arXiv subjects

Peizhi Zhang

Publications and source records attributed to Peizhi Zhang.

7 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

SSP: An Event-Matched Syn2Sim2Phy Cross-Domain Evaluation Framework for Autonomous Driving VLA Models

Vision-language-action (VLA) models for autonomous driving jointly produce scene interpretation, language-based reasoning, and driving trajectories. Existing evaluations often use independently selected synthetic, simulated, and physical data, so measured performance gaps can be confounded by changes in scenario content rather than genuine domain sensitivity. We propose SSP (Synthetic-Simulation-Physical), an event-matched Syn2Sim2Phy evaluation framework that anchors cross-domain comparison to the same safety-critical interaction. Starting from a synthetic long-tail video, SSP builds a validated event specification that preserves road topology, participant roles, relative motion, conflict evolution, passing order, response constraints, and event phases. Platform-specific realizations are then constructed in CARLA and on a closed proving ground and are evaluated only after transfer audits confirm preservation of mandatory event properties. SSP maps heterogeneous outputs from OpenEMMA, LLaViDA, and Alpamayo-R1 into common semantic slots and a 1 s trajectory window to assess output validity, semantic accuracy, critical-interaction recognition, trajectory quality, and risk response. Across Cut-in and vulnerable-road-user crossing cases, the macro-averaged Integrated VLA Capability Scores are 0.259, 0.291, and 0.325 in the Synthetic, Simulation, and Physical domains, respectively, while the best domain varies by scenario. Alpamayo-R1, OpenEMMA, and LLaViDA obtain scores of 0.405, 0.338, and 0.131. SSP provides a reproducible scene-transfer chain and an evidence-qualified evaluation of VLA behavior without assuming that the Physical domain is universally superior.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2026

Video2Track: From Real-World Interaction Videos to Steerable Adversarial Closed-Track Testing for Automated Driving Systems

Closed-track testing plays a fundamental role in the verification and validation of automated driving systems (ADS), particularly for safety-critical scenarios, by enabling reproducible evaluation under controlled conditions. However, most existing approaches still rely on standardized protocols or predefined trajectories, leading to overly scripted interactions and limited ability to reproduce the natural complexity of public-road traffic. To address this limitation, we propose Video2Track, a framework that transfers real-world interactive driving scenarios from videos into steerable adversarial closed-track testing. The framework consists of two tightly coupled modules. The first is a scenario semantic mapping module, which extracts structured semantics from driving videos using a vision-language model and grounds them onto a closed-track topology library via retrieval-augmented generation, thereby identifying compatible map segments and interaction anchors. The second is a dynamic interactive testing module, which conditions on the grounded topology and anchors to generate diverse multi-agent trajectories through a conditional diffusion model, while regulating interaction intensity via a Stackelberg game with a parameterized adversarial objective. Closed-track experiments demonstrate that the proposed framework can faithfully reproduce representative real-world interaction scenarios and generate executable scenario variants with controllable risk levels and interaction styles, providing a scalable approach for realistic and steerable ADS validation.

cs.RO↗

arXiv2026

An interactive enhanced driving dataset for autonomous driving

Driving interaction data are important for training and evaluating autonomous drivingVision-Language-Action (VLA) models, but existing datasets contain limited denseinteraction samples and weak alignment between trajectories, visual inputs, and languageannotations. This work presents the Interactive Enhanced Driving Dataset (IEDD), alarge-scale interaction-oriented dataset constructed from five naturalistic trajectory datasets:Lyft Level 5, Waymo, nuPlan, INTERACTION, and SIND. IEDD contains 7.31 millionego-centric interaction segments, including 6.66 million multi agents cases, covering head-on,car-following, merging, and crossing interactions. Each segment is associated withtrajectory-derived interaction metrics describing interaction intensity and efficiency. Based onthese annotations, IEDD-VQA further provides trajectory-reconstructed BEV videos,structured interaction semantics, and multi-turn question-answer pairs. The dataset cansupport interaction mining, long-tail scenario analysis, VLA instruction tuning, andhierarchical evaluation of perception, behavior description, physical quantification, andcounterfactual reasoning.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2025

A Communication-Latency-Aware Co-Simulation Platform for Safety and Comfort Evaluation of Cloud-Controlled ICVs

