arXiv subjects

Paras Singh

Publications and source records attributed to Paras Singh.

8 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Multi-objective Bayesian optimization of rigid and flexible nozzles for energy-efficient pulsed jet propulsion

The biomechanics of pulsed-jet propulsion in aquatic animals, including squids and jellyfish, provide valuable insights into energy-efficient locomotion. In these organisms, flexible funnel deformation enables rapid acceleration and maneuverability while minimizing energy use. Drawing inspiration from these biological systems, this study investigates performance trade-offs between rigid and flexible nozzle geometries in pulsed-jet propulsion systems. A multi-objective Bayesian optimization framework integrated with three-dimensional fluid-structure interaction (FSI) simulations identifies nozzle designs that maximize hydrodynamic impulse and minimize jet energy input. The optimization reveals fundamentally distinct performance characteristics for rigid and flexible nozzles. Rigid nozzles achieve the highest impulse amplification, up to 5 times that of a baseline cylindrical nozzle, but at substantially increased energy expenditure. In contrast, flexible nozzles yield lower peak impulse enhancement of about 2.5 times while achieving significantly greater propulsion efficiency. The maximum normalized impulse-to-energy ratio for flexible nozzles is about 1.8 times higher than that of rigid configurations, indicating more effective conversion of input energy into useful propulsive output. Analysis of the flow physics shows that optimized rigid nozzles enhance performance through geometry-induced internal entrainment, secondary vortex formation, and contraction-driven jet acceleration. This results in stronger vortex circulation and downstream convection. Flexible nozzles use traveling expansion-contraction deformation waves that promote additional entrainment during expansion and accelerate the internally entrained fluid during contraction to improve pressure recovery, reduce pressure-energy expenditure, and mitigate negative pressure impulse contributions.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2026

Computational and reduced-order modelling of elastic wave-driven impulse enhancement in pulsed jets through passively flexible nozzles

Elastic wave propagation and energy exchange in passively deforming cylindrical nozzles are investigated through three-dimensional, two-way fluid-structure interaction simulations. Flexible nozzles with varying stiffness (Eh = 75 to 500 N/m, E is Young's modulus, h is thickness) are subjected to pulsatile jet inflow at low Reynolds number (Re ~ 4400). Increased flexibility reduces deformation-wave speed following MoensKorteweg scaling, prolonging the expansion phase. This delayed expansion enhances jet entrainment and elastic energy storage while suppressing early shear-layer roll-up and vortex formation. During contraction, released elastic energy increases jet acceleration and vortex formation. For the most flexible nozzle, primary vortex-ring circulation increases by 52%, vortex convection distance by 9%, and peak outlet kinetic energy flux 4.6-fold versus a rigid nozzle, resulting in a 62% increase in total hydrodynamic impulse. A reduced-order model represents the coupled response as a lumped store-and-release oscillator, derived as a single-mode projection of the inviscid one-dimensional wave equation and closed at the exit by two terms: (i) an inertial end correction that adds the external fluid column of length Le = R accelerating with the jet, and (ii) a vortex-radiation damping term, active only during ejection, determined by the discharged-jet momentum theorem. This damping reproduces the post-overshoot velocity decay undamped closures fail to capture. The model predicts the simulated resonance frequency within 6% and momentum impulse within 4% across Eh = 75 to 500 N/m, and recovers energy histories. Outlet kinetic energy flux is predicted within 6% for the three stiffer nozzles and 14% for the most compliant.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2026

Squid-inspired soft superpropulsion

Squid span four orders of magnitude in size yet rely on pulsed jets. We show that the funnel (siphon) is a compliant nozzle whose dilation and recoil lag mantle contraction, storing and returning energy within each pulse, a mechanism we term superpropulsion. Histology reveals a collagen sheath, and chromatophore tracking in two squid species quantifies a repeatable phase lag. Engineered nozzles, 3D fluid-structure simulations, and a reduced-order mathematical model predict > 300% impulse amplification when nozzle response time matches jet acceleration (tau/T = 0.2-0.4), overlapping in vivo timing. Tuned nozzles extend jet reach, enhance plume dispersion, and improve jet-driven boat transport, with gains persisting after 40x miniaturization. Superpropulsion recasts pulsed jets as impedance matching, with a soft nozzle acting as an elastic capacitor that passively shapes impulse delivery in soft robotic thrusters and fluidic actuators.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2024

Quantum-Based Salp Swarm Algorithm Driven Design Optimization of Savonius Wind Turbine-Cylindrical Deflector System

Savonius turbines, prominent in small-scale wind turbine applications operating under low-speed conditions, encounter limitations due to opposing torque on the returning blade, impeding high efficiency. A viable solution involves mitigating this retarding torque by directing incoming airflow through a cylindrical deflector. However, such flow control is highly contingent upon the location and size of the cylindrical deflector, and its angular velocity. This study introduces a novel design optimization framework tailored for enhancing the turbine-deflector system's performance. Leveraging surrogate models for computational efficiency, six different models were assessed, with Kriging selected for subsequent analysis based on its superior performance at approximating the relation between design parameters and objective function. The training data for the surrogate model and the flow field data around the system were obtained through Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes (URANS) simulations using a sliding mesh technique. An in-house code for the Quantum-based Salp Swarm Optimization (QSSO) algorithm was then employed to obtain design parameters corresponding to the peak power coefficient (Cp) for the stationary deflector-turbine system. Additionally, the QSSO algorithm was quantitatively compared with nine other competing algorithms. The optimized stationary deflector-turbine system showed an improvement of 26.94% in Cp at Tip Speed Ratio (TSR) of 0.9 compared to the baseline case. Further investigation into the effect of deflector rotational velocity ($ω_d$) revealed significant improvements: 40.98% and 11.33% enhancement at $ω_d$ = 3 rad/s, and 51.23% and 19.42% at $ω_d$ = 40 rad/s, compared to configurations without a deflector and with the optimized stationary deflector, respectively at a TSR of 0.9.

