Ray-Optics Simulations of Outdoor-to-Indoor Multipath Channels at 4 and 14 GHz
Radio wave propagation simulations based on the ray-optical approximation have been widely adopted in coverage analysis for a range of situations, including the outdoor-to-indoor scenario. This work presents O2I ray-tracing simulations utilizing a complete office building floor plan in the form of a laser-scanned point cloud. The simulated radio channels are compared to their measured counterparts at 4 and 14 GHz in terms of path loss and delay and angular spreads. Validation of channel simulations for the O2I case is rare, and so far non-existent for above-$6$~GHz bands. This work reveals the importance of a floor plan model in accurately simulating the channel; it is confirmed that path loss can be replicated with a simple interior path loss model in place of a detailed building interior model, but neglecting to model the interior results in high delay and angular spread errors. By modeling the interior, the ray-tracing simulations achieve relative mean error of under 10% for delay and angular spreads. Finally, effects of multi-layer insulating window on propagation simulations are reported. Noticeable variation of the penetration loss on a small change of the incident angle of a propagation path causes large changes in estimated coverage.