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Prarit Agarwal

Publications and source records attributed to Prarit Agarwal.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
arXiv2026

FeynTune: Large Language Models for High-Energy Theory

We present specialized Large Language Models for theoretical High-Energy Physics, obtained as 20 fine-tuned variants of the 8-billion parameter Llama-3.1 model. Each variant was trained on arXiv abstracts (through August 2024) from different combinations of hep-th, hep-ph and gr-qc. For a comparative study, we also trained models on datasets that contained abstracts from disparate fields such as the q-bio and cs categories. All models were fine-tuned using two distinct Low-Rank Adaptation fine-tuning approaches and varying dataset sizes, and outperformed the base model on hep-th abstract completion tasks. We compare performance against leading commercial LLMs (ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini, DeepSeek) and derive insights for further developing specialized language models for High-Energy Theoretical Physics.

cs.CL↗
arXiv2022

Quantum trace map for 3-manifolds and a 'length conjecture'

We introduce a quantum trace map for an ideally triangulated hyperbolic knot complement $S^3\backslash \mathcal{K}$. The map assigns a quantum operator to each element of Kauffmann Skein module of the 3-manifold. The quantum operator lives in a module generated by products of quantized edge parameters of the ideal triangulation modulo some equivalence relations determined by gluing equations. Combining the quantum map with a state-integral model of $SL(2,\mathbb{C})$ Chern-Simons theory, one can define perturbative invariants of knot $K$ in the knot complement whose leading part is determined by its complex hyperbolic length. We then conjecture that the perturbative invariants determine an asymptotic expansion of the Jones polynomial for a link composed of $\mathcal{K}$ and $K$. We propose the explicit quantum trace map for figure-eight knot complement and confirm the length conjecture up to the second order in the asymptotic expansion both numerically and analytically.

hep-th↗
arXiv2021

Macdonald Indices for Four-dimensional $\mathcal N=3$ Theories

We brute-force evaluate the vacuum character for $\mathcal N=2$ vertex operator algebras labelled by crystallographic complex reflection groups $G(k,1,1)=\mathbb Z_k$, $k=3,4,6$, and $G(3,1,2)$. For $\mathbb Z_{3,4}$ and $G(3,1,2)$ these vacuum characters have been conjectured to respectively reproduce the Macdonald limit of the superconformal index for rank one and rank two S-fold $\mathcal N=3$ theories in four dimensions. For the $\mathbb Z_3$ case, and in the limit where the Macdonald index reduces to the Schur index, we find agreement with predictions from the literature.

hep-th↗
arXiv2021

Classification of large N superconformal gauge theories with a dense spectrum

We classify the large $N$ limits of four-dimensional supersymmetric gauge theories with simple gauge groups that flow to superconformal fixed points. We restrict ourselves to the ones without a superpotential and with a fixed flavor symmetry. We find 35 classes in total, with 8 having a dense spectrum of chiral gauge-invariant operators. The central charges $a$ and $c$ for the dense theories grow linearly in $N$ in contrast to the $N^2$ growth for the theories with a sparse spectrum. The difference between the central charges $a-c$ can have both signs, and it does not vanish in the large $N$ limit for the dense theories. We find that there can be multiple bands separated by a gap, or a discrete spectrum above the band. We also find a criterion on the matter content for the fixed point theory to possess either a dense or sparse spectrum. We discover a few curious aspects regarding supersymmetric RG flows and $a$-maximization along the way. For all the theories with the dense spectrum, the AdS version of the Weak Gravity Conjecture (including the convex hull condition for the cases with multiple $U(1)$'s) holds for large enough $N$ even though they do not have weakly-coupled gravity duals.

