AMD SEV-SNP: A Confidential Computing Primer
This paper is a technical primer on AMD Secure Encrypted Virtualization with Secure Nested Paging (SEV-SNP), a hardware confidential computing implementation that provides Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs) for virtual machines. SEV-SNP treats the hypervisor as adversarial. It encrypts guest memory and register state with keys the hypervisor never possesses, detects any tampering with guest memory at the point of access, and lets a guest prove to a remote verifier exactly what code it is running. The paper constructs each of these guarantees from the hardware up. It opens with the threat model that drives the design and the hardware that enforces it, the AMD Secure Processor and the encryption engine in the memory controller. It then develops the mechanisms that make a confidential guest practical. The Reverse Map Table provides memory integrity against an adversary who controls the page tables. The privilege and communication machinery (VM Privilege Levels, the encrypted VM Save Area, and the GHCB protocol) lets the guest cooperate with a hypervisor it does not trust. The attestation pipeline binds a hardware-signed measurement of the guest's initial state to AMD's certificate chain, so a remote verifier can confirm independently what is running.