studying the earliest groups of low-mass, low-metallicity galaxies during the epoch of reionization.

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arXiv2026

The velocity dispersion function of red galaxies in four Hubble Frontier Fields galaxy clusters

We present a detailed study of the stellar kinematic properties of red member galaxies in the cores of four strong lensing galaxy clusters at intermediate redshifts included in the the Hubble Frontier Fields programme: Abell 2744 ($z=0.307$), Abell S1063 ($z=0.346$), MACS J0416.1$-$2403 ($z=0.397$), and MACS J1149.6$+$2223 ($z=0.542$). We focussed on a sample of 723 red cluster members in the four clusters and we measured their structural parameters using MORPHOFIT for all Hubble Frontier Fields bands. Taking advantage of deep (3.1 h to 17 h of exposure) integral-field spectroscopy from MUSE on the Very Large Telescope, we tested a pipeline based on the public spectral fitting code pPXF to systematically measure the line-of-sight stellar velocity dispersion $σ$ of cluster members with a spectral $S/N\geq 10$, with a statistical uncertainty consistently below 5%. The resulting catalogue contains 213 measured $σ$ values across the four clusters. We calibrated the Fundamental Plane relation in the rest-frame $r$ band for the early-type cluster members, selected from their colour and morphology; we found compatible parameters both across the clusters, and noting hints of zero-point evolution with redshift. Finally, we used the calibrated Fundamental Plane relations to assign a velocity dispersion value to all 723 red cluster members and studied the velocity dispersion function for each cluster, down to $\log σ\, \mathrm{[km \, s^{-1}] = 1.5}$. A Schechter function fit of the velocity functions suggests compatible parameters: a positive $α$ slope with values in the range $0.55-1.60$, and $\logσ^*\, [\mathrm{km\,s^{-1}}]$ between $2.18$ and $2.47$. Unlike previous works, we extended the systematic study of the central velocity dispersion of cluster galaxies to lower-$σ$ regimes.

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arXiv2026

Deep Learning galaxy cluster's structural parameters from Weak Lensing observations

Galaxy clusters are the most massive gravitationally bound structures in the Universe and key probes of cosmic evolution. The large data volume expected from upcoming surveys requires efficient automated analysis methods for tens of thousands of clusters. We present a study using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to infer cluster structural parameters from weak gravitational lensing observations. Three architectures (VGG-Net, Inception-v4, Inception-ResNet-v2) were implemented in PyTorch and trained on 75,000 synthetic reduced shear maps generated with MOKA, simulating galaxy clusters at $z = 0.25$. The networks simultaneously predict five parameters: virial mass, NFW concentrations, substructure count, and smooth component mass fraction. Tests on 5000 clusters show high accuracy for primary properties. With realistic noise ($n_{\rm gal}=30$, $σ_ε=0.3$), mass predictions remain robust (RMS $\sim 1.02 \times 10^{14}$ M$_\odot$/h, $\sim20$% deviation). Concentration estimates are stable, with VGG-22 achieving the lowest RMS. Substructure count properties are more challenging, with systematic underestimation across models, while the smooth component mass fraction is consistently well recovered, indicating strong robustness against noise. Comparison with traditional shear profile fitting shows improved CNN performance. VGG-22 achieves near-unbiased mass estimates and significantly better concentration recovery, reducing systematic errors. These results demonstrate that CNNs provide an effective and scalable alternative to traditional methods, particularly suited for large survey datasets.[Abridged]

astro-ph.CO↗
arXiv2026

A New Perspective on Galactic Evolution: Studying the Outskirts of the Abell S1063 Galaxy Cluster