hep-th↗
arXiv2020

Large N Gauge Theories with a Dense Spectrum and the Weak Gravity Conjecture

We find large N gauge theories containing a large number of operators within a band of low conformal dimensions. One of such examples is the four-dimensional N=1 supersymmetric SU(N) gauge theory with one adjoint and a pair of fundamental/anti-fundamental chiral multiplets. This theory flows to a superconformal theory in the infrared upon a superpotential coupling with gauge singlets. The gap in the low-lying spectrum scales as 1/N and the central charges scale as $O(N^1)$ contrary to the usual $O(N^2)$ scaling of ordinary gauge theory coming from the matrix degree of freedom. We find the AdS version of the Weak Gravity Conjecture (WGC) holds for this theory, although it cannot be holographically dual to supergravity. This supports the validity of WGC in a more general theory of quantum gravity.

hep-th↗
arXiv2020

AdS black holes and finite N indices

We study the index of 4d $\mathcal{N}=4$ Yang-Mills theory with $U(N)$ gauge group, focussing on the physics of the dual BPS black holes in $AdS_5\times S^5$. Certain aspects of these black holes can be studied from finite $N$ indices with reasonably large $N^2$. We make numerical studies of the index for $N\leq 6$, by expanding it up to reasonably high orders in the fugacity. The entropy of the index agrees very well with the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy of the dual black holes, say at $N^2=25$ or $36$. Our data clarifies and supports the recent ideas which allowed analytic studies of these black holes from the index, such as the complex saddle points of the Legendre transformation and the oscillating signs in the index. In particular, the complex saddle points naturally explain the $\frac{1}{N}$-subleading oscillating patterns of the index. We also illustrate the universality of our ideas by studying a model given by the inverse of the MacMahon function.

hep-th↗
arXiv2019

Vanishing OPE Coefficients in 4d N=2 SCFTs

We compute the superconformal characters of various short multiplets in 4d N=2 superconformal algebra, from which selection rules for operator products are obtained. Combining with the superconformal index, we show that a particular short multiplet appearing in the n-fold product of stress-tensor multiplet is absent in the $(A_1, A_{2n})$ Argyres-Douglas (AD) theory. This implies that the operator product expansion (OPE) coefficients involving this multiplet vanish whenever the central charge $c$ is identical to that of the AD theory. Similarly, by considering the n-th power of the current multiplet, we show that a particular short multiplet and OPE coefficients vanish for a class of AD theories with ADE flavor symmetry. We also consider the generalized AD theory of type $(A_{k-1}, A_{n-1})$ for coprime k, n and compute its Macdonald index using the associated W-algebra under a mild assumption. This allows us to show that a number of short multiplets and OPE coefficients vanish in this theory. We also provide a Mathematica file along with this paper, where we implement the algorithm by Cordova-Dumitrescu-Intriligator to compute the spectrum of 4d N=2 superconformal multiplets as well as their superconformal character.

hep-th↗
arXiv2019

On dimensional reduction of 4d N=1 Lagrangians for Argyres-Douglas theories

Recently, it was found that certain 4d $\mathcal{N}=1$ Lagrangians experience supersymmetry enhancement at their IR fixed point, thereby giving a Lagrangian description for a plethora of Argyres-Douglas theories. A generic feature of these Lagrangians is that a number of gauge invariant operators decouple (as free fields) along the RG-flow. These decoupled operators can be naturally taken into account from the beginning itself by introducing additional gauge singlets (sometimes called `flipping fields') that couple to the decoupled operators via appropriate superpotential terms. It has also been checked that upon dimensionally reducing to 3d, the $(A_1,A_{2n-1})$ type Lagrangians only produce the expected behavior when flipping fields are included in the Lagrangian. In this paper we further investigate the role of flipping fields and find an example where the expected necessity of including the flipping fields in the dimensionally reduced Lagrangians seems to get violated. In the process we find two new dual Lagrangians for the so called 3d $T[SU(2)]$ theory.

