Evolutionary modelling reveals melodic and harmonic constraints on global scale structure
Since antiquity, musical scales have been explained by harmony rather than melody. This view relies on the mathematically designed scales of a few traditions, and was never directly tested. Testing it requires cross-cultural data and a method that judges theories by what they get wrong as well as right. We provide both, modelling scale evolution across 1,314 scales from 96 countries. A Melody model explains the near-universal preference for step-sizes of 1-3 semitones, and matches independent data from melodies, singing, and psychoacoustics. Harmony does far less: it explains the music-theoretic scales, but in those measured from performance it adds only a weak bias towards fourths, fifths, and octaves. Harmony's importance has been overstated, likely due to the historical focus on music-theoretic rather than measured scales. Melody is the primary driver of global scale structure; harmonic constraints are less impactful and mainly reflect musicological theory over musical performance.