Galaxy physical properties are influenced by their environments, but the processes responsible for mass and environmental quenching and structural transformations remain debated. Galaxy clusters are ideal laboratories for investigating galaxy formation and evolution, offering a full range of galaxy properties and environments. Observations of large-scale structures, particularly filaments in cluster outskirts ($r \sim5r_{200}$), are currently constrained to the low-redshift Universe. To explore galaxy evolution at intermediate redshifts, deep photometric data, ideally combined with spectroscopic redshifts, are essential. Abell S1063 cluster ($z$ = 0.346) is observed within the Galaxy Assembly as a function of the Mass and Environment program with the VLT Survey Telescope (VST-GAME) combined VISTA Public Survey program Galaxy Cluster At Vircam. We investigate galaxy evolution across a wide range of stellar masses and environments. We release a multiwavelength photometric catalog with photometric redshifts for 64394 sources in $1x1 deg^2$. The analysis of overdensity regions provides insights for future studies on galaxy properties in cluster outskirts. The dataset is obtained through deep ($r<$24.65 mag) and wide optical ($u$, $g$, $r$, $i$, VST) and near-infrared ($Y$, $J$, $K_s$, VISTA) observations. The photometric catalog includes all detected sources, excluding nearby or overlapping objects, saturated stars, and image artifacts. The multiwavelength catalog enabled photometric redshift estimates and identification of cluster members. The density field allowed comparison of galaxy properties, colors, and masses across environments. We detect a very dense structure near the cluster center, and with such a large field of view, we find another dense region to the north-west, in the opposite direction to the cluster elongation. Filaments connecting the regions are also visible.

astro-ph.GA↗
arXiv2026

Cosmic Duets I. High-spatial resolution spectroscopy of dual and lensed AGN with MUSE-NFM

We present the first-year results of the MUSE Large Program "Cosmic Duets", whose goal is to obtain adaptive-optics assisted MUSE observations with an angular resolution of 0.1"-0.2" in order to provide integral-field spectroscopy of sub-arcsec separation dual and lensed active galactic nucleus (AGN) candidates. These observations reveal previously unexplored properties of dual and lensed systems that are key to understanding galaxy evolution, supermassive black hole mergers, and strong-lensing modeling. Targets were efficiently selected using the Gaia multipeak (GMP) technique, which identifies pairs of point-like sources with separations below 0.8" in the Gaia catalog. MUSE spatially resolved spectroscopy provides accurate redshifts, ionization diagnostics, and identification of absorption systems along the line of sight. We report results for 30 GMP targets at z=0.5-3.5. All systems show at least 2 spatially resolved components. 19 objects are confirmed as AGN multiplets, including 6 dual AGN, 10 doubly lensed quasars, and 3 quadruply lensed systems, while the remaining 11 correspond to chance alignments with foreground stars. Among all the spectroscopically confirmed dual AGN in the literature, 27 pairs have projected separations below 7kpc in this redshift regime, and our sample accounts for 22% of the total. We studied dual and lensed AGN distributions as a function of redshift, magnitude, and projected separation while accounting for selection effects, and we find that bright systems are dominated by lensed quasars, whereas the relative fraction of dual AGN increases at fainter magnitudes. This first-year sample demonstrates the high efficiency of GMP selection combined with MUSE spectroscopy for identifying sub-arcsec dual and lensed AGN. The full program, targeting 150 systems, will enable statistical studies of dual AGN and constraints on mass distribution in lensing galaxies.

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arXiv2026

A faint M$_{\rm UV} = -14.5$ Lyman-continuum leaker candidate in the epoch of reionization: Unprecedented Ly$α$ properties at z=5.725

We report the unprecedented Ly$α$ properties of AMORE6, an extremely metal-poor ($12+\log({\rm O/H}) < 6$), low-mass ($M_\star = 4.4\times10^{5}\,M_\odot$), and ultracompact (effective radius $\sim30$ pc) dwarf galaxy at $z=5.7253$, which is gravitationally lensed by the cluster A2744. A prominent, narrow, and nearly symmetric Ly$α$ emission line is detected at the systemic redshift (the latter traced by H$β$, from JWST/NIRCam slitless spectroscopy), with a rest-frame equivalent width of $150 \pm 10$ Å, a full width at half maximum of $\rm 58\pm1$ km s$^{-1}$, and a slight asymmetry, resulting in a flux excess of $\rm \sim10\%$ in the red wing of the line. The negligible velocity offset from systemic ($dv = 4\pm67$ km s$^{-1}$, $3σ$ uncertainty), together with the sharpness and symmetry of the profile, indicates minimum radiative transfer effects, which implies a neutral hydrogen column density consistent with an optically thin medium that in turn is compatible with a nonzero ionizing photon escape fraction. If indirect spectral diagnostics calibrated at $z<4.5$ remain the only viable tools for identifying LyC leakers during reionization, then based on its strongest indicator (Ly$α$), AMORE6 stands out as one of the most compelling LyC-leaking candidates yet discovered in the epoch of reionization.

