Searcharxiv⌕ Search

arXiv subjects

Patrick McDonald

Publications and source records attributed to Patrick McDonald.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources

Factoring the Dispersion Relation in the Presence of Lorentz Violation

We produce an explicit formula for the dispersion relation for the Dirac Equation in the Standard Model Extension (SME) in the presence of Lorentz violation. Our expression is obtained using a novel techniques which exploit the algebra of quaternions. The dispersion relation is found to conveniently factor in two special cases that each involve a mutually exclusive set of non-vanishing Lorentz-violating parameters. This suggests that a useful approach to studies of Lorentz-violating models is to split the parameter space into two separate pieces, each of which yields a simple, tractable dispersion relation that can be used for analysis.

hep-ph↗

How to generate a significant effective temperature for cold dark matter, from first principles

I show how to reintroduce velocity dispersion into perturbation theory (PT) calculations of structure in the Universe, i.e., how to go beyond the pressureless fluid approximation, starting from first principles. This addresses a possible deficiency in uses of PT to compute clustering on the weakly non-linear scales that will be critical for probing dark energy. Specifically, I show how to derive a non-negligible value for the (initially tiny) velocity dispersion of dark matter particles, <δv^2>, where δv is the deviation of particle velocities from the local bulk flow. The calculation is essentially a renormalization of the homogeneous (zero order) dispersion by fluctuations 1st order in the initial power spectrum. For power law power spectra with n>-3, the small-scale fluctuations diverge and significant dispersion can be generated from an arbitrarily small starting value -- the dispersion level is set by an equilibrium between fluctuations generating more dispersion and dispersion suppressing fluctuations. For an n=-1.4 power law normalized to match the present non-linear scale, the dispersion would be ~100 km/s. This n corresponds roughly to the slope on the non-linear scale in the real \LambdaCDM Universe, but \LambdaCDM contains much less initial small-scale power -- not enough to bootstrap the small starting dispersion up to a significant value within linear theory (viewed very broadly, structure formation has actually taken place rather suddenly and recently, in spite of the usual "hierarchical" description). The next order PT calculation, which I carry out only at an order of magnitude level, should drive the dispersion up into balance with the growing structure, accounting for small dispersion effects seen recently in simulations.

astro-ph.CO↗

Gravitational redshift and other redshift-space distortions of the imaginary part of the power spectrum

I extend the usual linear-theory formula for large-scale clustering in redshift-space to include gravitational redshift. The extra contribution to the standard galaxy power spectrum is suppressed by k_c^{-2}, where k_c=c k/a H (k is the wavevector, a the expansion factor, and H=\dot{a}/a), and is thus effectively limited to the few largest-scale modes and very difficult to detect; however, a correlation, \propto k_c^{-1}, is generated between the real and imaginary parts of the Fourier space density fields of two different types of galaxy, which would otherwise be zero, i.e., the cross-power spectrum has an imaginary part: P_{ab}(k,μ)/P(k)=(b_a+fμ^2)(b_b+fμ^2) -i(3Ω_m/2)(μ/k_c)(b_a-b_b)+\mathcal{O}(k_c^{-2}), where P(k) is the real-space mass-density power spectrum, b_i are the galaxy biases, μis the cosine of the angle between the wavevector and line of sight, and f=dlnD/dlna (D is the linear growth factor). The total signal-to-noise of measurements of this effect is not dominated by the largest scales -- it converges at k~0.05 h/Mpc. This gravitational redshift result is pedagogically interesting, but naive in that it is gauge dependent and there are other effects of similar form and size, related to the transformation between observable and proper coordinates. I include these effects, which add other contributions to the coefficient of μ/k_c, and add a μ^3/k_c term, but don't qualitatively change the picture. The leading source of noise in the measurement is galaxy shot-noise, not sample variance, so developments that allow higher S/N surveys can make this measurement powerful, although it would otherwise be only marginally detectable in a JDEM-scale survey.

