Searcharxiv⌕ Search

arXiv subjects

Petr Heinzel

Publications and source records attributed to Petr Heinzel.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

Signatures of Helium continuum in cool flare loops observed by SDO/AIA

We present an analysis of off-limb cool flare loops observed by SDO/AIA during the gradual phase of SOL2017-09-10T16:06 X8.2-class flare. In the EUV channels starting from the 335 Å one, cool loops appear as dark structures against the bright loop arcade. These dark structures were precisely coaligned (spatially and temporally) with loops observed by SST in emission lines of hydrogen and ionized calcium. Recently published semi-empirical model of cool loops based on SST observations serves us to predict the level of hydrogen and helium recombination continua. The continua were synthesized using an approximate non-LTE approach and theoretical spectra were then transformed to AIA signals. Comparison with signals detected inside the dark loops shows that only in AIA 211 Å channel the computed level of recombination continua is consistent with observations for some models, while in all other channels which are more distant from the continua edges the synthetic continuum is far too low. In analogy with on-disk observations of flares we interpret the surplus emission as due to numerous EUV lines emitted from hot but faint loops in front of the cool ones. Finally we briefly comment on failure of the standard absorption model when used for analysis of the dark-loop brightness.

astro-ph.SR↗

Chromospheric Heating by Acoustic Waves Compared to Radiative Cooling: II -- Revised Grid of Models

Acoustic and magnetoacoustic waves are considered to be possible agents of chromospheric heating. We present a comparison of deposited acoustic energy flux with total integrated radiative losses in the middle chromosphere of the quiet Sun and a weak plage. The comparison is based on a consistent set of high-resolution observations acquired by the IBIS instrument in the Ca II 854.2 nm line. The deposited acoustic-flux energy is derived from Doppler velocities observed in the line core and a set of 1737 non-LTE 1D hydrostatic semi-empirical models, which also provide the radiative losses. The models are obtained by scaling the temperature and column mass of five initial models VAL B-F to get the best fit of synthetic to observed profiles. We find that the deposited acoustic-flux energy in the quiet-Sun chromosphere balances 30-50 % of the energy released by radiation. In the plage, it contributes by 50-60 % in locations with vertical magnetic field and 70-90 % in regions where the magnetic field is inclined more than 50 degrees to the solar surface normal.

astro-ph.SR↗

IRIS Mg II Observations and Non-LTE Modeling of Off-limb Spicules in a Solar Polar Coronal Hole

We investigated the off-limb spicules observed in the Mg II h and k lines by IRIS in a solar polar coronal hole. We analyzed the large dataset of obtained spectra to extract quantitative information about the line intensities, shifts, and widths. The observed Mg II line profiles are broad and double-peaked at lower altitudes, broad but flat-topped at middle altitudes, and narrow and single-peaked with the largest Doppler shifts at higher altitudes. We use 1D non-LTE vertical slab models (i.e. models which consider departures from Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium) in single-slab and multi-slab configurations to interpret the observations and to investigate how a superposition of spicules along the line of sight (LOS) affects the synthetic Mg II line profiles. The used multi-slab models are either static, i.e. without any LOS velocities, or assume randomly assigned LOS velocities of individual slabs, representing the spicule dynamics. We conducted such single-slab and multi-slab modeling for a broad set of model input parameters and showed the dependence of the Mg II line profiles on these parameters. We demonstrated that the observed line widths of the h and k line profiles are strongly affected by the presence of multiple spicules along the LOS. We later showed that the profiles obtained at higher altitudes can be reproduced by single-slab models representing individual spicules. We found that the multi-slab model with a random distribution of the LOS velocities ranging from -25 to 25 km s$^{-1}$ can well reproduce the width and the shape of Mg II profiles observed at middle altitudes.