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arXiv2026

Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1). Searching for giant gravitational arcs in galaxy clusters with mask region-based convolutional neural networks

Strong gravitational lensing (SL) by galaxy clusters is a powerful probe of their inner mass distribution and a key test bed for cosmological models. However, the detection of SL events in wide-field surveys such as Euclid requires robust, automated methods capable of handling the immense data volume generated. In this work, we present an advanced deep learning (DL) framework based on mask region-based convolutional neural networks (Mask R-CNNs), designed to autonomously detect and segment bright, strongly-lensed arcs in Euclid's multi-band imaging of galaxy clusters. The model is trained on a realistic simulated data set of cluster-scale SL events, constructed by injecting mock background sources into Euclidised Hubble Space Telescope images of 10 massive lensing clusters, exploiting their high-precision mass models constructed with extensive spectroscopic data. The network is trained and validated on over 4500 simulated images, and tested on an independent set of 500 simulations, as well as real Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1) observations. The trained network achieves high performance in identifying gravitational arcs in the test set, with a precision and recall of 76% and 58%, respectively, processing 2'x2' images in a fraction of a second. When applied to a sample of visually confirmed Euclid Q1 cluster-scale lenses, our model recovers 66% of gravitational arcs above the area threshold used during training. While the model shows promising results, limitations include the production of some false positives and challenges in detecting smaller, fainter arcs. Our results demonstrate the potential of advanced DL computer vision techniques for efficient and scalable arc detection, enabling the automated analysis of SL systems in current and future wide-field surveys. The code, ARTEMIDE, is open source and will be available at github.com/LBasz/ARTEMIDE.

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arXiv2026

Cosmology with supernova Encore in the strong lensing cluster MACS J0138-2155: Lens model comparison and H0 measurement

MACS J0138-2155 is the only known cluster to strongly lens two supernovae (SNe), Requiem and Encore, from the same host galaxy at z=1.949. We present seven independent mass models of the galaxy cluster built using six software packages. By conducting a blind analysis (no exchanges of results between modeling teams), we quantified uncertainties due to modeling and software. Through HST, JWST and MUSE observations, we assembled high-quality data products, including eight "gold" lensed image systems consisting of 23 images with secure spectroscopic redshifts, and one "silver" system with a likely redshift value. Restricting to the gold images, we obtain overall consistent model predictions of the positions, magnifications and time delays of SN Encore and SN Requiem images, especially for models with $χ^2 \leq 25$. We predict the appearance of the next images of SNe Encore and Requiem with a time delay of >~3000 days and of ~3700 to 4000 days, respectively, based on a fiducial cosmological model of $H_0 = 70 {\rm\ km\ s^{-1}\ Mpc^{-1}}$ and $Ω_{\rm m} = 0.3$. We obtain relations between $H_0$ and the time delays of SNe Encore and Requiem. In particular, for $H_0 = 73 {\rm\ km\ s^{-1}\ Mpc^{-1}}$, the four lowest $χ^2$ models predict SN Requiem to reappear in ~Apr-Dec 2026; for $H_0 = 67 {\rm\ km\ s^{-1}\ Mpc^{-1}}$, in ~Mar-Nov 2027. Using the newly measured time delay between the two detected images of SN Encore by Pierel et al. (2026) and our mass models, we jointly infer $H_0 = {\rm 66.9^{+11.2}_{-8.1}\ km\ s^{-1}\ Mpc^{-1}}$, where the uncertainty is dominated by that of the time delay. The long delays of the next-appearing SN Requiem and SN Encore images provide excellent opportunities to measure $H_0$ with an uncertainty of 2-3%. Our mass models form the basis for cosmological inference from this unique lens cluster with two strongly lensed SNe. (Abridged)

