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Pavel Etingof

Publications and source records attributed to Pavel Etingof.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
arXiv2026

$p$-curvature of periodic pencils of flat connections

In arXiv:2401.00636 we introduced the notion of a periodic pencil of flat connections on a smooth variety $X$. Namely, a pencil is a linear family of flat connections $\nabla(s_1,...,s_n)=d-\sum_{i=1}^r\sum_{j=1}^ns_jB_{ij}dx_i,$ where $\lbrace x_i\rbrace$ are coordinates on $X$ and $B_{ij}: X\to {\rm Mat}_N$ are matrix-valued regular functions. A pencil is periodic if it is generically invariant under the shifts $s_j\mapsto s_j+1$ up to isomorphism. In this paper we show that in characteristic $p>0$, the $p$-curvature operators $\lbrace C_i,1\le i\le r\rbrace$ of a periodic pencil $\nabla$ are isospectral to the commuting endomorphisms $C_i^*:=\sum_{j=1}^n (s_j-s_j^p)B_{ij}^{(1)}$, where $B_{ij}^{(1)}$ is the Frobenius twist of $B_{ij}$. Using the results of arXiv:2401.00636, this allows us to compute the eigenvalues of the $p$-curvature for many important examples of pencils of flat connections, including Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov (KZ), Casimir, and Dunkl connections, their confluent limits, and equivariant quantum connections for conical symplectic resolutions with finitely many torus fixed points. In particular, for rational values of parameters these eigenvalues are zero, so the connections are globally nilpotent. We also show that every periodic pencil has regular singularites and its residues have rational eigenvalues for rational values of parameters. In particular, this holds for the aforementioned quantum connections if they have rational coefficients. Also we generalize these results to irregular pencils (KZ, Casimir, Dunkl, and Toda), and relate them in the Dunkl case to representations of rational Cherednik algebras. Finally, we extend our main result to pseudo-pencils and discuss the generalization to difference equations.

math.AG↗
arXiv2025

Lie superalgebras in characteristic 2 and mixed characteristic

We define the notion of a Lie superalgebra over a field $k$ of characteristic $2$ which unifies the two pre-existing ones - $\mathbb{Z}/2$-graded Lie algebras with a squaring map and Lie algebras in the Verlinde category ${\rm Ver}_4^+(k)$, and prove the PBW theorem for this notion. We also do the same for the restricted version. Finally, discuss mixed characteristic deformation theory of such Lie superalgebras (for perfect $k$), introducing and studying a natural lift of our notion of Lie superalgebra to characteristic zero - the notion of a mixed Lie superalgebra over a ramified quadratic extension $R$ of the ring of Witt vectors $W(k)$.

math.RT↗
arXiv2025

Iterating sine, equivalence classes of variable changes, and groups with few conjugacy classes

This is an expository paper about iterations of a smooth real function $f$ on $[0,\varepsilon)$ such that $f(0)=0$, $f'(0)=1$, and $f(x) 0$, i.e., the sequence defined by $x_{n+1}=f(x_n)$. This sequence has interesting asymptotics, whose study leads to the question of classifying conjugacy classes in the group of formal changes of variable $y=f(x)$, i.e., formal series $f(x)=x+a_2x^2+a_3x^2+...$ with real coefficients (under composition). The same classification applies over a finite field $\mathbb{F}_p$ for suitably truncated series $f$, defining a family of $p$-groups which have the smallest number of conjugacy classes for a given order, i.e., are the ``most noncommutative" finite groups currently known. The paper should be accessible to undergraduates and at least partially to advanced high school students.

