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Philip N. Klein

Publications and source records attributed to Philip N. Klein.

16 recordsLinked to original sources
arXiv2021

A Quasipolynomial $(2+\varepsilon)$-Approximation for Planar Sparsest Cut

The (non-uniform) sparsest cut problem is the following graph-partitioning problem: given a "supply" graph, and demands on pairs of vertices, delete some subset of supply edges to minimize the ratio of the supply edges cut to the total demand of the pairs separated by this deletion. Despite much effort, there are only a handful of nontrivial classes of supply graphs for which constant-factor approximations are known. We consider the problem for planar graphs, and give a $(2+\varepsilon)$-approximation algorithm that runs in quasipolynomial time. Our approach defines a new structural decomposition of an optimal solution using a "patching" primitive. We combine this decomposition with a Sherali-Adams-style linear programming relaxation of the problem, which we then round. This should be compared with the polynomial-time approximation algorithm of Rao (1999), which uses the metric linear programming relaxation and $\ell_1$-embeddings, and achieves an $O(\sqrt{\log n})$-approximation in polynomial time.

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arXiv2020

On Light Spanners, Low-treewidth Embeddings and Efficient Traversing in Minor-free Graphs

Understanding the structure of minor-free metrics, namely shortest path metrics obtained over a weighted graph excluding a fixed minor, has been an important research direction since the fundamental work of Robertson and Seymour. A fundamental idea that helps both to understand the structural properties of these metrics and lead to strong algorithmic results is to construct a "small-complexity" graph that approximately preserves distances between pairs of points of the metric. We show the two following structural results for minor-free metrics: 1. Construction of a light subset spanner. Given a subset of vertices called terminals, and $ε$, in polynomial time we construct a subgraph that preserves all pairwise distances between terminals up to a multiplicative $1+ε$ factor, of total weight at most $O_ε(1)$ times the weight of the minimal Steiner tree spanning the terminals. 2. Construction of a stochastic metric embedding into low treewidth graphs with expected additive distortion $εD$. Namely, given a minor free graph $G=(V,E,w)$ of diameter $D$, and parameter $ε$, we construct a distribution $\mathcal{D}$ over dominating metric embeddings into treewidth-$O_ε(\log n)$ graphs such that the additive distortion is at most $εD$. One of our important technical contributions is a novel framework that allows us to reduce \emph{both problems} to problems on simpler graphs of bounded diameter. Our results have the following algorithmic consequences: (1) the first efficient approximation scheme for subset TSP in minor-free metrics; (2) the first approximation scheme for vehicle routing with bounded capacity in minor-free metrics; (3) the first efficient approximation scheme for vehicle routing with bounded capacity on bounded genus metrics.

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arXiv2020

On the computational tractability of a geographic clustering problem arising in redistricting

Redistricting is the problem of dividing a state into a number $k$ of regions, called districts. Voters in each district elect a representative. The primary criteria are: each district is connected, district populations are equal (or nearly equal), and districts are "compact". There are multiple competing definitions of compactness, usually minimizing some quantity. One measure that has been recently promoted by Duchin and others is number of cut edges. In redistricting, one is given atomic regions out of which each district must be built. The populations of the atomic regions are given. Consider the graph with one vertex per atomic region (with weight equal to the region's population) and an edge between atomic regions that share a boundary. A districting plan is a partition of vertices into $k$ parts, each connnected, of nearly equal weight. The districts are considered compact to the extent that the plan minimizes the number of edges crossing between different parts. Consider two problems: find the most compact districting plan, and sample districting plans under a compactness constraint uniformly at random. Both problems are NP-hard so we restrict the input graph to have branchwidth at most $w$. (A planar graph's branchwidth is bounded by its diameter.) If both $k$ and $w$ are bounded by constants, the problems are solvable in polynomial time. Assume vertices have weight~1. One would like algorithms whose running times are of the form $O(f(k,w) n^c)$ for some constant $c$ independent of $k$ and $w$, in which case the problems are said to be fixed-parameter tractable with respect to $k$ and $w$). We show that, under a complexity-theoretic assumption, no such algorithms exist. However, we do give algorithms with running time $O(c^wn^{k+1})$. Thus if the diameter of the graph is moderately small and the number of districts is very small, our algorithm is useable.

