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Pieter Allaart

Publications and source records attributed to Pieter Allaart.

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Equality of Hölder exponents for distribution functions of Gibbs measures

Pointwise Hölder exponents describe the degree of regularity of a function near a point. For a function $f:\mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}$, a number $α>0$ and a point $t_0\in\mathbb{R}$, write $f\in C^α(t_0)$ if there exist a constant $C>0$, a number $h>0$ and a polynomial $P$ of degree less than $α$ such that \[ |f(t)-P(t-t_0)|\leq C|t-t_0|^α\qquad\mbox{for all $t\in (t_0-h,t_0+h)$}. \] The pointwise Hölder exponent of $f$ at $t_0$ is the number \[ α_f(t_0):=\sup\{α>0: f\in C^α(t_0)\}. \] A simpler quantity, also frequently called pointwise Hölder exponent in the mathematical literature, is the number \[ \tildeα_f(t_0):=\sup\{α>0: f\in \tilde{C}^α(t_0)\}, \] where $f\in \tilde{C}^α(t_0)$ means that there exist $C>0$ and $h>0$ such that $|f(t)-f(t_0)|\leq C|t-t_0|^α$ for all $t\in (t_0-h,t_0+h)$. Clearly $α_f(t)\geq \tildeα_f(t)$, but strict inequality is possible and in fact common. In this paper we consider the case when $f=F_μ$ is the distribution function of a Gibbs measure $μ$ associated with an arbitrary Hölder continuous potential $ψ$ on a self-conformal set, and show that, under a very mild condition on $ψ$, $α_f(t)=\tildeα_f(t)$ for all $t$. As a consequence, we deduce that the pointwise Hölder spectrum of $f$ satisfies the multifractal formalism. As an application, we derive the pointwise Hölder spectrum of conjugacy maps between expanding piecewise $\mathcal{C}^{1+ε}$ maps of an interval.

math.DS

The dimension of random subsets of self-similar sets generated by branching random walk

Given a self-similar set $Λ$ that is the attractor of an iterated function system (IFS) $\{f_1,\dots,f_N\}$, consider the following method for constructing a random subset of $Λ$: Let $\mathbf{p}=(p_1,\dots,p_N)$ be a probability vector, and label all edges of a full $M$-ary tree independently at random with a number from $\{1,2,\dots,N\}$ according to $\mathbf{p}$, where $M\geq 2$ is an arbitrary integer. Then each infinite path in the tree starting from the root receives a random label sequence which is the coding of a point in $Λ$. We let $F\subsetΛ$ denote the set of all points obtained in this way. This construction was introduced by Allaart and Jones [J. Fractal Geom. 12 (2025), 67--92], who considered the case of a homogeneous IFS on $\mathbb{R}$ satisfying the Open Set Condition (OSC) and proved non-trivial upper and lower bounds for the Hausdorff dimension of $F$. We demonstrate that under the OSC, the Hausdorff (and box-counting) dimension of $F$ is equal to the upper bound of Allaart and Jones, and extend the result to higher dimensions as well as to non-homogeneous self-similar sets.

