arXiv subjects

Paul Pružina

Publications and source records attributed to Paul Pružina.

3 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Semi-convection in rotating spherical shells: flows, layers and dynamos

Large regions of giant planets are thought to possess unstable thermal gradients stabilised by gradients in heavy-element composition. The fluid can then develop semi-convection, a double-diffusive instability driven by the unequal molecular diffusivities of heat and composition. While previous studies have focus mainly on local Cartesian models, we investigate semi-convection in rotating spherical shells, the geometry relevant to planetary interiors, using direct numerical simulations In a first non-linear phase, the flow spontaneously forms concentric density staircases composed of well-mixed layers separated by thin, strongly stratified interfaces. We propose scalings for both the thickness of these layers and their survival time in terms of the rotation rate and stratification. Over longer timescales, layers merge to produce statistically steady states consisting either of a fully convective shell or of a convective layer overlain by a persistent stably stratified layer (SSL), depending on the balance between stratification and rotation. Dynamo simulations show that flow within the convective region can generate a self-sustained magnetic field, which is filtered by zonal flows in the overlying SSL. This results in a strongly dipolar and axisymmetric external field, in encouraging agreement with Saturn's magnetic field. Across the explored parameter range, both the Rossby number and the thickness of the stably stratified layer are governed by a single combination of control parameters. This enables identification of a regime favourable to planetary-like dynamos.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2025

Planetary dynamos driven by semiconvection in stably stratified layers

Stably stratified fluid layers are common in gaseous planets, stellar interiors, and planetary cores, and have long been considered incapable of sustaining dynamo action. Here, we show that semiconvection - driven by a destabilizing thermal gradient within an overall stably stratified medium - can, in fact, give rise to self-sustained magnetic fields. Motivated by recent models suggesting that large portions of Jupiter and Saturn may be semiconvective, we perform direct numerical simulations in spherical shells, operating in the planetary-relevant regime of low magnetic Prandtl numbers. From a primary semiconvection instability, a layered convection state spontaneously develops, consisting of a convective region beneath a stably stratified layer of comparable thickness. Fluid motions in this convective region are strong enough to produce magnetic fields with key features observed in planetary dynamos, including strong dipolarity, realistic field strengths, and spectral characteristics. These results provide the first direct evidence that semiconvection can drive dynamo action in stably stratified regions of gas giants and stellar interiors, with important implications for understanding astrophysical magnetic field generation.

astro-ph.EP↗

arXiv2023

Salt fingering staircases and the three-component Phillips effect

Understanding the dynamics of staircases in salt fingering convection presents a long-standing theoretical challenge to fluid dynamicists. Although there has been significant progress, particularly through numerical simulations, there are a number of conflicting theoretical explanations as to the driving mechanism underlying staircase formation. The Phillips effect proposes that layering in stirred stratified flow is due to an antidiffusive process, and it has been suggested that this mechanism may also be responsible for salt fingering staircases. However, the details of this process, as well as mathematical models to predict the evolution and merger dynamics of staircases, have yet to be developed. We generalise the theory of the Phillips effect to a three-component system (e.g. temperature, salinity, energy) and demonstrate the first regularised nonlinear model of layering based on mixing-length parameterisations. The model predicts both the inception of layering and its long-term evolution through mergers , whilst generalising, and remaining consistent with, previous results for double-diffusive layering based on flux ratios. Our model of salt fingering is formulated using spatial averaging processes and closed by a mixing length parameterised in terms of the kinetic energy and the salt and temperature gradients. The model predicts a layering instability for a bounded range of parameter values in the salt fingering regime. Nonlinear solutions show that an initially unstable linear buoyancy gradient develops into layers, which merge through a process of stronger interfaces growing at the expense of weaker interfaces. Mergers increase the buoyancy gradient across interfaces, and increase the buoyancy flux through the staircase.

physics.flu-dyn↗