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arXiv2020

New Hardness Results for Planar Graph Problems in P and an Algorithm for Sparsest Cut

The Sparsest Cut is a fundamental optimization problem that has been extensively studied. For planar inputs the problem is in $P$ and can be solved in $\tilde{O}(n^3)$ time if all vertex weights are $1$. Despite a significant amount of effort, the best algorithms date back to the early 90's and can only achieve $O(\log n)$-approximation in $\tilde{O}(n)$ time or a constant factor approximation in $\tilde{O}(n^2)$ time [Rao, STOC92]. Our main result is an $Ω(n^{2-ε})$ lower bound for Sparsest Cut even in planar graphs with unit vertex weights, under the $(min,+)$-Convolution conjecture, showing that approximations are inevitable in the near-linear time regime. To complement the lower bound, we provide a constant factor approximation in near-linear time, improving upon the 25-year old result of Rao in both time and accuracy. Our lower bound accomplishes a repeatedly raised challenge by being the first fine-grained lower bound for a natural planar graph problem in P. Moreover, we prove near-quadratic lower bounds under SETH for variants of the closest pair problem in planar graphs, and use them to show that the popular Average-Linkage procedure for Hierarchical Clustering cannot be simulated in truly subquadratic time. We prove an $Ω(n/\log{n})$ lower bound on the number of communication rounds required to compute the weighted diameter of a network in the CONGEST model, even when the underlying graph is planar and all nodes are $D=4$ hops away from each other. This is the first poly($n$) + $ω(D)$ lower bound in the planar-distributed setting, and it complements the recent poly$(D, \log{n})$ upper bounds of Li and Parter [STOC 2019] for (exact) unweighted diameter and for ($1+ε$) approximate weighted diameter.

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arXiv2019

A near-linear time minimum Steiner cut algorithm for planar graphs

We consider the Minimum Steiner Cut problem on undirected planar graphs with non-negative edge weights. This problem involves finding the minimum cut of the graph that separates a specified subset $X$ of vertices (terminals) into two parts. This problem is of theoretical interest because it generalizes two classical optimization problems, Minimum $s$-$t$ Cut and Minimum Cut, and of practical importance because of its application to computing a lower bound for Steiner (Subset) TSP. Our algorithm has running time $O(n\log{n}\log{k})$ where $k$ is the number of terminals.

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arXiv2019

A PTAS for Bounded-Capacity Vehicle Routing in Planar Graphs

The Capacitated Vehicle Routing problem is to find a minimum-cost set of tours that collectively cover clients in a graph, such that each tour starts and ends at a specified depot and is subject to a capacity bound on the number of clients it can serve. In this paper, we present a polynomial-time approximation scheme (PTAS) for instances in which the input graph is planar and the capacity is bounded. Previously, only a quasipolynomial-time approximation scheme was known for these instances. To obtain this result, we show how to embed planar graphs into bounded-treewidth graphs while preserving, in expectation, the client-to-client distances up to a small additive error proportional to client distances to the depot.

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arXiv2018

Balanced power diagrams for redistricting

We propose a method for redistricting, decomposing a geographical area into subareas, called districts, so that the populations of the districts are as close as possible and the districts are compact and contiguous. Each district is the intersection of a polygon with the geographical area. The polygons are convex and the average number of sides per polygon is less than six. The polygons tend to be quite compact. With each polygon is associated a center. The center is the centroid of the locations of the residents associated with the polygon. The algorithm can be viewed as a heuristic for finding centers and a balanced assignment of residents to centers so as to minimize the sum of squared distances of residents to centers; hence the solution can be said to have low dispersion.

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arXiv2017

Polynomial-Time Approximation Schemes for k-Center and Bounded-Capacity Vehicle Routing in Graphs with Bounded Highway Dimension

The concept of bounded highway dimension was developed to capture observed properties of the metrics of road networks. We show that a graph with bounded highway dimension, for any vertex, can be embedded into a a graph of bounded treewidth in such a way that the distance between $u$ and $v$ is preserved up to an additive error of $ε$ times the distance from $u$ or $v$ to the selected vertex. We show that this theorem yields a PTAS for Bounded-Capacity Vehicle Routing in graphs of bounded highway dimension. In this problem, the input specifies a depot and a set of clients, each with a location and demand; the output is a set of depot-to-depot tours, where each client is visited by some tour and each tour covers at most $Q$ units of client demand. Our PTAS can be extended to handle penalties for unvisited clients. We extend this embedding result to handle a set $S$ of distinguished vertices. The treewidth depends on $|S|$, and the distance between $u$ and $v$ is preserved up to an additive error of $ε$ times the distance from $u$ and $v$ to $S$. This embedding result implies a PTAS for Multiple Depot Bounded-Capacity Vehicle Routing: the tours can go from one depot to another. The embedding result also implies that, for fixed $k$, there is a PTAS for $k$-Center in graphs of bounded highway dimension. In this problem, the goal is to minimize $d$ such that there exist $k$ vertices (the centers) such that every vertex is within distance $d$ of some center. Similarly, for fixed $k$, there is a PTAS for $k$-Median in graphs of bounded highway dimension. In this problem, the goal is to minimize the sum of distances to the $k$ centers.