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arXiv2023

Maximizing Savonius Turbine Performance using Kriging Surrogate Model and Grey Wolf-Driven Cylindrical Deflector Optimization

With the growing demand for power and the pressing need to shift towards renewable energy sources, wind power stands as a vital component of the energy transition. To optimize energy production, researchers have focused on design optimization of Savonius-type vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs). The current study utilizes Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes (URANS) simulations using the sliding mesh technique to obtain flow field data and power coefficients. A Kriging Surrogate model was trained on the numerical data of randomly initialized data points to construct a response surface model. Then Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) algorithm was utilized to achieve global maxima on this surface, using the turbine's power coefficient as the objective function. A comparative analysis was carried out between simulation and experimental data from prior studies to validate the accuracy of the numerical model. The optimized turbine-deflector configuration showed a maximum improvement of 34.24% in power coefficient. Additionally, the GWO algorithm's effectiveness was compared with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and was found to be better in most cases, converging towards the global maxima faster. This study explores a relatively unexplored realm of metaheuristic optimization of wind turbines by using deflectors, for efficient energy harvesting, presenting promising prospects for enhancing renewable power generation.

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arXiv2023

Optimization of Inverted Double-Element Airfoil in Ground Effect using Improved HHO and Kriging Surrogate Model

In the automotive industry, multi-element wings have been used to improve the aerodynamics of race cars. Multi-element wings can enhance a vehicle's handling and stability by reducing drag and increasing downforce, allowing it to corner more effectively and achieve higher speeds. Performance gains by utilizing the ground effect are highly sensitive to the wing setup. This study focuses on identifying the optimum design parameters for the airfoil to achieve the desired downforce and drag performance. The design parameters chosen are ride height, flap overlap, flap angle, and flap gap (the spacing between the flap and the main airfoil). These parameters are optimized for three different use cases: high downforce, low drag, and a setup with the highest airfoil efficiency. The force coefficient and flow field data were gathered using two-dimensional (2D) Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) simulations, with the turbulent flow modeled using the k-ω Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence model. The Improved Harris Hawks Optimization (HHO) algorithm was used to obtain the optimal configuration of the double-element and the resulting designs showed a significant improvement in downforce and drag performance compared to the baseline designs. Improved HHO was further compared with other state-of-the-art algorithms for assessing the algorithm's performance for a problem with highly non-linear behavior, where it was able to demonstrate its ability to obtain the optimal solutions more efficiently.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2023

Application of Response Surface Method and Genetic Algorithm in the Design of High-Efficiency Prototype Vehicle

Breakthroughs in aerodynamic optimization have made it possible to develop efficient modes of transport with lesser exploitation of valuable resources. This makes it crucial for technical professionals such as engineers and scientists to understand the methodologies behind carrying out such optimizations. A common approach towards improving the aerodynamic properties of a vehicle is to alter its physical shape, which has concurrently been a very strenuous process given the time consumed to remodel the vehicle for each simulation process. This research aims to tackle this problem by using intelligent techniques to automate the step-by-step process of remodeling the car and arriving at a final optimized solution with a significantly lower drag coefficient, a quantity used to measure the amount of drag force acting on a vehicle. This is achieved by assigning particular parameters to ensure guided improvement of the airfoil in a process known as parametrization, followed by implementing a response surface methodology primarily to circumvent the strenuous task of performing a large number of CFD simulations by employing surrogate models to generate a response surface between selected independent variables. Further, evolutionary algorithms such as Genetic Algorithm have gained momentum in the optimization studies carried out during product design by selecting the optimum parameters from the available design spaces on the basis of natural evolution. The proposed method of optimization has been successfully implemented on a prototype vehicle with an improvement of 26.6% and 51.1% in the drag coefficient and drag area respectively.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2023

A Novel Framework for Optimizing Gurney Flaps using RBF Neural Network and Cuckoo Search Algorithm

Enhancing aerodynamic efficiency is vital for optimizing aircraft performance and operational effectiveness. It enables greater speeds and reduced fuel consumption, leading to lower operating costs. Hence, the implementation of Gurney flaps represents a promising avenue for improving airfoil aerodynamics. The optimization of Gurney flaps holds considerable ramifications for improving the lift and stall characteristics of airfoils in aircraft and wind turbine blade designs. The efficacy of implementing Gurney flaps hinges significantly on its design parameters, namely, flap height and mounting angle. This study attempts to optimize these parameters using a design optimization framework, which incorporates training a Radial Basis Function surrogate model based on CFD data from two-dimensional (2D) Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations. The Cuckoo Search algorithm is then employed to obtain the optimal design parameters and compared with other competing optimization algorithms. The optimized Gurney flap configuration shows a notable improvement of 10.28% in Cl/Cd, with a flap height of 1.9%c and a flap mounting angle of -58 degrees. The study highlights the effectiveness of the proposed design optimization framework and furnishes valuable insights into optimizing Gurney flap parameters. The comparison of metaheuristic algorithms serves to enhance the study's contribution to Gurney flap design optimization.

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