astro-ph.SR↗

Metis: the Solar Orbiter visible light and ultraviolet coronal imager

Metis is the first solar coronagraph designed for a space mission capable of performing simultaneous imaging of the off-limb solar corona in both visible and UV light. The observations obtained with Metis aboard the Solar Orbiter ESA-NASA observatory will enable us to diagnose, with unprecedented temporal coverage and spatial resolution, the structures and dynamics of the full corona from 1.7 $R_\odot$ to about 9 $R_\odot$. Due to the uniqueness of the Solar Orbiter mission profile, Metis will be able to observe the solar corona from a close vantage point (down to 0.28 AU), achieving out-of-ecliptic views with the increase of the orbit inclination over time. Moreover, observations near perihelion, during the phase of lower rotational velocity of the solar surface relative to the spacecraft, will allow longer-term studies of the coronal features. Thanks to a novel occultation design and a combination of a UV interference coating of the mirrors and a spectral bandpass filter, Metis images the solar corona simultaneously in the visible light band, between 580 and 640 nm, and in the UV H I Lyman-α line at 121.6 nm. The coronal images in both the UV Lyman-α and polarised visible light are obtained at high spatial resolution with a spatial scale down to about 2000 km and 15000 km at perihelion, in the cases of the visible and UV light, respectively. A temporal resolution down to 1 second can be achieved when observing coronal fluctuations in visible light. The Metis measurements will allow for complete characterisation of the main physical parameters and dynamics of the electron and neutral hydrogen/proton plasma components of the corona in the region where the solar wind undergoes acceleration and where the onset and initial propagation of coronal mass ejections take place, thus significantly improving our understanding of the region connecting the Sun to the heliosphere.

astro-ph.SR↗

Spectral diagnostics of cool flare loops observed by SST: I. Inversion of the Ca II 8542 Å and H$β$ lines

Flare loops form an integral part of eruptive events, being detected in the range of temperatures from X-rays down to cool chromospheric-like plasmas. While the hot loops are routinely observed by the Solar Dynamics Observatory's Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (SDO/AIA), cool loops seen off-limb are rare. In this paper we employ unique observations of the SOL2017-09-10T16:06 X8.2-class flare which produced an extended arcade of loops. The Swedish 1-m Solar Telescope (SST) made a series of spectral images of the cool off-limb loops in the Ca II 8542 Å and the hydrogen H$β$ lines. Our focus is on the loop apices. Non-LTE spectral inversion is achieved through the construction of extended grids of models covering a realistic range of plasma parameters. The Multilevel Accelerated Lambda Iterations (MALI) code solves the non-LTE radiative-transfer problem in a 1D externally-illuminated slab, approximating the studied loop segment. Inversion of the Ca II 8542 Å and H$β$ lines yields two similar solutions, both indicating high electron densities around $2 \times 10^{12}$ cm$^{-3}$ and relatively large microturbulence around 25 kms$^{-1}$. These are in reasonable agreement with other independent studies of the same or similar events. In particular, the high electron densities in the range $10^{12} - 10^{13}$ cm$^{-3}$ are consistent with those derived from the SDO's Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager white-light observations. The presence of such high densities in solar eruptive flares supports the loop interpretation of the optical continuum emission of stars which manifest superflares.

astro-ph.SR↗

First Detection of Solar Flare Emission in Middle-Ultraviolet Balmer Continuum

We present the first detection of solar flare emission at middle-ultraviolet wavelengths around 2000 A by the channel 2 of the Large-Yield RAdiometer (LYRA) onboard the PROBA2 mission. The flare (SOL20170906) was also observed in the channel 1 of LYRA centered at the H I Lyman-α line at 1216 A, showing a clear non-thermal profile in both channels. The flare radiation in channel 2 is consistent with the hydrogen Balmer continuum emission produced by an optically thin chromospheric slab heated up to 10000 K. Simultaneous observations in channels 1 and 2 allow the separation of the line emission (primarily from the Lyman-α line) from the Balmer continuum emission. Together with the recent detection of the Balmer continuum emission in the near-ultraviolet by IRIS, the LYRA observations strengthen the interpretation of broadband flare emission as the hydrogen recombination continua originating in the chromosphere.

astro-ph.SR↗

Solar ultraviolet bursts

The term "ultraviolet (UV) burst" is introduced to describe small, intense, transient brightenings in ultraviolet images of solar active regions. We inventorize their properties and provide a definition based on image sequences in transition-region lines. Coronal signatures are rare, and most bursts are associated with small-scale, canceling opposite-polarity fields in the photosphere that occur in emerging flux regions, moving magnetic features in sunspot moats, and sunspot light bridges. We also compare UV bursts with similar transition-region phenomena found previously in solar ultraviolet spectrometry and with similar phenomena at optical wavelengths, in particular Ellerman bombs. Akin to the latter, UV bursts are probably small-scale magnetic reconnection events occurring in the low atmosphere, at photospheric and/or chromospheric heights. Their intense emission in lines with optically thin formation gives unique diagnostic opportunities for studying the physics of magnetic reconnection in the low solar atmosphere. This paper is a review report from an International Space Science Institute team that met in 2016-2017.

astro-ph.SR↗

Can flare loops contribute to the white-light emission of stellar superflares ?

