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Peng Qiu

Publications and source records attributed to Peng Qiu.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

Agent-G$^2$: Gaussian Guidance for Agentic Reinforcement Learning

Hint-based reinforcement learning addresses reward sparsity in long-horizon agentic tasks by retaining a prefix of an expert trajectory before each rollout, letting the policy explore from a state closer to success. Its effectiveness hinges on the guidance depth: how much of the trajectory to keep. Existing methods treat this depth as a deterministic scalar. Scheduled approaches share one value across samples and ignore per-task heterogeneity; per-sample probing estimates it separately at the cost of extra rollouts. We find that useful guidance occupies a band of depths whose informativeness profile is approximately Gaussian around the band center, rather than concentrating at a single optimal point. We propose Agent-G$^2$, a Gaussian guidance framework that draws the depth per task from a Gaussian whose center and spread are estimated online from rollouts already collected for policy optimization, requiring no probe rollouts or learned depth predictor. The center combines a global baseline with per-cluster difficulty, and the spread tracks within-cluster variance. We evaluate Agent-G$^2$ on ALFWorld and WebShop on Qwen2.5-1.5B / 7B-Instruct. Agent-G$^2$ outperforms the strongest hint-based, hint-free, and Aux-RL baselines on ALFWorld by 2.3 / 3.9 / 7.4 points at under one-third the rollout cost of per-sample probing.

cs.AI

CARE: Pre-Execution Command Verification for Shell-Executing LLM Agents

Large Language Model (LLM) agents are increasingly used for coding and terminal automation, making shell-command dispatch a high-stakes runtime control point. We study command-level pre-execution mediation for individual shell commands produced by LLM agents under bounded path context. Existing safeguards remain limited: generic guardrails do not model shell structure in sufficient detail, always-on LLM judges are relatively costly and variable, and shell parsers do not directly prevent harmful execution. We present CARE (Canonicalization, Attribution, and Resolution Engine), a shell-specific, static-first verifier for individual shell commands before execution. CARE canonicalizes generated commands into stable verification targets, derives deterministic evidence over syntax, command semantics, path context, and provenance-backed risk patterns, and escalates only underdetermined cases to an LLM judge. This design keeps the common case fast, reproducible, and auditable while reserving neural adjudication for borderline commands. On the balanced main split, CARE reaches 85.64% F1 with a 0.91% false-positive rate at 2.32 ms mean latency. When deployed in its static enforcement profile, CARE retains 84.99% F1 at 0.34 ms and reduces realised harm on RedCode-gen to 37.33%. Across external-generalization tests and controlled Docker-sandbox execution, these profiles expose a practical trade-off between benign recovery, false-positive burden, latency, and harm reduction. Overall, command-level shell mediation can reduce dispatch-boundary risk for LLM agents while preserving most benign workflows.

cs.CR

The R2Pub Telescopes for Surveying: An Overview and Performance Evaluation of the System

The R2Pub telescope, built by the Beijing Planetarium, is a 60 cm equatorial binocular telescope located at the Daocheng site of Yunnan Observatories in China, at an altitude of about 4700 m. This paper presents an overview of the R2Pub telescope system, including its design, instrumentation, and survey capabilities, and reports an initial evaluation of its system performance. R2Pub is a prime-focus binocular system, with each optical tube covering a field of view of approximately 18 square degrees. It is designed to detect a wide range of transient and variable sources in the local universe, such as variable stars, eclipsing binaries, supernovae, gamma-ray burst afterglows, tidal disruption events, active galactic nuclei, and other unknown transients. The observatory infrastructure, including the dome, equatorial mount, optical tubes, and associated subsystems, has been fully constructed and installed, and the system has entered the commissioning phase. Benefiting from the high-altitude location, good seeing conditions, and dark sky background at the Daocheng site, performance tests during commissioning show that the R2Pub system can reach a 5-sigma limiting magnitude of about 18.7 mag in the Pan-STARRS r' band with a 60 s exposure. Ongoing observations with R2Pub are expected to contribute to studies of variable and transient phenomena and to enhance public outreach in astronomy. The binocular design enables simultaneous dual-band observations, providing instantaneous color information for transient sources and improving the classification and physical characterization of their properties and evolution.