astro-ph.CO↗

Probing the Epoch of Reionization with the Lyman Alpha Forest at z~4-5

The inhomogeneous cosmological reionization process leaves tangible imprints in the intergalactic medium down to z=4-5. The Lyman-alpha forest flux power spectrum provides a potentially powerful probe of the epoch of reionization. With the existing SDSS I/II quasar sample we show that two cosmological reionization scenarios, one completing reionization at z=6 and the other at z=9, can be distinguished at ~7 sigma level by utilizing Lyman alpha forest absorption spectra at z=4.5+-0.5, in the absence of other physical processes that may also affect the Lyman alpha flux power spectrum. The redshift range z=4-5 may provide the best window, because there is still enough transmitted flux and quasars to measure precise statistics of the flux fluctuations, and the IGM still retains a significant amount of memory of reionization.

astro-ph.CO↗

One-Loop Renormalization of the Electroweak Sector with Lorentz Violation

The one-loop renormalizability of the electroweak sector of the Standard Model Extension with Lorentz violation is studied. Functional determinants are used to calculate the one-loop contributions of the higgs, gauge bosons and fermions to the one-loop effective action. The results are consistent with multiplicative renormalization of the SME coupling constants. Conventional Electroweak symmetry breaking is effectively unaltered relative to the standard case as the renormalized SME parameters are sufficient to absorb all infinite contributions.

hep-ph↗

On measuring the gravitational-wave background using Pulsar Timing Arrays

Long-term precise timing of Galactic millisecond pulsars holds great promise for measuring the long-period (months-to-years) astrophysical gravitational waves. Several gravitational-wave observational programs, called Pulsar Timing Arrays (PTA), are being pursued around the world. Here we develop a Bayesian algorithm for measuring the stochastic gravitational-wave background (GWB) from the PTA data. Our algorithm has several strengths: (1) It analyses the data without any loss of information, (2) It trivially removes systematic errors of known functional form, including quadratic pulsar spin-down, annual modulations and jumps due to a change of equipment, (3) It measures simultaneously both the amplitude and the slope of the GWB spectrum, (4) It can deal with unevenly sampled data and coloured pulsar noise spectra. We sample the likelihood function using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulations. We extensively test our approach on mock PTA datasets, and find that the algorithm has significant benefits over currently proposed counterparts. We show the importance of characterising all red noise components in pulsar timing noise by demonstrating that the presence of a red component would significantly hinder a detection of the GWB. Lastly, we explore the dependence of the signal-to-noise ratio on the duration of the experiment, number of monitored pulsars, and the magnitude of the pulsar timing noise. These parameter studies will help formulate observing strategies for the PTA experiments.

astro-ph↗

Clustering of dark matter tracers: generalizing bias for the coming era of precision LSS

On very large scales, density fluctuations in the Universe are small, suggesting a perturbative model for large-scale clustering of galaxies (or other dark matter tracers), in which the galaxy density is written as a Taylor series in the local mass density, delta, with the unknown coefficients in the series treated as free "bias" parameters. We extend this model to include dependence of the galaxy density on the local values of nabla_i nabla_j phi and nabla_i v_j, where phi is the potential and v is the peculiar velocity. We show that only two new free parameters are needed to model the power spectrum and bispectrum up to 4th order in the initial density perturbations, once symmetry considerations and equivalences between possible terms are accounted for. One of the new parameters is a bias multiplying s_ij s_ji, where s_ij=[nabla_i nabla_j \nabla^-2 - 1/3 delta^K_ij] delta. The other multiplies s_ij t_ji, where t_ij=[nabla_i nabla_j nabla^-2 - 1/3 delta^K_ij](theta-delta), with theta=-(a H dlnD/dlna)^-1 nabla_i v_i. (There are other, observationally equivalent, ways to write the two terms, e.g., using theta-delta instead of s_ij s_ji.) We show how short-range (non-gravitational) non-locality can be included through a controlled series of higher derivative terms, starting with R^2 nabla^2 delta, where R is the scale of non-locality (this term will be a small correction as long as k^2 R^2 is small, where k is the observed wavenumber). We suggest that there will be much more information in future huge redshift surveys in the range of scales where beyond-linear perturbation theory is both necessary and sufficient than in the fully linear regime.