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arXiv2016

Local search yields approximation schemes for k-means and k-median in Euclidean and minor-free metrics

We give the first polynomial-time approximation schemes (PTASs) for the following problems: (1) uniform facility location in edge-weighted planar graphs; (2) $k$-median and $k$-means in edge-weighted planar graphs; (3) $k$-means in Euclidean spaces of bounded dimension. Our first and second results extend to minor-closed families of graphs. All our results extend to cost functions that are the $p$-th power of the shortest-path distance. The algorithm is local search where the local neighborhood of a solution $S$ consists of all solutions obtained from $S$ by removing and adding $1/ε^{O(1)}$ centers.

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arXiv2015

A Polynomial-time Bicriteria Approximation Scheme for Planar Bisection

Given an undirected graph with edge costs and node weights, the minimum bisection problem asks for a partition of the nodes into two parts of equal weight such that the sum of edge costs between the parts is minimized. We give a polynomial time bicriteria approximation scheme for bisection on planar graphs. Specifically, let $W$ be the total weight of all nodes in a planar graph $G$. For any constant $\varepsilon > 0$, our algorithm outputs a bipartition of the nodes such that each part weighs at most $W/2 + \varepsilon$ and the total cost of edges crossing the partition is at most $(1+\varepsilon)$ times the total cost of the optimal bisection. The previously best known approximation for planar minimum bisection, even with unit node weights, was $O(\log n)$. Our algorithm actually solves a more general problem where the input may include a target weight for the smaller side of the bipartition.

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arXiv2013

Structured Recursive Separator Decompositions for Planar Graphs in Linear Time

Given a planar graph G on n vertices and an integer parameter r<n, an r-division of G with few holes is a decomposition of G into O(n/r) regions of size at most r such that each region contains at most a constant number of faces that are not faces of G (also called holes), and such that, for each region, the total number of vertices on these faces is O(sqrt r). We provide a linear-time algorithm for computing r-divisions with few holes. In fact, our algorithm computes a structure, called decomposition tree, which represents a recursive decomposition of G that includes r-divisions for essentially all values of r. In particular, given an exponentially increasing sequence r = (r_1,r_2,...), our algorithm can produce a recursive r-division with few holes in linear time. r-divisions with few holes have been used in efficient algorithms to compute shortest paths, minimum cuts, and maximum flows. Our linear-time algorithm improves upon the decomposition algorithm used in the state-of-the-art algorithm for minimum st-cut (Italiano, Nussbaum, Sankowski, and Wulff-Nilsen, STOC 2011), removing one of the bottlenecks in the overall running time of their algorithm (analogously for minimum cut in planar and bounded-genus graphs).

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arXiv2011

Linear-Space Approximate Distance Oracles for Planar, Bounded-Genus, and Minor-Free Graphs

A (1 + eps)-approximate distance oracle for a graph is a data structure that supports approximate point-to-point shortest-path-distance queries. The most relevant measures for a distance-oracle construction are: space, query time, and preprocessing time. There are strong distance-oracle constructions known for planar graphs (Thorup, JACM'04) and, subsequently, minor-excluded graphs (Abraham and Gavoille, PODC'06). However, these require Omega(eps^{-1} n lg n) space for n-node graphs. We argue that a very low space requirement is essential. Since modern computer architectures involve hierarchical memory (caches, primary memory, secondary memory), a high memory requirement in effect may greatly increase the actual running time. Moreover, we would like data structures that can be deployed on small mobile devices, such as handhelds, which have relatively small primary memory. In this paper, for planar graphs, bounded-genus graphs, and minor-excluded graphs we give distance-oracle constructions that require only O(n) space. The big O hides only a fixed constant, independent of εand independent of genus or size of an excluded minor. The preprocessing times for our distance oracle are also faster than those for the previously known constructions. For planar graphs, the preprocessing time is O(n lg^2 n). However, our constructions have slower query times. For planar graphs, the query time is O(eps^{-2} lg^2 n). For our linear-space results, we can in fact ensure, for any delta > 0, that the space required is only 1 + delta times the space required just to represent the graph itself.

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arXiv2002

Detecting Race Conditions in Parallel Programs that Use Semaphores

We address the problem of detecting race conditions in programs that use semaphores for synchronization. Netzer and Miller showed that it is NP-complete to detect race conditions in programs that use many semaphores. We show in this paper that it remains NP-complete even if only two semaphores are used in the parallel programs. For the tractable case, i.e., using only one semaphore, we give two algorithms for detecting race conditions from the trace of executing a parallel program on p processors, where n semaphore operations are executed. The first algorithm determines in O(n) time whether a race condition exists between any two given operations. The second algorithm runs in O(np log n) time and outputs a compact representation from which one can determine in O(1) time whether a race condition exists between any two given operations. The second algorithm is near-optimal in that the running time is only O(log n) times the time required simply to write down the output.

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