astro-ph.CO↗
arXiv2026

CLASH-VLT velocity anisotropy profiles in a stack of massive galaxy clusters

We measure the velocity anisotropy profile $β(r)$ of different galaxy cluster member populations by analysing the stacked projected phase space of nine massive ($M_\mathrm{200c}>7\times10^{14}$ M$_\odot$) galaxy clusters at intermediate redshifts ($0.18 < z < 0.45$). We select our sample of galaxy clusters by choosing the most round and virialised objects among the targets of the CLASH-VLT spectroscopic program, which offers a large spectral database. Complementary MUSE observations on most of these clusters allowed us to identify an unprecedented number of cluster members, strongly enhancing the precision of our measurement with respect to previous studies. Our sample of cluster members is divided in four classes: red and blue by colour, and high- and low-mass by stellar mass. We employ two parallel techniques, namely the MAMPOSSt method (parametric in $β(r)$) and the Jeans equation inversion (non parametric in $β(r)$). The results from both techniques are found in agreement for any given cluster member population, and suggest that the orbital anisotropy in galaxy clusters grows from the centre (where $β\approx 0.2-0.4$) to the virial radius ($β\gtrsim 0.8$), and it is similar for the different cluster member populations. We also find an interesting dynamical feature in the Jeans inversion results, that is a drop in $β(r)$ at a distance of $\sim 250$ kpc from the cluster centre. We provide robust anisotropy estimates by exploring a highly significant number of model combinations: 72 with MAMPOSSt (varying the mass, surface number density, $β(r)$ model, and galaxy population) and 18 (varying total mass model and galaxy population) in the Jeans inversion. Such an extensive investigation of the $β(r)$ profile in galaxy clusters is a wide basis for future studies on cluster dynamical masses and cluster cosmology in the era of large spectroscopic surveys

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arXiv2026

A boost in the precision of cluster-mass models: Exploiting the extended surface brightness of the lensed supernova Refsdal host galaxy

Combining deep Hubble Space Telescope (HST) images and extensive data from the Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer, we present new mass models of the cluster MACS J1149.5+2223, strongly lensing the supernova (SN) Refsdal, fully exploiting the source surface-brightness distribution of the SN host for the first time. In detail, we incorporated 77,000 HST pixels, in addition to the known 106 point-like multiple images, in our modeling. We considered four different models to explore the effect of the relative weighting of the point-like multiple image positions and flux distribution of the SN host on the model optimization. When the SN host's extended image is included, we find that the statistical uncertainties of all 34 free model parameters are reduced by factors ranging from one to two orders of magnitude compared to the statistical uncertainty of the point-like only model, irrespective of the adopted different image weights. We quantified the remarkably increased level of precision with which the cluster's total mass and the predicted time delays of the SN Refsdal multiple image positions can be reconstructed. We also show the delensed image of the SN host, a spiral galaxy at zSN = 1.49, in multiple HST bands. In all those applications, we obtain a significant reduction of the statistical uncertainty, which is now below the level of even the small systematic uncertainty on the mass model that could be assessed by the different approaches. These results demonstrate that with extended image models of lensing clusters it is possible to measure the cluster's total mass distribution, the values of the cosmological parameters, and the physical properties of high-redshift sources with an unparalleled precision, making the typically not-quantified systematic uncertainties now crucial.

astro-ph.CO↗
arXiv2026

CLASH-VLT: The variance in the velocity anisotropy profiles of galaxy clusters

The velocity anisotropy profiles, $β(r)$, of galaxy clusters are directly related to the shape of the orbits of their member galaxies. Knowledge of $β(r)$ is important to understand the assembly process of clusters and the evolutionary processes of their galaxies, and to improve the determination of cluster masses based on cluster kinematics. We determined the $β(r)$ of nine massive clusters at redshift $0.19 \leq z \leq 0.45$ from the CLASH-VLT data set, with 150 to 950 spectroscopic members each. We selected spectroscopic cluster members with the CLUMPS algorithm calibrated on cosmological simulations. We applied the MAMPOSSt code to the distribution of cluster members in projected phase-space to constrain the cluster mass profile, $M(r)$, using priors derived from a previous gravitational lensing analysis. Given the MAMPOSSt best-fit solution for $M(r)$, we then solved the inversion of the Jeans equation to determine $β(r)$ without assumptions of its functional form. We also ran the DS+ code to identify subclusters and characterize the dynamical status of our clusters. The average $β(r)$ is slightly radial, with the anisotropy increasing from $β\simeq 0.2$ at the cluster center, to $β\simeq 0.5$ at the virial radius. There is substantial variance in the $β(r)$ of the individual clusters, that cannot be entirely accounted for by the observational uncertainties. Clusters of lower mass and with a low concentration per given mass have more tangential $β(r)$. A comparison with cluster-sized halos in cosmological hydrodynamical simulations indicates a very good agreement for the average $β(r)$, but a smaller variance in the profiles than observed. We conclude that massive clusters cannot be characterized by a unique universal $β(r)$ and that the orbital distribution of cluster galaxies carries information on the merging history of the cluster.

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