astro-ph.CO↗

Primordial non-Gaussianity: large-scale structure signature in the perturbative bias model

I compute the effect on the power spectrum of tracers of the large-scale mass-density field (e.g., galaxies) of primordial non-Gaussianity of the form Phi=phi+fNL (phi- )+gNL phi^3+..., where Phi is proportional to the initial potential fluctuations and phi is a Gaussian field, using beyond-linear-order perturbation theory. I find that the need to eliminate large higher-order corrections necessitates the addition of a new term to the bias model, proportional to phi, i.e., delta_g=b_delta delta+b_phi fNL phi+..., with all the consequences this implies for clustering statistics, e.g., P_gg(k)=b_delta^2 P_deltadelta(k)+2 b_delta b_phi fNL P_phidelta(k)+b_phi^2 fNL^2 P_phiphi(k)+... . This result is consistent with calculations based on a model for dark matter halo clustering, showing that the form is quite general, not requiring assumptions about peaks, or the formation or existence of halos. The halo model plays the same role it does in the usual bias picture, giving a prediction for b_phi for galaxies known to sit in a certain type of halo. Previous projections for future constraints based on this effect have been very conservative -- there is enough volume at z<~2 to measure fNL to ~+-1, with much more volume at higher z. As a prelude to the bias calculation, I point out that the beyond-linear (in phi) corrections to the power spectrum of mass-density perturbations are naively infinite, so it is dangerous to assume they are negligible; however, the infinite part can be removed by a renormalization of the fluctuation amplitude, with the residual k-dependent corrections negligible for models allowed by current constraints.

astro-ph↗

How to measure redshift-space distortions without sample variance

We show how to use multiple tracers of large-scale density with different biases to measure the redshift-space distortion parameter beta=f/b=(dlnD/dlna)/b (where D is the growth rate and a the expansion factor), to a much better precision than one could achieve with a single tracer, to an arbitrary precision in the low noise limit. In combination with the power spectrum of the tracers this allows a much more precise measurement of the bias-free velocity divergence power spectrum, f^2 P_m - in fact, in the low noise limit f^2 P_m can be measured as well as would be possible if velocity divergence was observed directly, with rms improvement factor ~[5.2(beta^2+2 beta+2)/beta^2]^0.5 (e.g., ~10 times better than a single tracer for beta=0.4). This would allow a high precision determination of f D as a function of redshift with an error as low as 0.1%. We find up to two orders of magnitude improvement in Figure of Merit for the Dark Energy equation of state relative to Stage II, a factor of several better than other proposed Stage IV Dark Energy surveys. The ratio b_2/b_1 will be determined with an even greater precision than beta, producing, when measured as a function of scale, an exquisitely sensitive probe of the onset of non-linear bias. We also extend in more detail previous work on the use of the same technique to measure non-Gaussianity. Currently planned redshift surveys are typically designed with signal to noise of unity on scales of interest, and are not optimized for this technique. Our results suggest that this strategy may need to be revisited as there are large gains to be achieved from surveys with higher number densities of galaxies.

astro-ph↗

Effect of the intergalactic environment on the observability of Ly-alpha emitters during reionization

Observations of high-redshift Ly-alpha sources are a major tool for studying the high-redshift Universe. We discuss the effect of the reionizing intergalactic medium on the observability of Ly-alpha sources based on large simulations of early structure formation with radiative transfer. This takes into account self-consistently the reionization history, density, velocity and ionization structures and nonlinear source clustering. We find that all fields are highly anisotropic and as a consequence there are very large variations in opacity among the different lines-of-sight. The velocity effects, from both infall and source peculiar velocity are most important for the luminous sources, affecting the line profile and depressing the bright end of the luminosity function. The line profiles are generally asymmetric and the line centers of the luminous sources are always absorbed due to the high density of the local IGM. For both luminous and average sources the damping wing effects are of similar magnitude and remain significant until fairly late. The ionizing flux in the ionized patch surrounding a high density peak is generally strongly dominated, particularly at late times, by the cluster of faint sources, rather than the central massive galaxy. The IGM absorption does not change appreciably the correlation function of sources at high redshift. Our derived luminosity function assuming constant mass-to-light ratio provides an excellent match to the shape of the observed luminosity function at z=6.6 with faint-end slope of alpha=-1.5. The resulting mass-to-light ratio implies that the majority of sources responsible for reionization are too faint to be observed by the current surveys. (abridged)