math.HO↗
arXiv2025

Bernstein inequality and holonomic modules

In this paper we study the representation theory of filtered algebras with commutative associated graded whose spectrum has finitely many symplectic leaves. Examples are provided by the algebras of global sections of quantizations of symplectic resolutions, quantum Hamiltonian reductions, spherical symplectic reflection algebras. We introduce the notion of holonomic modules for such algebras. We show that the generalized Bernstein inequality holds for simple modules and turns into equality for holonomic simples provided the algebraic fundamental groups of all leaves are finite. Under the same assumption, we prove that the associated variety of a simple holonomic module is equi-dimensional. We also prove that, if the regular bimodule has finite length or if the algebra in question is a quantum Hamiltonian reduction, then any holonomic module has finite length. This allows to reduce the Bernstein inequality for arbitrary modules to simple ones. We prove that the regular bimodule has finite length for the global sections of quantizations of symplectic resolutions and for Rational Cherednik algebras. The paper contains a joint appendix by the author and Etingof that motivates the definition of a holonomic module in the case of global sections of a quantization of a symplectic resolution.

math.RT↗
arXiv2025

Bounds for asymptotic characters of simple Lie groups

An important function attached to a complex simple Lie group $G$ is its asymptotic character $X(λ,x)$ (where $λ,x$ are real (co)weights of $G$) - the Fourier transform in $x$ of its Duistermaat-Heckman function $DH_λ(p)$ (continuous limit of weight multiplicities). It is shown in arXiv:2312.03101 that the best $λ$-independent upper bound $-c(G)$ for ${\rm inf}_x{\rm Re}X(λ,x)$ for fixed $λ$ is strictly negative. We quantify this result by providing a lower bound for $c(G)$ in terms of $\dim G$. We also provide upper and lower bounds for $DH_λ(0)$ when $|λ|=1$. This allows us to show that $|X(λ,x)|\le C(G)|λ|^{-1}|x|^{-1}$ for some constant $C(G)$ depending only on $G$, which implies the conjecture in Remark 17.16 of arXiv:2312.03101. We also show that $c(SL_n)\le (\frac{4}{π^2})^{n-2}$. Finally, in the appendix, which subsumes our previous paper arXiv:1811.05293, we prove Conjecture 1 in arXiv:1706.02793 about Mittag-Leffler type sums for $G$.

math.RT↗
arXiv2024

A brief introduction to quantum groups

These are lecture notes of a mini-course given by the first author in Moscow in July 2019, taken by the second author and then edited and expanded by the first author. They were also a basis of the lectures given by the first author at the CMSA Math Science Literature Lecture Series in May 2020. We attempt to give a bird's-eye view of basic aspects of the theory of quantum groups.

math.QA↗
arXiv2024

On Some Special Cases of Gaiotto's Positivity Conjecture

We prove a conjecture of D. Gaiotto on positivity of inner products arising in studying Landau-Ginzburg boundary conditions in the 1-dimensional case, and in special cases in higher dimensions, for 3d free hypermultiplets.

math.CA↗
arXiv2024

Periodic and quasi-motivic pencils of flat connections

We introduce a new notion of a periodic pencil of flat connections on a smooth algebraic variety $X$. This is a family $\nabla(s_1,...,s_n)$ of flat connections on a trivial vector bundle on $X$ depending linearly on parameters $s_1,...,s_n$ and generically invariant, up to isomorphism, under the shifts $s_i\mapsto s_i+1$ for all $i$. If in addition $\nabla$ has regular singularities, we call it a quasi-motivic pencil. We use tools from complex analysis to establish various remarkable properties of such pencils over $\mathbb C$. For example, we show that the monodromy of a quasi-motivic pencil is defined over the field of algebraic functions in $e^{2πis_j}$, and that its singularities are constrained to an arrangement of hyperplanes with integer normal vectors. Then we show that many important examples of families of flat connections, such as Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov, Dunkl, and Casimir connections, are quasi-motivic and thus periodic pencils. Besides being interesting in its own right, the periodic property of a pencil of flat connections turns out to be very useful in computing the eigenvalues of the $p$-curvature of its reduction to positive characteristic. This will be done in our forthcoming paper.

math.AG↗
arXiv2024

From the Albert algebra to Kac's ten-dimensional Jordan superalgebra via tensor categories in characteristic 5

