Battery Discharge Modeling for Electric Vehicles: A Hybrid Physics-based Residual Learning Approach
The growing integration of electric vehicle (EV) fleets into transportation services and energy systems requires accurate modeling of battery discharge and state-of-charge (SoC) evolution to ensure reliable vehicle operation and grid coordination. Existing approaches face a trade-off between interpretable but simplified physics-based models and data-driven methods that demand large datasets and may lack physical consistency. In this paper, we propose a hybrid physics-based residual learning framework for EV battery discharge modeling. A vehicle dynamics model based on force-balance equations provides an interpretable baseline estimate of energy consumption and SoC evolution, capturing aerodynamic drag, rolling resistance, and regenerative braking. A neural network residual learner then corrects discrepancies caused by complex factors such as traffic conditions and driver behavior. Experimental results on $1,500$ trip scenarios demonstrate that the proposed approach reduces the mean absolute percentage error to approximately $0.8\%$, significantly outperforming physics-only models while preserving physical interpretability and computational efficiency.