astro-ph↗

Baryon Acoustic Oscillation Intensity Mapping as a Test of Dark Energy

The expansion of the universe appears to be accelerating, and the mysterious anti-gravity agent of this acceleration has been called ``dark energy''. To measure the dynamics of dark energy, Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) can be used. Previous discussions of the BAO dark energy test have focused on direct measurements of redshifts of as many as $10^9$ individual galaxies, by observing the 21cm line or by detecting optical emission. Here we show how the study of acoustic oscillation in the 21 cm brightness can be accomplished by economical three dimensional intensity mapping. If our estimates gain acceptance they may be the starting point for a new class of dark energy experiments dedicated to large angular scale mapping of the radio sky, shedding light on dark energy.

astro-ph↗

One-Loop Renormalization of QCD with Lorentz Violation

The explicit one-loop renormalizability of the gluon sector of QCD with Lorentz violation is demonstrated. The result is consistent with multiplicative renormalization as the required counter terms are consistent with a single re-scaling of the Lorentz-violation parameters. In addition, the resulting beta functions indicate that the CPT-even Lorentz-violating terms increase with energy scale in opposition to the asymptotically free gauge coupling and CPT-odd terms. The calculations are performed at lowest-order in the Lorentz-violating terms as they are assumed small.

hep-ph↗

Reionization: Characteristic Scales, Topology and Observability

Recently the numerical simulations of the process of reionization of the universe at z>6 have made a qualitative leap forward, reaching sufficient sizes and dynamic range to determine the characteristic scales of this process. This allowed making the first realistic predictions for a variety of observational signatures. We discuss recent results from large-scale radiative transfer and structure formation simulations on the observability of high-redshift Ly-alpha sources. We also briefly discuss the dependence of the characteristic scales and topology of the ionized and neutral patches on the reionization parameters.

astro-ph↗

Simulating Reionization: Character and Observability

In recent years there has been considerable progress in our understanding of the nature and properties of the reionization process. In particular, the numerical simulations of this epoch have made a qualitative leap forward, reaching sufficiently large scales to derive the characteristic scales of the reionization process and thus allowing for realistic observational predictions. Our group has recently performed the first such large-scale radiative transfer simulations of reionization, run on top of state-of-the-art simulations of early structure formation. This allowed us to make the first realistic observational predictions about the Epoch of Reionization based on detailed radiative transfer and structure formation simulations. We discuss the basic features of reionization derived from our simulations and some recent results on the observational implications for the high-redshift Ly-alpha sources.

astro-ph↗

Dark matter clustering: a simple renormalization group approach

I compute a renormalization group (RG) improvement to the standard beyond-linear-order Eulerian perturbation theory (PT) calculation of the power spectrum of large-scale density fluctuations in the Universe. At z=0, for a power spectrum matching current observations, lowest order RGPT appears to be as accurate as one can test using existing numerical simulation-calibrated fitting formulas out to at least k~=0.3 h/Mpc; although inaccuracy is guaranteed at some level by approximations in the calculation (which can be improved in the future). In contrast, standard PT breaks down virtually as soon as beyond-linear corrections become non-negligible, on scales even larger than k=0.1 h/Mpc. This extension in range of validity could substantially enhance the usefulness of PT for interpreting baryonic acoustic oscillation surveys aimed at probing dark energy, for example. I show that the predicted power spectrum converges at high k to a power law with index given by the fixed-point solution of the RG equation. I discuss many possible future directions for this line of work. The basic calculation of this paper should be easily understandable without any prior knowledge of RG methods, while a rich background of mathematical physics literature exists for the interested reader.