hep-th↗
arXiv2018

A "Lagrangian" for the E7 Superconformal Theory

We find an N=1 gauge theory that flows to the rank-one N=2 superconformal field theory with $E_7$ flavor symmetry. We first obtain a Lagrangian description for the $R_{0, N}$ theory, which appears in the S-dual description of the SU(N) gauge theory with 2N fundamental hypermultiplets. This is a straightforward generalization of the proposed Lagrangian description for the $E_6$ theory. The $E_7$ theory is then obtained via partial Higgsing of the $R_{0, 4}$ theory. From this Lagrangian description, we compute the full superconformal index. We also consider twisted dimensional reduction on $S^2$ to obtain N=(0, 4) theory for the $E_7$ one instanton string and compute its elliptic genus.

hep-th↗
arXiv2018

Wilson surfaces in M5-branes

We study Wilson surface defects in 6d $\mathcal{N}=(2,0)$ superconformal field theories, engineered by semi-infinite M2-branes intersecting M5-branes. Two independent approaches are used to obtain the Wilson surface observables on the $T^2$ inside Omega-deformed $\mathbf{R}^4 \times T^2$. One approach is to compute 5d $\mathcal{N}=1^*$ instanton partition functions in the presence of Wilson lines, where the instanton corrections capture the 6d Kaluza-Klein momentum modes. The other approach is to study the elliptic genera of 2d $\mathcal{N}=(0,4)$ gauge theories, which we propose as describing 6d self-dual strings in the presence of Wilson surface defects. We make a detailed comparison between these two independent computations, which precisely agree for Wilson surfaces in minuscule representations; for non-minuscule representations instead we only find partial agreement, due to technical problems which we comment about.

hep-th↗
arXiv2017

N=1 Lagrangians for generalized Argyres-Douglas theories

We find $\mathcal{N}=1$ Lagrangian gauge theories that flow to generalized Argyres-Douglas theories with $\mathcal{N}=2$ supersymmetry. We find that certain SU quiver gauge theories flow to generalized Argyres-Douglas theories of type $(A_{k-1}, A_{mk-1})$ and $(I_{m, k m}, S)$. We also find quiver gauge theories of SO/Sp gauge groups flowing to the $(A_{2m-1}, D_{2mk+1})$, $(A_{2m}, D_{2m(k-1)+k})$ and $D_{m(2k+2)}^{m(2k+2)}[m]$ theories.

hep-th↗
arXiv2016

N=1 Deformations and RG Flows of N=2 SCFTs, Part II: Non-principal deformations

We continue to investigate the $\mathcal{N}=1$ deformations of four-dimensional $\mathcal{N}=2$ superconformal field theories (SCFTs) labeled by a nilpotent element of the flavor symmetry. This triggers a renormalization group (RG) flow to an $\mathcal{N}=1$ SCFT. We systematically analyze all possible deformations of this type for certain classes of $\mathcal{N}=2$ SCFTs: conformal SQCDs, generalized Argyres-Douglas theories and the $E_6$ SCFT. We find a number of examples where the amount of supersymmetry gets enhanced to $\mathcal{N}=2$ at the end point of the RG flow. Most notably, we find that the $SU(N)$ and $Sp(N)$ conformal SQCDs can be deformed to flow to the Argyres-Douglas (AD) theories of type $(A_1, D_{2N-1})$ and $(A_1, D_{2N})$ respectively. This RG flow therefore allows us to compute the full superconformal index of the $(A_1,D_N)$ class of AD theories. Moreover, we find an infrared duality between $\mathcal{N}=1$ theories where the fixed point is described by an $\mathcal{N}=2$ AD theory. We observe that the classes of examples that exhibit supersymmetry enhancement saturate certain bounds for the central charges implied by the associated two-dimensional chiral algebra.