Since the discovery of stellar superflares by Kepler satellite, these extremely energetic events have been studied in analogy to solar flares. Their white-light (WL) continuum emission has been interpreted as being produced by heated ribbons. In this paper we compute the WL emission from overlying flare loops depending on their density and temperature and show that, under conditions expected during superflares, the continuum brightening due to extended loop arcades can significantly contribute to stellar flux detected by Kepler. This requires electron densities in the loops $10^{12} - 10^{13}$ cm$^{-3}$ or higher. We show that such densities, exceeding those typically present in solar flare loops, can be reached on M-dwarf and solar-type superflare stars with large starspots and much stronger magnetic fields. Quite importantly, the WL radiation of loops is not very sensitive to their temperature and thus both cool as well as hot loops may contribute. We show that the WL intensity emergent from optically-thin loops is lower than the blackbody radiation from flare ribbons, but the contribution of loops to total stellar flux can be quite important due to their significant emitting areas. This new scenario for interpreting superflare emission suggests that the observed WL flux is due to a mixture of the ribbon and loop radiation and can be even loop-dominated during the gradual phase of superflares.

astro-ph.SR↗

Blue wing enhancement of the chromospheric Mg II h and k lines in a solar flare

We performed coordinated observations of AR 12205, which produced a C-class flare on 2014 November 11, with the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) and the Domeless Solar Telescope (DST) at Hida Observatory. Using spectral data in the Si IV 1403 Å, C II 1335 Å, and Mg II h and k lines from IRIS and the Ca II K, Ca II 8542 Å, and H$α$ lines from DST, we investigated a moving flare kernel during the flare. In the Mg II h line, the leading edge of the flare kernel showed the intensity enhancement in the blue wing, and the smaller intensity of the blue-side peak (h2v) than that of the red-side one (h2r). The blueshift lasted for 9-48 s with a typical speed of 10.1 $\pm$ 2.6 km s$^{-1}$ and it was followed by the high intensity and the large redshift with a speed of up to 51 km s$^{-1}$ detected in the Mg II h line. The large redshift was a common property for all six lines but the blueshift prior to it was found only in the Mg II lines. A cloud modeling of the Mg II h line suggests that the blue wing enhancement with such peak difference can be caused by a chromospheric-temperature (cool) upflow. We discuss a scenario in which an upflow of cool plasma is lifted up by expanding hot plasma owing to the deep penetration of non-thermal electrons into the chromosphere. Furthermore, we found that the blueshift persisted without any subsequent redshift in the leading edge of the flare kernel during its decaying phase. The cause of such long-lasting blueshift is also discussed.

astro-ph.SR↗

On the origin of the flare emission in IRIS' SJI 2832 filter: Balmer continuum or spectral lines?

Continuum ("White-light", WL) emission dominates the energetics of flares. Filter-based observations, such as the IRIS SJI 2832 filter, show WL-like brightenings during flares, but it is unclear whether the emission arises from real continuum emission or enhanced spectral lines, possibly turning into emission. The difficulty in filter-based observations, contrary to spectral observations, is to determine which processes contribute to the observed brightening during flares. Here we determine the contribution of the Balmer continuum and the spectral line emission to IRIS' SJI 2832 emission by analyzing the appropriate passband in simultaneous IRIS NUV spectra. We find that spectral line emission can contribute up to 100% to the observed SJI emission, that the relative contributions usually temporally vary, and that the highest SJI enhancements that are observed are most likely because of the Balmer continuum. We conclude that care should be taken when calling SJI 2832 a continuum filter during flares, because the influence of the lines on the emission can be significant.

astro-ph.SR↗

White-light continuum emission from a solar flare and plage

Observations of flare emissions in the optical continuum are very rare. Therefore, the analysis of such observations is useful and may contribute to our understanding of the flaring chromosphere and photosphere. We study the white light continuum emission observed during the X6.9 flare which occurred on August 09, 2011. This emission comes not only from the flare ribbons but also from the nearby plage area. The main aim of this work is to disentangle the flare and plage (facula) emission. We analyzed the spatial, spectral and temporal evolution of the flare and plage properties by analyzing multi-wavelength observations. We study the morphological correlation of the whitelight continuum emission observed with different instruments. We found that some active region areas which produce the continuum emission correspond rather to plages than to the flare kernels. We showed that in some cases the continuum emission from the WL flare kernels is very similar to the continuum emission of faculae.

astro-ph.SR↗

Continuum Enhancements in the Ultraviolet, the Visible and the Infrared during the X1 flare on 2014 March 29

