arXiv subjects

Petros Wallden

Publications and source records attributed to Petros Wallden.

63 records · Page 4Linked to original sources

arXiv2009

Spacelike distance from discrete causal order

Any discrete approach to quantum gravity must provide some prescription as to how to deduce continuum properties from the discrete substructure. In the causal set approach it is straightforward to deduce timelike distances, but surprisingly difficult to extract spacelike distances, because of the unique combination of discreteness with local Lorentz invariance in that approach. We propose a number of methods to overcome this difficulty, one of which reproduces the spatial distance between two points in a finite region of Minkowski space. We provide numerical evidence that this definition can be used to define a `spatial nearest neighbor' relation on a causal set, and conjecture that this can be exploited to define the length of `continuous curves' in causal sets which are approximated by curved spacetime. This provides evidence in support of the ``Hauptvermutung'' of causal sets.

gr-qc↗

arXiv2009

The emergence of probabilities in anhomomorphic logic

Anhomomorphic logic is a new interpretation of Quantum Theory (due to R. Sorkin). It is a histories formulation (c.f. consistent histories, quantum measure theory). In this approach, reality is a co-event, which is essentially an assignment of a truth value {True, False} to each question. The way this assignment is done mimics classical physics in as much as possible allowing however for sufficient flexibility to accommodate quantum 'paradoxes', as is shown by the analysis of Kochen-Specker theorem. In this contribution, after briefly reviewing the approach, we will examine how probabilistic predictions can arise. The Cournot principle and the use of approximate preclusions will play a crucial role. Facing similar problems in interpreting probability as in classical probability theory, we will resort to the weak form of Cournot principle, where possible realities will be preclusive co-events and the quantum measure is used to obtain predictions. Examples considered, includes the fair coin and the double slit pattern arguably one of the most important paradigms for quantum theory.

quant-ph↗

arXiv2009

Dynamics & Predictions in the Co-Event Interpretation

Sorkin has introduced a new, observer independent, interpretation of quantum mechanics that can give a successful realist account of the 'quantum microworld' as well as explaining how classicality emerges at the level of observable events for a range of systems including single time 'Copenhagen measurements'. This 'co-event interpretation' presents us with a new ontology, in which a single 'co-event' is real. A new ontology necessitates a review of the dynamical & predictive mechanism of a theory, and in this paper we begin the process by exploring means of expressing the dynamical and predictive content of histories theories in terms of co-events.

quant-ph↗

arXiv2009

Emergence of spatial structure from causal sets

There are numerous indications that a discrete substratum underlies continuum spacetime. Any fundamentally discrete approach to quantum gravity must provide some prescription for how continuum properties emerge from the underlying discreteness. The causal set approach, in which the fundamental relation is based upon causality, finds it easy to reproduce timelike distances, but has a more difficult time with spatial distance, due to the unique combination of Lorentz invariance and discreteness within that approach. We describe a method to deduce spatial distances from a causal set. In addition, we sketch how one might use an important ingredient in deducing spatial distance, the `$n$-link', to deduce whether a given causal set is likely to faithfully embed into a continuum spacetime.

gr-qc↗

arXiv2008

Emergent Continuum Spacetime from a Random, Discrete, Partial Order

There are several indications (from different approaches) that Spacetime at the Plank Scale could be discrete. One approach to Quantum Gravity that takes this most seriously is the Causal Sets Approach. In this approach spacetime is fundamentally a discrete, random, partially ordered set (where the partial order is the causal relation). In this contribution, we examine how timelike and spacelike distances arise from a causal set (in the case that the causal set is approximated by Minkowski spacetime), and how one can use this to obtain geometrical information (such as lengths of curves) for the general case, where the causal set could be approximated by some curved spacetime.

gr-qc↗

arXiv2008

Quantum Covers in Quantum Measure Theory

In standard measure theory the measure on the base set Omega is normalised to one, which encodes the statement that "Omega happens". Moreover, the rules imply that the measure of any subset A of Omega is strictly positive if and only if A cannot be covered by a collection of subsets of zero measure. In quantum measure theory on the other hand, simple examples suffice to demonstrate that this is no longer true. We propose an appropriate generalisation of a cover to quantum measure theory, the {\sl quantum cover}, which in addition to being a cover of A, satisfies the property that if every one of its elements has zero quantum measure, then so does A. We show that a large class of inextendible antichains in the associated powerset lattice provide quantum covers for Omega, for a quantum measure that derives from a strongly positive decoherence functional. Quantum covers, moreover, give us a new perspective on the Peres-Kochen-Specker theorem and its role in the anhomomorphic logic approach to quantum interpretation.

quant-ph↗

arXiv2007

Spacetime Coarse Grainings in the Decoherent Histories Approach to Quantum Theory

We investigate the possibility of assigning consistent probabilities to sets of histories characterized by whether they enter a particular subspace of the Hilbert space of a closed system during a given time interval. In particular we investigate the case that this subspace is a region of the configuration space. This corresponds to a particular class of coarse grainings of spacetime regions. We consider the arrival time problem and the problem of time in reparametrization invariant theories as for example in canonical quantum gravity. Decoherence conditions and probabilities for those application are derived. The resulting decoherence condition does not depend on the explicit form of the restricted propagator that was problematic for generalizations such as application in quantum cosmology. Closely related is the problem of tunnelling time as well as the quantum Zeno effect. Some interpretational comments conclude, and we discuss the applicability of this formalism to deal with the arrival time problem.

gr-qc↗

arXiv2007

Quantum Zeno Effect in the Decoherent Histories

The quantum Zeno effect arises due to frequent observation. That implies the existence of some experimenter and its interaction with the system. In this contribution, we examine what happens for a closed system if one considers a quantum Zeno type of question, namely: "what is the probability of a system, remaining always in a particular subspace". This has implications to the arrival time problem that is also discussed. We employ the decoherent histories approach to quantum theory, as this is the better developed formulation of closed system quantum mechanics, and in particular, dealing with questions that involve time in a non-trivial way. We get a very restrictive decoherence condition, that implies that even if we do introduce an environment, there will be very few cases that we can assign probabilities to these histories, but in those cases, the quantum Zeno effect is still present.

quant-ph↗

arXiv2006

Spacetime topology from the tomographic histories approach I: Non-relativistic Case

The tomographic histories approach is presented. As an inverse problem, we recover in an operational way the effective topology of the extended configuration space of a system. This means that from a series of experiments we get a set of points corresponding to events. The difference between effective and actual topology is drawn. We deduce the topology of the extended configuration space of a non-relativistic system, using certain concepts from the consistent histories approach to Quantum Mechanics, such as the notion of a record. A few remarks about the case of a relativistic system, preparing the ground for a forthcoming paper sequel to this, are made in the end.

gr-qc↗