math.CA

The $β$-transformation with a hole at $0$: the general case

Given $β>1$, let $T_β$ be the $β$-transformation on the unit circle $[0,1)$, defined by $T_β(x)=βx-\lfloor βx\rfloor$. For each $t\in[0,1)$ let $K_β(t)$ be the survivor set consisting of all $x\in[0,1)$ whose orbit $\{T^n_β(x): n\ge 0\}$ never hits the interval $[0,t)$. Kalle et al.~[{\em Ergodic Theory Dynam. Systems} {\bf 40} (2020), no.~9, 2482--2514] considered the case $β\in(1,2]$. They studied the set-valued bifurcation set $\mathscr{E}_β:=\{t\in[0,1): K_β(t')\ne K_β(t)~\forall t'>t\}$ and proved that the Hausdorff dimension function $t\mapsto\dim_H K_β(t)$ is a non-increasing Devil's staircase. In a previous paper [{\em Ergodic Theory Dynam. Systems} {\bf 43} (2023), no.~6, 1785--1828] we determined, for all $β\in(1,2]$, the critical value $τ(β):=\min\{t>0: η_β(t)=0\}$. The purpose of the present article is to extend these results to all $β>1$. In addition to calculating $τ(β)$, we show that (i) the function $τ: β\mapstoτ(β)$ is left continuous on $(1,\infty)$ with right-hand limits everywhere, but has countably infinitely many discontinuities; (ii) $τ$ has no downward jumps; and (iii) there exists an open set $O\subset(1,\infty)$, whose complement $(1,\infty)\backslash O$ has zero Hausdorff dimension, such that $τ$ is real-analytic, strictly convex and strictly decreasing on each connected component of $O$. We also prove several topological properties of the bifurcation set $\mathscr{E}_β$. The key to extending the results from $β\in(1,2]$ to all $β>1$ is an appropriate generalization of the Farey words that are used to parametrize the connected components of the set $O$. Some of the original proofs from the above-mentioned papers are simplified.

math.DS

Critical values for the $β$-transformation with a hole at $0$

Given $β\in(1,2]$, let $T_β$ be the $β$-transformation on the unit circle $[0,1)$ such that $T_β(x)=βx\pmod 1$. For each $t\in[0,1)$ let $K_β(t)$ be the survivor set consisting of all $x\in[0,1)$ whose orbit $\{T^n_β(x): n\ge 0\}$ never hits the open interval $(0,t)$. Kalle et al. proved in [Ergodic Theory Dynam. Systems, 40 (9): 2482--2514, 2020] that the Hausdorff dimension function $t\mapsto\dim_H K_β(t)$ is a non-increasing Devil's staircase. So there exists a critical value $τ(β)$ such that $\dim_H K_β(t)>0$ if and only if $t<τ(β)$. In this paper we determine the critical value $τ(β)$ for all $β\in(1,2]$, answering a question of Kalle et al. (2020). For example, we find that for the Komornik-Loreti constant $β\approx 1.78723$ we have $τ(β)=(2-β)/(β-1)$. Furthermore, we show that (i) the function $τ: β\mapstoτ(β)$ is left continuous on $(1,2]$ with right-hand limits everywhere, but has countably infinitely many discontinuities; (ii) $τ$ has no downward jumps, with $τ(1+)=0$ and $τ(2)=1/2$; and (iii) there exists an open set $O\subset(1,2]$, whose complement $(1,2]\setminus O$ has zero Hausdorff dimension, such that $τ$ is real-analytic, convex and strictly decreasing on each connected component of $O$. Our strategy to find the critical value $τ(β)$ depends on certain substitutions of Farey words and a renormalization scheme from dynamical systems.

math.DS

Entropy plateaus, transitivity and bifurcation sets for the $β$-transformation with a hole at $0$

Given $β>1$, let $T_β$ be the $β$-transformation on the unit circle $[0,1)$ such that $T_β(x)=βx\pmod 1$. For each $t\in[0,1)$ let $K_β(t)$ be the survivor set consisting of all $x\in[0,1)$ whose orbit $\{T^n_β(x): n\ge 0\}$ never enters the interval $[0,t)$. Letting $\mathscr{E}_β$ denote the bifurcation set of the set-valued map $t\mapsto K_β(t)$, Kalle et al. [Ergodic Theory Dynam. Systems, 40 (9): 2482--2514, 2020] conjectured that \[ \dim_H\big(\mathscr{E}_β\cap[t,1]\big)=\dim_H K_β(t) \qquad \forall\,t\in(0,1). \] The main purpose of this article is to prove this conjecture. We do so by investigating dynamical properties of the symbolic equivalent of the survivor set $K_β(t)$, in particular its entropy and topological transitivity. In addition, we compare $\mathscr{E}_β$ with the bifurcation set $\mathscr{B}_β$ of the map $t\mapsto \dim_H K_β(t)$ (which is a decreasing devil's staircase by a theorem of Kalle et al.), and show that, for Lebesgue-almost every $β>1$, the difference $\mathscr{E}_β\backslash\mathscr{B}_β$ has positive Hausdorff dimension, but for every $k\in\{0,1,2,\dots\}\cup\{\aleph_0\}$, there are infinitely many values of $β$ such that the cardinality of $\mathscr{E}_β\backslash\mathscr{B}_β$ is exactly $k$. For a countable but dense subset of $β$'s, we also determine the intervals of constancy of the function $t\mapsto \dim_H K_β(t)$. Some connections with other topics in dynamics, such as kneading invariants of Lorenz maps and the doubling map with an arbitrary hole, are also discussed.