astro-ph.IM

MobRT: A Digital Twin-Based Framework for Scalable Learning in Mobile Manipulation

Recent advances in robotics have been largely driven by imitation learning, which depends critically on large-scale, high-quality demonstration data. However, collecting such data remains a significant challenge-particularly for mobile manipulators, which must coordinate base locomotion and arm manipulation in high-dimensional, dynamic, and partially observable environments. Consequently, most existing research remains focused on simpler tabletop scenarios, leaving mobile manipulation relatively underexplored. To bridge this gap, we present \textit{MobRT}, a digital twin-based framework designed to simulate two primary categories of complex, whole-body tasks: interaction with articulated objects (e.g., opening doors and drawers) and mobile-base pick-and-place operations. \textit{MobRT} autonomously generates diverse and realistic demonstrations through the integration of virtual kinematic control and whole-body motion planning, enabling coherent and physically consistent execution. We evaluate the quality of \textit{MobRT}-generated data across multiple baseline algorithms, establishing a comprehensive benchmark and demonstrating a strong correlation between task success and the number of generated trajectories. Experiments integrating both simulated and real-world demonstrations confirm that our approach markedly improves policy generalization and performance, achieving robust results in both simulated and real-world environments.

cs.RO

Learning from B Cell Evolution: Adaptive Multi-Expert Diffusion for Antibody Design via Online Optimization

Recent advances in diffusion models have shown remarkable potential for antibody design, yet existing approaches apply uniform generation strategies that cannot adapt to each antigen's unique requirements. Inspired by B cell affinity maturation, where antibodies evolve through multi-objective optimization balancing affinity, stability, and self-avoidance, we propose the first biologically-motivated framework that leverages physics-based domain knowledge within an online meta-learning system. Our method employs multiple specialized experts (van der Waals, molecular recognition, energy balance, and interface geometry) whose parameters evolve during generation based on iterative feedback, mimicking natural antibody refinement cycles. Instead of fixed protocols, this adaptive guidance discovers personalized optimization strategies for each target. Our experiments demonstrate that this approach: (1) discovers optimal SE(3)-equivariant guidance strategies for different antigen classes without pre-training, preserving molecular symmetries throughout optimization; (2) significantly enhances hotspot coverage and interface quality through target-specific adaptation, achieving balanced multi-objective optimization characteristic of therapeutic antibodies; (3) establishes a paradigm for iterative refinement where each antibody-antigen system learns its unique optimization profile through online evaluation; (4) generalizes effectively across diverse design challenges, from small epitopes to large protein interfaces, enabling precision-focused campaigns for individual targets.

cs.LG

AmpLyze: A Deep Learning Model for Predicting the Hemolytic Concentration

Red-blood-cell lysis (HC50) is the principal safety barrier for antimicrobial-peptide (AMP) therapeutics, yet existing models only say "toxic" or "non-toxic." AmpLyze closes this gap by predicting the actual HC50 value from sequence alone and explaining the residues that drive toxicity. The model couples residue-level ProtT5/ESM2 embeddings with sequence-level descriptors in dual local and global branches, aligned by a cross-attention module and trained with log-cosh loss for robustness to assay noise. The optimal AmpLyze model reaches a PCC of 0.756 and an MSE of 0.987, outperforming classical regressors and the state-of-the-art. Ablations confirm that both branches are essential, and cross-attention adds a further 1% PCC and 3% MSE improvement. Expected-Gradients attributions reveal known toxicity hotspots and suggest safer substitutions. By turning hemolysis assessment into a quantitative, sequence-based, and interpretable prediction, AmpLyze facilitates AMP design and offers a practical tool for early-stage toxicity screening.

q-bio.BM

Integrating Pathology Foundation Models and Spatial Transcriptomics for Cellular Decomposition from Histology Images

