arXiv subjects

Pawel Kulakowski

Publications and source records attributed to Pawel Kulakowski.

11 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2025

Vital Signs Monitoring with mmWave OFDM JCAS System

Wireless techniques for monitoring human vital signs, such as heart and breathing rates, offer a promising solution in the context of joint communication and sensing (JCAS) with applications in medicine, sports, safety, security, and even the military. This paper reports experimental results obtained at the Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits in Ilmenau, demonstrating the effectiveness of an indoor orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) JCAS system for detecting human heart and breathing rates. The system operated in a bistatic configuration at an FR2 frequency of 26.5 GHz with a variable bandwidth of up to 1 GHz. Measurements were taken under various scenarios, including a subject lying down, sitting, or walking, in both line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight conditions, and with one or two subjects present simultaneously. The results indicate that while vital sign detection is generally feasible, its effectiveness is influenced by several factors, such as the subjects clothing, activity, as well as the distance and angle relative to the sensing system. In addition, no significant influence of bandwidth was detected since the vital signs information is encoded in the phase of the signal.

cs.ET↗

arXiv2025

Magnetic Localization for In-Body Nano-Communication Medical Systems

Nano-machines circulating inside the human body, collecting data on tissue conditions, represent a vital part of next-generation medical diagnostic systems. However, for these devices to operate effectively, they need to relay not only their medical measurements but also their positions. This paper introduces a novel localization method for in-body nano-machines based on the magnetic field, leveraging the advantageous magnetic permeability of all human tissues. The entire proposed localization system is described, starting from 10 um x 10 um magnetometers to be integrated into the nano-machines, to a set of external wires generating the magnetic field. Mathematical equations for the localization algorithm are also provided, assuming the nano-machines do not execute the computations themselves, but transmit their magnetic field measurements together with medical data outside of the body. The whole system is validated with computer simulations that capture the measurement error of the magnetometers, the error induced by the Earth magnetic field, and a human body model assuming different possible positions of nano-machines. The results show a very high system accuracy with position errors even below 1 cm.

cs.IR↗

arXiv2021

Light Energy Driven Nanocommunications with FRET in Photosynthetic Systems

Chlorophylls and carotenoids, key components of photosynthetic systems, are proposed for molecular communications at the nanoscale with the mechanism of resonance energy transfer. Both types of pigments are introduced focusing on their exceptional properties like energy harvesting, ultra-low energy consumption during transmissions, picoseconds delays, an ability for signal conversions, and bio-compatibility. The theoretical considerations are supported by two spectroscopic experiments on the photosystem II complex. The first experiment aims at the description of the photosystem II including calculation of the energy transfer efficiency between carotenoids and chlorophylls. In the second one, the photochemical efficiency is estimated, showing how effective the chlorophylls are in further energy processing. With the experimentally determined values, communication and energetic performance are analyzed, the probability of channel blockage is calculated and the energy consumption per bit is estimated. Treating carotenoid molecules as transmitters, chlorophylls as receivers, and the energy transfer between them as a way to encode information, a throughput up to 1 Gbit/s is achievable with a bit error rate below 10^-3, average transmission delays about 20 ps, and energy consumption c.a. 2.0x10^-18 J/bit. These results indicate a high potential of photosynthetic systems for nanocommunications and other related applications, due to suitable energetic characteristics in terms of energy harvesting abilities and low consumption for data transmissions.

physics.bio-ph↗

arXiv2021

Understanding the Applicability of Terahertz Flow-guided Nano-Networks for Medical Applications

Terahertz-based nano-networks are emerging as a groundbreaking technology able to play a decisive role in future medical applications owing to their ability to precisely quantify figures, such as the viral load in a patient or to predict sepsis shock or heart attacks before they occur. Due to the extremely limited size of the devices composing these nano-networks, the use of the Terahertz (THz) band has emerged as the enabling technology for their communication. However, the characteristics of the THz band, which strictly reduce the communication range inside the human body, together with the energy limitations of nano-nodes make the in-body deployment of nano-nodes a challenging task. To overcome these problems, we propose a novel in-body flow-guided nano-network architecture consisting of three different devices: i) nano-node, ii) nano-router, and iii) bio-sensor. As the performance of this type of nano-network has not been previously explored, a theoretical framework capturing all its particularities is derived to properly model its behavior and evaluate its feasibility in real medical applications. Employing this analytical model, a thorough sensitivity study of its key parameters is accomplished. Finally, we analyze the terahertz flow-guided nano-network design to satisfy the requirements of several medical applications of interest.

cs.NI↗

arXiv2021

Transmitting FRET signals to nerve cells

This paper is concerned with a novel method allowing communication between FRET nanonetworks and nerve cells. It is focused on two system components: fluorophores and channelrhodopsins which serve as transmitters and receivers, respectively. Channelrhodopsins are used here also as a FRET signal-to-voltage converter. The trade-off between throughput and bit error rate is also investigated.