math.DS

The higher order partial derivatives of Okamoto's function with respect to the parameter

Let $\{F_a: a\in(0,1)\}$ be Okamoto's family of continuous self-affine functions, introduced in [{\em Proc. Japan Acad. Ser. A Math. Sci.} {\bf 81} (2005), no. 3, 47--50]. This family includes well-known ``pathological" examples such as Cantor's devil's staircase and Perkins' continuous but nowhere differentiable function. It is well known that $F_a(x)$ is real analytic in $a$ for every $x\in[0,1]$. We introduce the functions \[ M_{k,a}(x):=\frac{\partial^k}{\partial a^k}F_a(x), \qquad k\in\mathbb{N}, \quad x\in[0,1]. \] We compute the box-counting dimension of the graph of $M_{k,a}$, characterize its differentiability, and investigate in detail the set of points where $M_{k,a}$ has an infinite derivative. While some of our results are similar to the known facts about Okamoto's function, there are also some notable differences and surprising new phenomena that arise when considering the higher order partial derivatives of $F_a$.

math.CA

Random subsets of Cantor sets generated by trees of coin flips

We introduce a natural way to construct a random subset of a homogeneous Cantor set $C$ in $[0,1]$ via random labelings of an infinite $M$-ary tree, where $M\geq 2$. The Cantor set $C$ is the attractor of an equicontractive iterated function system $\{f_1,\dots,f_N\}$ that satisfies the open set condition with $(0,1)$ as the open set. For a fixed probability vector $(p_1,\dots,p_N)$, each edge in the infinite $M$-ary tree is independently labeled $i$ with probability $p_i$, for $i=1,2,\dots,N$. Thus, each infinite path in the tree receives a random label sequence of numbers from $\{1,2,\dots,N\}$. We define $F$ to be the (random) set of those points $x\in C$ which have a coding that is equal to the label sequence of some infinite path starting at the root of the tree. The set $F$ may be viewed as a statistically self-similar set with extreme overlaps, and as such, its Hausdorff and box-counting dimensions coincide. We prove non-trivial upper and lower bounds for this dimension, and obtain the exact dimension in a few special cases. For instance, when $M=N$ and $p_i=1/N$ for each $i$, we show that $F$ is almost surely of full Hausdorff dimension in $C$ but of zero Hausdorff measure in its dimension. For the case of two maps and a binary tree, we also consider deterministic labelings of the tree where, for a fixed integer $m\geq 2$, every $m$th edge is labeled $1$, and compute the exact Hausdorff dimension of the resulting subset of $C$.

math.PR

Density spectrum of Cantor measure

Given $ρ\in(0, 1/3]$, let $μ$ be the Cantor measure satisfying $μ=\frac{1}{2}μf_0^{-1}+\frac{1}{2}μf_1^{-1}$, where $f_i(x)=ρx+i(1-ρ)$ for $i=0, 1$. The support of $μ$ is a Cantor set $C$ generated by the iterated function system $\{f_0, f_1\}$. Continuing the work of Feng et al. (2000) on the pointwise lower and upper densities \[ Θ_*^s(μ, x)=\liminf_{r\to 0}\frac{μ(B(x,r))}{(2r)^s},\qquad Θ^{*s}(μ, x)=\limsup_{r\to 0}\frac{μ(B(x,r))}{(2r)^s}, \] where $s=-\log 2/\logρ$ is the Hausdorff dimension of $C$, we give a complete description of the sets $D_*$ and $D^*$ consisting of all possible values of the lower and upper densities, respectively. We show that both sets contain infinitely many isolated and infinitely many accumulation points, and they have the same Hausdorff dimension as the Cantor set $C$. Furthermore, we compute the Hausdorff dimension of the level sets of the lower and upper densities. Our method consists in formulating an equivalent ``dyadic" version of the problem involving the doubling map on $[0,1)$, which we solve by using known results on the entropy of a certain open dynamical system and the notion of tuning.