Kac's ten-dimensional simple Jordan superalgebra over a field of characteristic 5 is obtained from a process of semisimplification, via tensor categories, from the exceptional simple Jordan algebra (or Albert algebra), together with a suitable order 5 automorphism. This explains McCrimmon's 'bizarre result' asserting that, in characteristic 5, Kac's superalgebra is a sort of 'degree 3 Jordan superalgebra'. As an outcome, the exceptional simple Lie superalgebra el(5;5), specific of characteristic 5, is obtained from the simple Lie algebra of type $E_8$ and an order 5 automorphism. In the process, precise recipes to obtain superalgebras from algebras in the category of representations of the cyclic group $C_p$, over a field of characteristic $p>2$, are given.

math.RA↗
arXiv2024

Hecke operators and analytic Langlands correspondence for curves over local fields

We construct analogues of the Hecke operators for the moduli space of G-bundles on a curve X over a local field F with parabolic structures at finitely many points. We conjecture that they define commuting compact normal operators on the Hilbert space of half-densities on this moduli space. In the case F=C, we also conjecture that their joint spectrum is in a natural bijection with the set of opers on X for the Langlands dual group with real monodromy. This may be viewed as an analytic version of the Langlands correspondence for complex curves. Furthermore, we conjecture an explicit formula relating the eigenvalues of the Hecke operators and the global differential operators studied in our previous paper arXiv:1908.09677. Assuming the compactness conjecture, this formula follows from a certain system of differential equations satisfied by the Hecke operators, which we prove in this paper for G=PGL(n).

math.AG↗
arXiv2024

Asymptotic properties of tensor powers in symmetric tensor categories

Let G be a group and V a finite dimensional representation of G over an algebraically closed field k of characteristic p>0. Let $d_n(V)$ be the number of indecomposable summands of $V^{\otimes n}$ of nonzero dimension mod p. It is easy to see that there exists a limit $δ(V):=\lim_{n\to \infty}d_n(V)^{1/n}$, which is positive (and $\ge 1$) iff V has an indecomposable summand of nonzero dimension mod p. We show that in this case the number $$ c(V):=\liminf_{n\to \infty} \frac{d_n(V)}{δ(V)^n}\in [0,1] $$ is strictly positive and $$ \log (c(V)^{-1})=O(δ(V)^2), $$ and moreover this holds for any symmetric tensor category over k of moderate growth. Furthermore, we conjecture that in fact $$ \log(c(V)^{-1})=O(δ(V)) $$ (which would be sharp), and prove this for p=2,3; in particular, for p=2 we show that $c(V)\ge 3^{-\frac{4}{3}δ(V)+1}$. The proofs are based on the characteristic p version of Deligne's theorem for symmetric tensor categories obtained in earlier work of the authors. We also conjecture a classification of semisimple symmetric tensor categories of moderate growth which is interesting in its own right and implies the above conjecture for all $p$, and illustrate this conjecture by describing the semisimplification of the modular representation category of a cyclic p-group. Finally, we study the asymptotic behavior of the decomposition of $V^{\otimes n}$ in characteristic zero using Deligne's theorem and the Macdonald-Mehta-Opdam identity.

math.RT↗
arXiv2024

A general framework for the analytic Langlands correspondence

We discuss a general framework for the analytic Langlands correspondence over an arbitrary local field F introduced and studied in our works arXiv:1908.09677, arXiv:2103.01509 and arXiv:2106.05243, in particular including non-split and twisted settings. Then we specialize to the archimedean cases (F=C and F=R) and give a (mostly conjectural) description of the spectrum of the Hecke operators in various cases in terms of opers satisfying suitable reality conditions, as predicted in part in arXiv:2103.01509, arXiv:2106.05243 and arXiv:2107.01732. We also describe an analogue of the Langlands functoriality principle in the analytic Langlands correspondence over C and show that it is compatible with the results and conjectures of arXiv:2103.01509. Finally, we apply the tools of the analytic Langlands correspondence over archimedean fields in genus zero to the Gaudin model and its generalizations, as well as their q-deformations.

math.AG↗
arXiv2023

N-spherical functors and tensor categories

We apply the recently introduced notion, due to Dyckerhoff, Kapranov and Schechtman, of $N$-spherical functors of stable infinity categories, which generalise spherical functors, to the setting of monoidal categories. We call an object $N$-bounded if the corresponding regular endofunctor on the derived category is $N$-spherical. Besides giving new examples of $N$-spherical functors, the notion of $N$-bounded objects gives surprising connections with Jones-Wenzl idempotents, Frobenius-Perron dimensions and central conjectures in the field of symmetric tensor categories in positive characteristic.