The rapid development of digital pathology and modern deep learning has facilitated the emergence of pathology foundation models that are expected to solve general pathology problems under various disease conditions in one unified model, with or without fine-tuning. In parallel, spatial transcriptomics has emerged as a transformative technology that enables the profiling of gene expression on hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained histology images. Spatial transcriptomics unlocks the unprecedented opportunity to dive into existing histology images at a more granular, cellular level. In this work, we propose a lightweight and training-efficient approach to predict cellular composition directly from H&E-stained histology images by leveraging information-enriched feature embeddings extracted from pre-trained pathology foundation models. By training a lightweight multi-layer perceptron (MLP) regressor on cell-type abundances derived via cell2location, our method efficiently distills knowledge from pathology foundation models and demonstrates the ability to accurately predict cell-type compositions from histology images, without physically performing the costly spatial transcriptomics. Our method demonstrates competitive performance compared to existing methods such as Hist2Cell, while significantly reducing computational complexity.

cs.CV

Diffusion Generative Modeling for Spatially Resolved Gene Expression Inference from Histology Images

Spatial Transcriptomics (ST) allows a high-resolution measurement of RNA sequence abundance by systematically connecting cell morphology depicted in Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stained histology images to spatially resolved gene expressions. ST is a time-consuming, expensive yet powerful experimental technique that provides new opportunities to understand cancer mechanisms at a fine-grained molecular level, which is critical for uncovering new approaches for disease diagnosis and treatments. Here, we present $\textbf{Stem}$ ($\textbf{S}$pa$\textbf{T}$ially resolved gene $\textbf{E}$xpression inference with diffusion $\textbf{M}$odel), a novel computational tool that leverages a conditional diffusion generative model to enable in silico gene expression inference from H&E stained images. Through better capturing the inherent stochasticity and heterogeneity in ST data, $\textbf{Stem}$ achieves state-of-the-art performance on spatial gene expression prediction and generates biologically meaningful gene profiles for new H&E stained images at test time. We evaluate the proposed algorithm on datasets with various tissue sources and sequencing platforms, where it demonstrates clear improvement over existing approaches. $\textbf{Stem}$ generates high-fidelity gene expression predictions that share similar gene variation levels as ground truth data, suggesting that our method preserves the underlying biological heterogeneity. Our proposed pipeline opens up the possibility of analyzing existing, easily accessible H&E stained histology images from a genomics point of view without physically performing gene expression profiling and empowers potential biological discovery from H&E stained histology images.

cs.CV

Experiment demonstration of tilt-to-length coupling suppression by beam-alignment-mechanism

Tilt-to-length (TTL) noise, caused by angular jitter and misalignment, is a major noise source in the inter-satellite interferometer for gravitational wave detection. However, the required level of axis alignment of the optical components is beyond the current state of the art. A set of optical parallel plates, called beam alignment mechanism (BAM), is proposed by LISA to compensate for the alignment error. In this paper, we show a prototype design of the BAM and demonstrate its performance in a ground-based optical system. We derive the BAM theoretical model, which agrees well with the numerical simulation. Experimental results reveal that the BAM can achieve lateral displacement compensation of the optical axis with a resolution of \SI{1}{\micro\meter} across a \D{dynamic} range of about \SI{0.5}{\milli\meter}. Furthermore, the TTL coefficient is reduced from about \SI{0.3}{\milli\meter/\radian} to about \SI{5}{\micro\meter/\radian}, satisfying the preliminary requirements for LISA and TianQin. These findings confirm the efficacy of the BAM in suppressing TTL noise, offering a promising solution for space-based gravitational wave detection.

physics.ins-det

Advanced pure tilt actuator for testing tilt-to-length coupling in space-based gravitational wave detection

Tilt-to-length (TTL) coupling, caused by the jitter of test masses or satellites, is a significant noise source in space-based gravitational wave detection. Calibrating and suppressing TTL coupling noise at the sub-nanometer level is essential. One main challenge in current ground-based TTL coupling testing is the residual translational movement of the tilt actuator. This paper introduces the development of an advanced pure tilt actuator (APTA) specifically designed for testing TTL coupling. The APTA provides precise tilt motion and is monitored by a four-beam interferometer, which measures the displacement of attached array pyramids. We present a detailed theoretical model and experimental setup. Experimental results demonstrate that this optical test bed, equipped with the APTA, can achieve subnanometer-level TTL coupling calibration. In addition, a typical heterodyne interferometer was tested using the APTA test bed. Comparative testing demonstrated that the imaging system is capable of effectively suppressing TTL coupling errors. The TTL coupling coefficients were reduced from over plus-minus 30 micrometers per radian to within plus-minus 5 micrometers per radian across a range of plus-minus 200 microradians, meeting the preliminary requirements for the TianQin mission. This APTA test platform has the potential to be widely utilized for ground-based TTL coupling inspection.

