Design and Analysis of a Programmable Ramp Generator for Frequency Synthesizers
This paper presents a fully digital Programmable Ramp Generator (PRG) for reconfigurable frequency-ramp synthesizers used in Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave radar, spread-spectrum clock generation, and test and measurement applications. A novel modular architecture is proposed, integrating a phase-accumulator-based frequency sweep generator and Delta-Sigma Modulator (DSM) that drives a Multi-Modulus Divider (MMD), giving independent digital control over ramp slope, bandwidth, and duration. While prior works demonstrate chirp synthesis, the circuit-level constraints governing reliable PRG operation have not been jointly analyzed. This work identifies and analyzes three such constraints: (a) MMD octave-boundary behavior under dynamic updates, (b) divider-synchronous timing, and (c) DSM limits on step duration and achievable slope. Together, these constraints define the PRG design space, enabling a systematic algorithm that maps application-level specifications directly to hardware parameters. Following this methodology, a 16-bit PRG implemented in TSMC 65 nm CMOS is verified across 18 ramp profiles and hardware prototyping on a Xilinx Spartan-7 FPGA confirms real-time operation.