Testing cloud-controlled intelligent connected vehicles (ICVs) requires simulation environments that faithfully emulate both vehicle behavior and realistic communication latencies. This paper proposes a latency-aware co-simulation platform integrating CarMaker and Vissim to evaluate safety and comfort under real-world vehicle-to-cloud (V2C) latency conditions. Two communication latency models, derived from empirical 5G measurements in China and Hungary, are incorporated and statistically modeled using Gamma distributions. A proactive conflict module (PCM) is proposed to dynamically control background vehicles and generate safety-critical scenarios. The platform is validated through experiments involving an exemplary system under test (SUT) across six testing conditions combining two PCM modes (enabled/disabled) and three latency conditions (none, China, Hungary). Safety and comfort are assessed using metrics including collision rate, distance headway, post-encroachment time, and the spectral characteristics of longitudinal acceleration. Results show that the PCM effectively increases driving environment criticality, while V2C latency primarily affects ride comfort. These findings confirm the platform's effectiveness in systematically evaluating cloud-controlled ICVs under diverse testing conditions.

cs.RO↗

arXiv2025

CICV5G: A 5G Communication Delay Dataset for PnC in Cloud-based Intelligent Connected Vehicles

Cloud-based intelligent connected vehicles (CICVs) leverage cloud computing and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) to enable efficient information exchange and cooperative control. However, communication delay is a critical factor in vehicle-cloud interactions, potentially deteriorating the planning and control (PnC) performance of CICVs. To explore whether the new generation of communication technology, 5G, can support the PnC of CICVs, we present CICV5G, a publicly available 5G communication delay dataset for the PnC of CICVs. This dataset offers real-time delay variations across diverse traffic environments, velocity, data transmission frequencies, and network conditions. It contains over 300,000 records, with each record consists of the network performance indicators (e.g., cell ID, reference signal received power, and signal-to-noise ratio) and PnC related data (e.g., position). Based on the CICV5G, we compare the performance of CICVs with that of autonomous vehicles and examine how delay impacts the PnC of CICVs. The object of this dataset is to support research in developing more accurate communication models and to provide a valuable reference for scheme development and network deployment for CICVs. To ensure that the research community can benefit from this work, our dataset and accompanying code are made publicly available.

cs.NI↗

arXiv2025

Real-world Troublemaker: A 5G Cloud-controlled Track Testing Framework for Automated Driving Systems in Safety-critical Interaction Scenarios

Track testing plays a critical role in the safety evaluation of autonomous driving systems (ADS), as it provides a real-world interaction environment. However, the inflexibility in motion control of object targets and the absence of intelligent interactive testing methods often result in pre-fixed and limited testing scenarios. To address these limitations, we propose a novel 5G cloud-controlled track testing framework, Real-world Troublemaker. This framework overcomes the rigidity of traditional pre-programmed control by leveraging 5G cloud-controlled object targets integrated with the Internet of Things (IoT) and vehicle teleoperation technologies. Unlike conventional testing methods that rely on pre-set conditions, we propose a dynamic game strategy based on a quadratic risk interaction utility function, facilitating intelligent interactions with the vehicle under test (VUT) and creating a more realistic and dynamic interaction environment. The proposed framework has been successfully implemented at the Tongji University Intelligent Connected Vehicle Evaluation Base. Field test results demonstrate that Troublemaker can perform dynamic interactive testing of ADS accurately and effectively. Compared to traditional methods, Troublemaker improves scenario reproduction accuracy by 65.2\%, increases the diversity of interaction strategies by approximately 9.2 times, and enhances exposure frequency of safety-critical scenarios by 3.5 times in unprotected left-turn scenarios.

cs.RO↗

arXiv2023

Analysis of Flow Field and Pneumatic Noise of The Flow around Series Cylinder

Noise generation attributed to the flow around a cylinder and its control is of paramount importance in a multitude of engineering applications. In this study, we employ computational fluid dynamics (CFD) coupled with acoustic analogy, complemented by an analysis grounded in vortex dynamics theory, to explore the potential of wavy cylinder shapes in improving aerodynamic performance and mitigating aerodynamic noise. The series cylinder simplified from the aircraft landing gear and elliptical cylinder noise suppression mechanism is analyzed.Our research outcomes clearly indicate that elliptical ylinder designs have a notable impact on aerodynamic performance and noise reduction. Specifically, these designs effectively lower the average drag coefficient and efficiently suppress lift coefficient fluctuations, resulting in an overall reduction in noise production by the elliptical cylinder. To delve into the underlying mechanisms of noise suppression, our study meticulously examines the process of vorticity generation around the elliptical cylinder's surface. This examination yields profound improvements in the distribution of vorticity on the cylinder's surface, along with a remarkable weakening of the boundary vorticity flux and boundary enstrophy flux distribution. These changes result in a notable reduction in vorticity generation near the elliptical cylinder wall.These alterations directly lead to a substantial contraction in the distribution of vortex structures in the wake of the elliptical cylinder, especially affecting large-scale vortex structures.As a result,The elliptical cylinder noise suppression mechanism we propose can effectively reduce aerodynamic noise.

physics.flu-dyn↗