math.CT↗
arXiv2023

On a necessary condition for unitary categorification of fusion rings

In arXiv:1910.12059 Liu, Palcoux and Wu proved a remarkable necessary condition for a fusion ring to admit a unitary categorification, by constructing invariants of the fusion ring that have to be positive if it is unitarily categorifiable. The main goal of this note is to provide a somewhat more direct proof of this result. In the last subsection we discuss integrality properties of the Liu-Palcoux-Wu invariants.

math.QA↗
arXiv2023

Incompressible tensor categories

A symmetric tensor category $\mathcal D$ over an algebraically closed field $k$ is incompressible if every tensor functor out of $\mathcal D$ is an embedding. E.g., the categories $Vec$ and $sVec$ of (super)vector spaces are incompressible. Moreover, by Deligne's theorem, if char$(k)=0$ then any tensor category of moderate growth uniquely fibres over $sVec$, so $Vec$ and $sVec$ are the only incompressible categories in this class. Similarly, in characteristic $p>0$, we have the incompressible Verlinde category $Ver_p$, and any Frobenius exact category of moderate growth uniquely fibres over $Ver_p$. More generally, the Verlinde categories $Ver_{p^n}$, $Ver_{p^n}^+$ are incompressible, and a key conjecture is that every tensor category of moderate growth uniquely fibres over $Ver_{p^\infty}$. This would make the above the only incompressible categories in this class. We prove a part of this conjecture, showing that every tensor category of moderate growth fibres over an incompressible one. So it remains to understand incompressible categories. We say that $\mathcal D$ is subterminal if it every tensor category admits at most one fibre functor to it, and a Bezrukavnikov category if the class of tensor categories that fibre over $\mathcal D$ is closed under quotients. Clearly, a subterminal Bezrukavnikov category is incompressible, and we conjecture the converse. We prove that $Ver_p$ is Bezrukavnikov, generalizing the result of Bezrukavnikov for $Vec$. We also find intrinsic sufficient conditions for incompressibility and subterminality. Namely, $\mathcal D$ is maximally nilpotent if the growth rates of symmetric powers are minimal. We show that a finite maximally nilpotent category is incompressible, and also subterminal if it satisfies an additional geometric reductivity condition. Then we verify these conditions for $Ver_{2^n}$.

math.CT↗
arXiv2023

Twisted Traces and Positive Forms on Quantized Kleinian Singularities of Type A

Following [Beem C., Peelaers W., Rastelli L., Comm. Math. Phys. 354 (2017), 345-392, arXiv:1601.05378] and [Etingof P., Stryker D., SIGMA 16 (2020), 014, 28 pages, arXiv:1909.13588], we undertake a detailed study of twisted traces on quantizations of Kleinian singularities of type $A_{n-1}$. In particular, we give explicit integral formulas for these traces and use them to determine when a trace defines a positive Hermitian form on the corresponding algebra. This leads to a classification of unitary short star-products for such quantizations, a problem posed by Beem, Peelaers and Rastelli in connection with 3-dimensional superconformal field theory. In particular, we confirm their conjecture that for $n\le 4$ a unitary short star-product is unique and compute its parameter as a function of the quantization parameters, giving exact formulas for the numerical functions by Beem, Peelaers and Rastelli. If $n=2$, this, in particular, recovers the theory of unitary spherical Harish-Chandra bimodules for ${\mathfrak{sl}}_2$. Thus the results of this paper may be viewed as a starting point for a generalization of the theory of unitary Harish-Chandra bimodules over enveloping algebras of reductive Lie algebras [Vogan Jr. D.A., Annals of Mathematics Studies, Vol. 118, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1987] to more general quantum algebras. Finally, we derive recurrences to compute the coefficients of short star-products corresponding to twisted traces, which are generalizations of discrete Painlevé systems.

math.QA↗