astro-ph.IM

BASES: Large-scale Web Search User Simulation with Large Language Model based Agents

Due to the excellent capacities of large language models (LLMs), it becomes feasible to develop LLM-based agents for reliable user simulation. Considering the scarcity and limit (e.g., privacy issues) of real user data, in this paper, we conduct large-scale user simulation for web search, to improve the analysis and modeling of user search behavior. Specially, we propose BASES, a novel user simulation framework with LLM-based agents, designed to facilitate comprehensive simulations of web search user behaviors. Our simulation framework can generate unique user profiles at scale, which subsequently leads to diverse search behaviors. To demonstrate the effectiveness of BASES, we conduct evaluation experiments based on two human benchmarks in both Chinese and English, demonstrating that BASES can effectively simulate large-scale human-like search behaviors. To further accommodate the research on web search, we develop WARRIORS, a new large-scale dataset encompassing web search user behaviors, including both Chinese and English versions, which can greatly bolster research in the field of information retrieval. Our code and data will be publicly released soon.

cs.IR

Quasi-monolithic Compact Interferometric Sensor Head Design with Laser Auto-alignment

Interferometers play a crucial role in high-precision displacement measurement such as gravitational-wave detection. Conventional interferometer designs require accurate laser alignment, including the laser pointing and the waist position, to maintain high interference contrast during motion. Although the corner reflector returns the reflected beam in parallel, there is still a problem of lateral beam shift which reduces the interference contrast. This paper presents a new compact interferometric sensor head design for measuring translations with auto-alignment. It works without laser beam alignment adjustment and maintains high interferometric contrast during arbitrary motion (tilts as well as lateral translation). Automatic alignment of the measuring beam with the reference beam is possible by means of a secondary reflection design with a corner reflector. A 20*10*10mm^3 all-glass quasi-monolithic sensor head is built based on UV adhesive bonding and tested by a piezoelectric (PZT) positioning stage. Our sensor head achieved a displacement sensitivity of 1 pm/Hz^1/2 at 1Hz with a tilt dynamic range over +/_200 mrad. This optical design can be widely used for high-precision displacement measurement over a large tilt dynamic range, such as torsion balances and seismometers.

physics.ins-det

Cell Spatial Analysis in Crohn's Disease: Unveiling Local Cell Arrangement Pattern with Graph-based Signatures

Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic and relapsing inflammatory condition that affects segments of the gastrointestinal tract. CD activity is determined by histological findings, particularly the density of neutrophils observed on Hematoxylin and Eosin stains (H&E) imaging. However, understanding the broader morphometry and local cell arrangement beyond cell counting and tissue morphology remains challenging. To address this, we characterize six distinct cell types from H&E images and develop a novel approach for the local spatial signature of each cell. Specifically, we create a 10-cell neighborhood matrix, representing neighboring cell arrangements for each individual cell. Utilizing t-SNE for non-linear spatial projection in scatter-plot and Kernel Density Estimation contour-plot formats, our study examines patterns of differences in the cellular environment associated with the odds ratio of spatial patterns between active CD and control groups. This analysis is based on data collected at the two research institutes. The findings reveal heterogeneous nearest-neighbor patterns, signifying distinct tendencies of cell clustering, with a particular focus on the rectum region. These variations underscore the impact of data heterogeneity on cell spatial arrangements in CD patients. Moreover, the spatial distribution disparities between the two research sites highlight the significance of collaborative efforts among healthcare organizations. All research analysis pipeline tools are available at https://github.com/MASILab/cellNN.

cs.CV

Polycraft World AI Lab (PAL): An Extensible Platform for Evaluating Artificial Intelligence Agents

As artificial intelligence research advances, the platforms used to evaluate AI agents need to adapt and grow to continue to challenge them. We present the Polycraft World AI Lab (PAL), a task simulator with an API based on the Minecraft mod Polycraft World. Our platform is built to allow AI agents with different architectures to easily interact with the Minecraft world, train and be evaluated in multiple tasks. PAL enables the creation of tasks in a flexible manner as well as having the capability to manipulate any aspect of the task during an evaluation. All actions taken by AI agents and external actors (non-player-characters, NPCs) in the open-world environment are logged to streamline evaluation. Here we present two custom tasks on the PAL platform, one focused on multi-step planning and one focused on navigation, and evaluations of agents solving them. In summary, we report a versatile and extensible AI evaluation platform with a low barrier to entry for AI researchers to utilize.