math.DS

Box-counting dimension and differentiability of box-like statistically self-affine functions

We consider a class of "box-like" statistically self-affine functions, and compute the almost-sure box-counting dimension of their graphs. Furthermore, we consider the differentiability of our functions, and prove that, depending on an explicitly computable functional of the model, they are almost surely either differentiable almost everywhere or non-differentiable almost everywhere.

math.CA

On the existence of numbers with matching continued fraction and decimal expansions

A Trott number is a number $x\in(0,1)$ whose continued fraction expansion is equal to its base $b$ expansion for a given base $b$, in the following sense: If $x=[0;a_1,a_2,\dots]$, then $x=(0.\hat{a}_1\hat{a}_2\dots)_b$, where $\hat{a}_i$ is the string of digits resulting from writing $a_i$ in base $b$. In this paper we characterize the set of bases for which Trott numbers exist, and show that for these bases, the set $T_b$ of Trott numbers is a complete $G_δ$ set. We prove moreover that the union $T:=\bigcup_{b\geq 2} T_b$ is nowhere dense and has Hausdorff dimension less than one. Finally, we give several sufficient conditions on bases $b$ and $b'$ such that $T_b\cap T_{b'}=\emptyset$, and conjecture that this is the case for all $b\neq b'$. This question has connections with some deep theorems in Diophantine approximation.

math.NT

On the smallest base in which a number has a unique expansion

Given a real number $x>0$, we determine $q_s(x):=\inf\mathscr{U}(x)$, where $\mathscr{U}(x)$ is the set of all bases $q\in(1,2]$ for which $x$ has a unique expansion of $0$'s and $1$'s. We give an explicit description of $q_s(x)$ for several regions of $x$-values. For others, we present an efficient algorithm to determine $q_s(x)$ and the lexicographically smallest unique expansion of $x$. We show that the infimum is attained for almost all $x$, but there is also a set of points of positive Hausdorff dimension for which the infimum is proper. In addition, we show that the function $q_s$ is right-continuous with left-hand limits and no downward jumps, and characterize the points of discontinuity of $q_s$. A large part of the paper is devoted to the level sets $L(q):=\{x>0:q_s(x)=q\}$. We show that $L(q)$ is finite for almost every $q$, but there are also infinitely many infinite level sets. In particular, for the Komornik-Loreti constant $q_{KL}=\min\mathscr{U}(1)\approx 1.787$ we prove that $L(q_{KL})$ has both infinitely many left- and infinitely many right accumulation points.

math.NT

The pointwise Hölder spectrum of general self-affine functions on an interval

This paper gives the pointwise Hölder (or multifractal) spectrum of continuous functions on the interval $[0,1]$ whose graph is the attractor of an iterated function system consisting of $r\geq 2$ affine maps on $\mathbb{R}^2$. These functions satisfy a functional equation of the form $ϕ(a_k x+b_k)=c_k x+d_kϕ(x)+e_k$, for $k=1,2,\dots,r$ and $x\in[0,1]$. They include the Takagi function, the Riesz-Nagy singular functions, Okamoto's functions, and many other well-known examples. It is shown that the multifractal spectrum of $ϕ$ is given by the multifractal formalism when $|d_k|\geq |a_k|$ for at least one $k$, but the multifractal formalism may fail otherwise, depending on the relationship between the shear parameters $c_k$ and the other parameters. In the special case when $a_k>0$ for every $k$, an exact expression is derived for the pointwise Hölder exponent at any point. These results extend recent work by the author [Adv. Math. 328 (2018), 1-39] and S. Dubuc [Expo. Math. 36 (2018), 119-142].