q-bio.MN↗

arXiv2021

From Nano-Communications to Body Area Networks: A Perspective on Truly Personal Communications

This article presents an overview of future truly personal communications, ranging from networking inside the human body to the exchange of data with external wireless devices in the surrounding environment. At the nano- and micro-scales, communications can be realized with the aid of molecular mechanisms, Forster resonance energy transfer phenomenon, electromagnetic or ultrasound waves. At a larger scale, in the domain of Body Area Networks, a wide range of communication mechanisms is available, including smart-textiles, inductive- and body-couplings, ultrasounds, optical and wireless radio transmissions, a number of mature technologies existing already. The main goal of this article is to identify the potential mechanisms that can be exploited to provide interfaces in between nano- and micro-scale systems and Body Area Networks. These interfaces have to bridge the existing gap between the two worlds, in order to allow for truly personal communication systems to become a reality. The extraordinary applications of such systems are also discussed, as they are strong drivers of the research in this area.

cs.NI↗

arXiv2019

Signal generation and storage in FRET-based nanocommunications

The paper is concerned with Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) considered as a mechanism for communication between nanodevices. Two solved issues are reported in the paper, namely: signal generation and signal storage in FRET-based nanonetworks. First, luciferase molecules as FRET transmitters which are able to generate FRET signals themselves, taking energy from chemical reactions without any external light exposure, are proposed. Second, channelrhodopsins as FRET receivers, as they can convert FRET signals into voltage, are suggested. Further, medical in-body systems where both molecule types might be successfully applied, are discussed. Luciferase-channelrhodopsin communication is modeled and its performance is numerically validated, reporting on its throughput, bit error rate, propagation delay and energy consumption.

physics.med-ph↗

arXiv2018

Communication via FRET in Nanonetworks of Mobile Proteins

A practical, biologically motivated case of protein complexes (immunoglobulin G and FcRII receptors) moving on the surface of mastcells, that are common parts of an immunological system, is investigated. Proteins are considered as nanomachines creating a nanonetwork. Accurate molecular models of the proteins and the fluorophores which act as their nanoantennas are used to simulate the communication between the nanomachines when they are close to each other. The theory of diffusion-based Brownian motion is applied to model movements of the proteins. It is assumed that fluorophore molecules send and receive signals using the Forster Resonance Energy Transfer. The probability of the efficient signal transfer and the respective bit error rate are calculated and discussed.

q-bio.MN↗

arXiv2018

Routing in FRET-based Nanonetworks

Nanocommunications, understood as communications between nanoscale devices, is commonly regarded as a technology essential for cooperation of large groups of nanomachines and thus crucial for development of the whole area of nanotechnology. While solutions for point-to-point nanocommunications have been already proposed, larger networks cannot function properly without routing. In this article we focus on the nanocommunications via Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET), which was found to be a technique with a very high signal propagation speed, and discuss how to route signals through nanonetworks. We introduce five new routing mechanisms, based on biological properties of specific molecules. We experimentally validate one of these mechanisms. Finally, we analyze open issues showing the technical challenges for signal transmission and routing in FRET-based nanocommunications.

physics.bio-ph↗

arXiv2018

Measurements on MIMO-FRET nano-networks based on Alexa Fluor dyes

Nano-communication has gained significant attention in the last few years, as a means to establish information transfer between future nano-machines. Comparing with other communication techniques for nano-scale (calcium ions signaling, molecular or catalytic nanomotors, pheromones propagation, bacteria-based communication), the phenomenon called Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) offers significantly smaller propagation delays and high channel throughput. In this paper, we report our recent experiments on FRET-based nano-networks performed in the Laboratory of Cell Biophysics of the Jagiellonian University, Krakow. We propose to use Alexa Fluor dyes as nano transmitters and receivers, as they enable to create multiple-input multi-output (MIMO) FRET communication channels and thus enhance FRET efficiency. We measure FRET efficiency values, calculate bit error rates for the measured scenarios and extend the calculations to consider a general case of MIMO (n,m) FRET channels.

physics.bio-ph↗

arXiv2018

Nanocommunication via FRET with DyLight Dyes using Multiple Donors and Acceptors

The phenomenon of Forster Resonance Energy Transfer, commonly used to measure the distances between fluorophore molecules and to study interactions between fluorescent-tagged proteins in life sciences, can also be applied in nanocommunication networks to transfer information bits. The mechanism offers a relatively large throughput and very small delays, but at the same time the channel bit error rate is too high and the transmission ranges are too limited for communication purposes. In this paper, multiple donors at the transmitter side and multiple acceptors at the receiver side are considered to decrease the bit error rate. As nanoantennas, the DyLight fluorescent dyes, which are very well suited to long range nanocommunication due to their large Forster distances and high degrees of labeling, are proposed. The reported results of the recent laboratory experiments confirm efficient communication on distances over 10 nm.

physics.bio-ph↗