Enhanced continuum brightness is observed in many flares (''white light flares''), yet it is still unclear which processes contribute to the emission. To understand the transport of energy needed to account for this emission, we must first identify both the emission processes and the emission source regions. Possibilities include heating in the chromosphere causing optically thin or thick emission from free-bound transitions of Hydrogen, and heating of the photosphere causing enhanced H$^-$ continuum brightness. To investigate these possibilities, we combine observations from IRIS, SDO/HMI, and the ground-based FIRS instrument, covering wavelengths in the far-UV, near-UV, visible, and infrared during the X1 flare SOL20140329T17:48. Fits of blackbody spectra to infrared and visible wavelengths are reasonable, yielding radiation temperatures $\sim$6000-6300 K. The NUV emission, formed in the upper photosphere under undisturbed conditions, exceeds these simple fits during the flare, requiring extra emission from the Balmer continuum in the chromosphere. Thus, the continuum originates from enhanced radiation from photosphere (visible-IR) and chromosphere (NUV). From the standard thick-target flare model, we calculate the energy of the nonthermal electrons observed by RHESSI and compare it to the energy radiated by the continuum emission. We find that the energy contained in most electrons $>$40 keV, or alternatively, of $\sim$10-20% of electrons $>$20 keV is sufficient to explain the extra continuum emission of $\sim4-8 \times 10^{10}$ erg s$^{-1}$ cm$^{-2}$. Also, from the timing of the RHESSI HXR and the IRIS observations, we conclude that the NUV continuum is emitted nearly instantaneously when HXR emission is observed with a time difference of no more than 15 s.

astro-ph.SR↗

Prominence Visibility in Hinode/XRT images

In this paper we study the soft X-ray (SXR) signatures of one particular prominence. The X-ray observations used here were made by the Hinode/XRT instrument using two different filters. Both of them have a pronounced peak of the response function around 10 A. One of them has a secondary smaller peak around 170 A, which leads to a contamination of SXR images. The observed darkening in both of these filters has a very large vertical extension. The position and shape of the darkening corresponds nicely with the prominence structure seen in SDO/AIA images. First we have investigated the possibility that the darkening is caused by X-ray absorption. But detailed calculations of the optical thickness in this spectral range show clearly that this effect is completely negligible. Therefore the alternative is the presence of an extended region with a large emissivity deficit which can be caused by the presence of cool prominence plasmas within otherwise hot corona. To reproduce the observed darkening one needs a very large extension along the line-of-sight of the region amounting to around 10$^5$ km. We interpret this region as the prominence spine, which is also consistent with SDO/AIA observations in EUV.

astro-ph.SR↗

Hydrogen Balmer Continuum in Solar Flares Detected by the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS)

We present a novel observation of the white-light flare (WLF) continuum, which was significantly enhanced during the X1 flare on March 29, 2014 (SOL2014-03-29T17:48). Data from the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) in its NUV channel show that at the peak of the continuum enhancement, the contrast at the quasi-continuum window above 2813 Å reached 100 - 200 % and can be even larger closer to the Mg II lines. This is fully consistent with the hydrogen recombination Balmer continuum emission, which follows an impulsive thermal and non-thermal ionization caused by the precipitation of electron beams through the chromosphere. However, a less probable photospheric continuum enhancement cannot be excluded. The light curves of the Balmer continuum have an impulsive character with a gradual fading, similar to those detected recently in the optical region on Hinode/SOT. This observation represents a first Balmer-continuum detection from space far beyond the Balmer limit (3646 Å), eliminating seeing effects known to complicate the WLF detection. Moreover, we use a spectral window so far unexplored for flare studies, which provides the potential to study the Balmer continuum, as well as many metallic lines appearing in emission during flares. Combined with future ground-based observations of the continuum near the Balmer limit, we will be able to disentangle between various scenarios of the WLF origin. IRIS observations also provide a critical quantitative measure of the energy radiated in the Balmer continuum, which constrains various models of the energy transport and deposition during flares.