astro-ph↗

Clustering of dark matter tracers: renormalizing the bias parameters

A commonly used perturbative method for computing large-scale clustering of tracers of mass density, like galaxies, is to model the tracer density field as a Taylor series in the local smoothed mass density fluctuations, possibly adding a stochastic component. I suggest a set of parameter redefinitions, eliminating problematic perturbative correction terms, that should represent a modest improvement, at least, to this method. As presented here, my method can be used to compute the power spectrum and bispectrum to 4th order in initial density perturbations, and higher order extensions should be straightforward. While the model is technically unchanged at this order, just reparameterized, the renormalized model is more elegant, and should have better convergence behavior, for three reasons: First, in the usual approach the effects of beyond-linear-order bias parameters can be seen at asymptotically large scales, while after renormalization the linear model is preserved in the large-scale limit, i.e., the effects of higher order bias parameters are restricted to relatively high k. Second, while the standard approach includes smoothing to suppress large perturbative correction terms, resulting in dependence on the arbitrary cutoff scale, no cutoff-sensitive terms appear explicitly after my redefinitions (and, relatedly, my correction terms are less sensitive to high-k, non-linear, power). Third, the 3rd order bias parameter disappears entirely, so my model has one fewer free parameter than usual (this parameter was redundant at the order considered). This model predicts a small modification of the baryonic acoustic oscillation (BAO) signal, in real space, supporting the robustness of BAO as a probe of dark energy, and providing a complete perturbative description over the relevant range of scales.

astro-ph↗

Inverse problems for random walks on trees: network tomography

Let $G$ be a finite tree with root $r$ and associate to the internal vertices of $G$ a collection of transition probabilities for a simple nondegenerate Markov chain. Embedd $G$ into a graph $G^\prime$ constructed by gluing finite linear chains of length at least 2 to the terminal vertices of $G.$ Then $G^\prime$ admits distinguished boundary layers and the transition probabilities associated to the internal vertices of $G$ can be augmented to define a simple nondegenerate Markov chain $X$ on the vertices of $G^\prime.$ We show that the transition probabilities of $X$ can be recovered from the joint distribution of first hitting time and first hitting place of $X$ started at the root $r$ for the distinguished boundary layers of $G^\prime.$

math.PR↗

Cosmological parameters from combining the Lyman-alpha forest with CMB, galaxy clustering and SN constraints

We combine the Ly-alpha forest power spectrum (LYA) from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and high resolution spectra with cosmic microwave background (CMB) including 3-year WMAP, and supernovae (SN) and galaxy clustering constraints to derive new constraints on cosmological parameters. The existing LYA power spectrum analysis is supplemented by constraints on the mean flux decrement derived using a principle component analysis for quasar continua, which improves the LYA constraints on the linear power. We find some tension between the WMAP3 and LYA power spectrum amplitudes, at the ~2 sigma level, which is partially alleviated by the inclusion of other observations: we find σ_8=0.85\pm 0.02 compared to sigma_8=0.80 \pm 0.03 without LYA. For the slope we find ns=0.965\pm0.012. We find no evidence for the running of the spectral index in the combined analysis, dn/dln k=-(1.5\pm 1.2) x 10^{-2}, in agreement with inflation. The limits on the sum of neutrino masses are significantly improved: $\sum m_ν<0.17\eV$ at 95% (<0.32eV at 99.9%). This result, when combined with atmospheric and solar neutrino mixing constraints, requires that the neutrino masses cannot be degenerate, m_3/m_1>1.3 (95% c.l.). Assuming a thermalized fourth neutrino we find m_s<0.26\eV at 95% c.l. and such neutrino cannot be an explanation for the LSND results. In the limits of massless neutrinos we obtain the effective number of neutrinos N_ν^{\rm eff}=5.3^{+0.4}_{-0.6}{}^{+2.1}_{-1.7}{}^{+3.8}_{-2.5} and N_ν^{\rm eff}=3.04 is allowed only at 2.4-sigma. The constraint on the dark energy equation of state is w=-1.04\pm 0.06. The constraint on curvature is Omega_k=-0.003\pm 0.006. Cosmic strings limits are Gμ<2.3 x 10^{-7} at 95% c.l. and correlated isocurvature models are also tightly constrained.

astro-ph↗