cs.AI

Investigating the Efficiency of the Beijing Faint Object Spectrograph and Camera (BFOSC) of the Xinglong 2.16-m Reflector

The Beijing Faint Object Spectrograph and Camera (BFOSC) is one of the most important instruments of the 2.16-m telescope of the Xinglong Observatory. Every year there are ~ 20 SCI-papers published based on the observational data of this telescope. In this work, we have systemically measured the total efficiency of the BFOSC of the 2.16-m reflector, based on the observations of two ESO flux standard stars. We have obtained the total efficiencies of the BFOSC instrument of different grisms with various slit widths in almost all ranges, and analysed the factors which effect the efficiency of telescope and spectrograph. For the astronomical observers, the result will be useful for them to select a suitable slit width, depending on their scientific goals and weather conditions during the observation; For the technicians, the result will help them systemically find out the real efficiency of telescope and spectrograph, and further to improve the total efficiency and observing capacity of the telescope technically.

astro-ph.IM

Upgraded Photometric System of The 85-cm Telescope at Xinglong Station

The 85-cm telescope at the Xinglong station is a well-operated prime focus system with high science outputs. The telescope has been upgraded since 2014 with new corrector, filters and camera, which are provided by Beijing Normal University (BNU). The filter set is Johnson-Cousins UBVRI system. We report the test results of the new system including the bias, dark current, linearity, gain and readout noise of the CCD camera . Then we derive accurate instrumental calibration coefficients in UBVRI bands with Landolt standard stars in the photometric nights. Finally, we give the limiting magnitudes with various exposure time and signal-to-noise ratio for observers as references.

astro-ph.IM

Space-filling design for nonlinear models

Performing a computer experiment can be viewed as observing a mapping between the model parameters and the corresponding model outputs predicted by the computer model. In view of this, experimental design for computer experiments can be thought of as devising a reliable procedure for finding configurations of design points in the parameter space so that their images represent the manifold parametrized by such a mapping (i.e., computer experiments). Traditional space-filling designs aim to achieve this goal by filling the parameter space with design points that are as "uniform" as possible in the parameter space. However, the resulting design points may be non-uniform in the model output space and hence fail to provide a reliable representation of the manifold, becoming highly inefficient or even misleading in case the computer experiments are non-linear. In this paper, we propose an iterative algorithm that fills in the model output manifold uniformly---rather than the parameter space uniformly---so that one could obtain a reliable understanding of the model behaviors with the minimal number of design points.

stat.CO

Information topology identifies emergent model classes

We develop a language for describing the relationship among observations, mathematical models, and the underlying principles from which they are derived. Using Information Geometry, we consider geometric properties of statistical models for different observations. As observations are varied, the model manifold may be stretched, compressed, or even collapsed. Observations that preserve the structural identifiability of the parameters also preserve certain topological features (such as edges and corners) that characterize the model's underlying physical principles. We introduce Information Topology in analogy with information geometry as characterizing the "abstract model" of which statistical models are realizations. Observations that change the topology, i.e., "manifold collapse," require a modification of the abstract model in order to construct identifiable statistical models. Often, the essential topological feature is a hierarchical structure of boundaries (faces, edges, corners, etc.) which we represent as a hierarchical graph known as a Hasse diagram. Low-dimensional elements of this diagram are simple models that describe the dominant behavioral modes, what we call emergent model classes. Observations that preserve the Hasse diagram are diffeomorphically related and form a group, the collection of which form a partially ordered set. All possible observations have a semi-group structure. For hierarchical models, we consider how the topology of simple models is embedded in that of larger models. When emergent model classes are unstable to the introduction of new parameters, we classify the new parameters as relevant. Conversely, the emergent model classes are stable to the introduction of irrelevant parameters. In this way, information topology provides a general language for exploring representations of physical systems and their relationships to observations.

physics.data-an