math.CA

Relative bifurcation sets and the local dimension of univoque bases

Fix an alphabet $A=\{0,1,\dots,M\}$ with $M\in\mathbb{N}$. The univoque set $\mathscr{U}$ of bases $q\in(1,M+1)$ in which the number $1$ has a unique expansion over the alphabet $A$ has been well studied. It has Lebesgue measure zero but Hausdorff dimension one. This paper investigates how the set $\mathscr{U}$ is distributed over the interval $(1,M+1)$ by determining the limit $$f(q):=\lim_{δ\to 0}\dim_H\big(\mathscr{U}\cap(q-δ,q+δ)\big)$$ for all $q\in(1,M+1)$. We show in particular that $f(q)>0$ if and only if $q\in\overline{\mathscr{U}}\backslash\mathscr{C}$, where $\mathscr{C}$ is an uncountable set of Hausdorff dimension zero, and $f$ is continuous at those (and only those) points where it vanishes. Furthermore, we introduce a countable family of pairwise disjoint subsets of $\mathscr{U}$ called {\emph relative bifurcation sets}, and use them to give an explicit expression for the Hausdorff dimension of the intersection of $\mathscr{U}$ with any interval, answering a question of Kalle et al.~[{\emph arXiv:1612.07982; to appear in Acta Arithmetica}, 2018]. Finally, the methods developed in this paper are used to give a complete answer to a question of the first author [{\emph Adv. Math.}, 308:575--598, 2017] about strongly univoque sets.

math.DS

Bifurcation sets arising from non-integer base expansions

Given a positive integer $M$ and $q\in(1,M+1]$, let $\mathcal U_q$ be the set of $x\in[0, M/(q-1)]$ having a unique $q$-expansion: there exists a unique sequence $(x_i)=x_1x_2\ldots$ with each $x_i\in\{0,1,\ldots, M\}$ such that \[ x=\frac{x_1}{q}+\frac{x_2}{q^2}+\frac{x_3}{q^3}+\cdots. \] Denote by $\mathbf U_q$ the set of corresponding sequences of all points in $\mathcal U_q$. It is well-known that the function $H: q\mapsto h(\mathbf U_q)$ is a Devil's staircase, where $h(\mathbf U_q)$ denotes the topological entropy of $\mathbf U_q$. In this paper we {give several characterizations of} the bifurcation set \[ \mathcal B:=\{q\in(1,M+1]: H(p)\ne H(q)\textrm{ for any }p\ne q\}. \] Note that $\mathcal B$ is contained in the set $\mathcal{U}^R$ of bases $q\in(1,M+1]$ such that $1\in\mathcal U_q$. By using a transversality technique we also calculate the Hausdorff dimension of the difference $\mathcal B\backslash\mathcal{U}^R$. Interestingly this quantity is always strictly between $0$ and $1$. When $M=1$ the Hausdorff dimension of $\mathcal B\backslash\mathcal{U}^R$ is $\frac{\log 2}{3\log λ^*}\approx 0.368699$, where $λ^*$ is the unique root in $(1, 2)$ of the equation $x^5-x^4-x^3-2x^2+x+1=0$.

math.NT

On the continuity of the Hausdorff dimension of the univoque set

In a recent paper [Adv. Math. 305:165--196, 2017], Komornik et al.~proved a long-conjectured formula for the Hausdorff dimension of the set $\mathcal{U}_q$ of numbers having a unique expansion in the (non-integer) base $q$, and showed that this Hausdorff dimension is continuous in $q$. Unfortunately, their proof contained a gap which appears difficult to fix. This article gives a completely different proof of these results, using a more direct combinatorial approach.

math.DS

The Takagi function: a survey

This paper sketches the history of the Takagi function T and surveys known properties of T, including its nowhere-differentiability, modulus of continuity, graphical properties and level sets. Several generalizations of the Takagi function, in as far as they are based on the "tent map", are also discussed. The final section reviews a number of applications of the Takagi function to various areas of mathematics, including number theory, combinatorics and classical real analysis.

math.CA