Fluid flow in low aspect-ratio curved channels: from small to moderate Dean numbers
The pressure-driven flow is numerically investigated in curved channels at low aspect ratio, where centrifugal forces act along the largest dimension. The dynamics is studied numerically, as a function of the characteristic Dean number, $\mathrm{De}=\mathrm{Re}\sqrt{\delta}$, by varying independently the Reynolds number $\mathrm{Re}$ and the curvature ratio $\delta$, the ratio between the hydraulic diameter and the radius of curvature. A wide range of dimensionless numbers is considered; $\mathrm{De}\lesssim200$ and $0.005\leq\delta\leq0.15$. For $\mathrm{De}\lesssim 100$, the flow remains steady, whereas at larger Dean numbers, the flow is stable for several turns before transient structures developed. While investigating the flow features in the stable regime, only one pair of counter-rotating vortices is observed. At small $\mathrm{De}$ and large $\delta$, the peak of the streamwise velocity and the center of the vortices are located near the inner channel wall. They both shift toward the outer wall as $\mathrm{De}$ is increased and/or $\delta$ is decreased, a feature that is expected to affect the transport of particles in curved channels. A scaling law for the secondary flow is formulated from dimensional analysis, rather than relying on empirical correlations. The friction coefficient of the flow as well as the development angle are also rationalized in terms of both $\mathrm{Re}$ and $\delta$.