Enhanced Heat Transfer through Density- and Pressure-Driven Flow at Fracture Intersections With Dead-Ends
Heat transport in fractured media is governed by coupled thermal-hydraulic (TH) processes. This study evaluates TH processes at fracture intersections, focusing on T-intersections where one horizontal fracture is subjected to a pressure gradient while the other forms a vertical dead-end fracture. Using numerical simulations, we investigate the influence of the inlet velocity, thermal P\'eclet, and Rayleigh numbers, and the impact of a pressure gradient along the T-intersection, on the resulting heat transport. The model domain consists of a fluid and a solid region. Fluid flow and heat transport in the fractures are described by the conservation equations for mass, momentum, and energy. The rock matrix is considered impermeable, therefore, it is governed by heat conduction. The simulations consistently show that heat transfer from the fluid to the matrix is enhanced when fluid flow occurs within the dead-end fracture, since such fluid flow maintains a higher temperature difference between the matrix and the fluid. This flow arises either from buoyancy-driven natural convection due to temperature-dependent fluid density or from a pressure gradient imposed by the orientation of the dead-end fracture with respect to the flow direction in the horizontal fracture. Natural convection dominates at high flow rate, Rayleigh, and P\'eclet numbers, whereas pressure-driven flow becomes the controlling mechanism for an increasing deviation from the orthogonal configuration of the two fracture planes and under higher flow rates. At low flow rates, P\'eclet, or Rayleigh numbers, no flow develops in the dead-end fracture, and heat transport in the dead-end fracture becomes conduction-dominated.