astro-ph.SR↗

Observations and NLTE modeling of Ellerman bombs

Ellerman bombs (EBs) are short-lived and compact structures that are observed well in the wings of the hydrogen H-alpha line. EBs are also observed in the chromospheric CaII lines and in UV continua. H-alpha line profiles of EBs show a deep absorption at the line center and enhanced emission in the line wings. Similar shapes of the line profiles are observed for the CaII IR line at 8542 ang. It is generally accepted that EBs may be considered as compact microflares located in lower solar atmosphere. However, it is still not clear where exactly the emission of EBs is formed in the solar atmosphere. High-resolution spectrophotometric observations of EBs were used for determining of their physical parameters and construction of semi-empirical models. In our analysis we used observations of EBs obtained in the H-alpha and CaII H lines. We also used NLTE numerical codes for the construction of grids of 243 semi-empirical models simulating EBs structures. In this way, the observed emission could be compared with the calculated line spectra. For a specific model we found reasonable agreement between the observed and theoretical emission and thus we consider such model as a good approximation of the EBs atmospheres. This model is characterized by an enhanced temperature in the lower chromosphere and can be considered as a compact structure (hot spot). For the first time the set of two lines H-alpha and CaII H was used to construct semi-empirical models of EBs. Our analysis shows that EBs can be described by a "hot spot" model, with the temperature and/or density increase through a few hundred km atmospheric structure. We confirmed that EBs are located close to the temperature minimum or in the lower chromosphere. Two spectral features, observed simultaneously, significantly strengthen the constraints on a realistic model.

astro-ph.SR↗

Synthetic hydrogen spectra of prominence oscillations

Context. Prominence oscillations have been mostly detected using Doppler velocity, although there are also claimed detections by means of periodic variations in half-width or line intensity. However, scarce observational evidence exists about simultaneous detection of oscillations in several spectral indicators. Aims. Our main aim here is to explore the relationship between spectral indicators, such as Doppler shift, line intensity, and line half-width, and the linear perturbations excited in a simple prominence model. Methods. Our equilibrium background model consists of a bounded, homogeneous slab, which is permeated by a transverse magnetic field, having prominence-like physical properties. Assuming linear perturbations, the dispersion relation for fast and slow modes has been derived, as well as the perturbations for the different physical quantities. These perturbations have been used as the input variables in a one-dimensional radiative transfer code, which calculates the full spectral profile of the hydrogen H-alpha and H-beta lines. Results. We have found that different oscillatory modes produce spectral indicator variations in different magnitudes. Detectable variations in the Doppler velocity were found for the fundamental slow mode only. Substantial variations in the H-beta line intensity were found for specific modes. Other modes lead to lower and even undetectable parameter variations. Conclusions. To perform prominence seismology, analysis of the H-alpha and H-beta spectral line parameters could be a good tool to detect and identify oscillatory modes.

astro-ph.SR↗

Scattering polarization in solar flares

There is an ongoing debate about the origin and even the very existence of a high degree of linear polarization of some chromospheric spectral lines observed in solar flares. The standard explanation of these measurements is in terms of the impact polarization caused by non-thermal proton and/or electron beams. In this work, we study the possible role of resonance line polarization due to radiation anisotropy in the inhomogeneous medium of the flare ribbons. We consider a simple two-dimensional model of the flaring chromosphere and we solve self-consistently the non-LTE problem taking into account the role of resonant scattering polarization and of the Hanle effect. Our calculations show that the horizontal plasma inhomogeneities at the boundary of the flare ribbons can lead to a significant radiation anisotropy in the line formation region and, consequently, to a fractional linear polarization of the emergent radiation of the order of several percent. Neglecting the effects of impact polarization, our model can provide a clue for resolving some of the common observational findings, namely: (1) why a high degree of polarization appears mainly at the edges of the flare ribbons; (2) why polarization can also be observed during the gradual phase of a flare; (3) why polarization is mostly radial or tangential. We conclude that the radiation transfer in the realistic multi-dimensional models of solar flares needs to be considered as an essential ingredient for understanding the observed spectral line polarization.

astro-ph.SR↗

On the nature of prominence emission observed by SDO/AIA

The Prominence-Corona Transition Region (PCTR) plays a key role in the thermal and pressure equilibrium of solar prominences. Our knowledge of this interface is limited and several major issues remain open, including the thermal structure and, in particular, the maximum temperature of the detectable plasma. The high signal-to-noise ratio of images obtained by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) on NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory clearly show that prominences are often seen in emission in the 171 and 131 bands. We investigate the temperature sensitivity of these AIA bands for prominence observation, in order to infer the temperature content in an effort to explain the emission. Using the CHIANTI atomic database and previously determined prominence differential emission measure distributions, we build synthetic spectra to establish the main emission-line contributors in the AIA bands. We find that the Fe IX line always dominates the 171 band, even in the absence of plasma at > 10^6 K temperatures, while the 131 band is dominated by Fe VIII. We conclude that the PCTR has sufficient plasma emitting at > 4 10^5 K to be detected by AIA.

astro-ph.SR↗