hep-th↗
arXiv2016

Notes on S-folds and $\mathcal{N}=3$ theories

We consider D3 branes in presence of an S-fold plane. The latter is a non perturbative object, arising from the combined projection of an S-duality twist and a discrete orbifold of the R-symmetry group. This construction naively gives rise to 4d $\mathcal{N}=3$ SCFTs. Nevertheless it has been observed that in some cases supersymmetry is enhanced to $\mathcal{N}=4$. In this paper we study the explicit counting of degrees of freedom arising from vector multiplets associated to strings suspended between the D3 branes probing the S-fold. We propose that, for trivial discrete torsion, there is no vector multiplet associated to $(1,0)$ strings stretched between a brane and its image. We then focus on the case of rank 2 $\mathcal{N}=3$ theory that enhances to $SU(3)$ $\mathcal{N}=4$ SYM, explicitly spelling out the isomorphism between the BPS-spectrum of the manifestly $\mathcal{N}=3$ theory and that of three D3 branes in flat spacetime. Subsequently, we consider 3-pronged strings in these setups and show how wall-crossing in the S-fold background implies wall crossing in the flat geometry. This can be considered a consistency check of the \emph{conjectured} SUSY enhancement. We also find that the above isomorphism implies that a $(1,0)$ string, suspended between a brane and its image in the S-fold, corresponds to a 3-string junction in the flat geometry. This is in agreement with our claim on the absence of a vector multiplet associated to such $(1,0)$ strings. This is because the 3-string junction in flat geometry gives rise to a $1/4$-th BPS multiplet of the $\mathcal{N}=4$ algebra. Such multiplets always include particles with spin $>1$ as opposed to a vector multiplet which is restricted by the requirement that the spins must be $\leq 1$.

hep-th↗
arXiv2015

Infinitely many N=1 dualities from $m+1-m=1$

We discuss two infinite classes of 4d supersymmetric theories, ${T}_N^{(m)}$ and ${\cal U}_N^{(m)}$, labelled by an arbitrary non-negative integer, $m$. The ${T}_N^{(m)}$ theory arises from the 6d, $A_{N-1}$ type ${\cal N}=(2,0)$ theory reduced on a 3-punctured sphere, with normal bundle given by line bundles of degree $(m+1, -m)$; the $m=0$ case is the ${\cal N}=2$ supersymmetric $T_N$ theory. The novelty is the negative-degree line bundle. The ${\cal U}_N^{(m)}$ theories likewise arise from the 6d ${\cal N}=(2,0)$ theory on a 4-punctured sphere, and can be regarded as gluing together two (partially Higgsed) ${T}_N^{(m)}$ theories. The ${T}_N^{(m)}$ and ${\cal U}_N^{(m)}$ theories can be represented, in various duality frames, as quiver gauge theories, built from $T_N$ components via gauging and nilpotent Higgsing. We analyze the RG flow of the ${\cal U}_N^{(m)}$ theories, and find that, for all integer $m>0$, they end up at the same IR SCFT as $SU(N)$ SQCD with $2N$ flavors and quartic superpotential. The ${\cal U}_N^{(m)}$ theories can thus be regarded as an infinite set of UV completions, dual to SQCD with $N_f=2N_c$. The ${\cal U}_N^{(m)}$ duals have different duality frame quiver representations, with $2m+1$ gauge nodes.

hep-th↗
arXiv2015

Quiver Tails and N=1 SCFTs from M5-branes

We study a class of four-dimensional N=1 superconformal field theories obtained by wrapping M5-branes on a Riemann surface with punctures. We identify UV descriptions of four-dimensional SCFTs corresponding to curves with a class of punctures. The quiver tails appearing in these UV descriptions differ significantly from their N=2 counterpart. We find a new type of object that we call the `Fan'. We show how to construct new N=1 superconformal theories using the Fan. Various dual descriptions for these SCFTs can be identified with different colored pair-of-pants decompositions. For example, we find an N=1 analog of Argyres-Seiberg duality for the SU(N) SQCD with 2N flavors. We also compute anomaly coefficients and superconformal indices for these theories and show that they are invariant under dualities.

hep-th↗
arXiv2014

New N=1 Dualities from M5-branes and Outer-automorphism Twists

We generalize recent construction of four-dimensional $\mathcal{N}=1$ SCFT from wrapping six-dimensional $\mathcal{N}=(2,0)$ theory on a Riemann surface to the case of $D$-type with outer-automorphism twists. This construction allows us to build various dual theories for a class of $\mathcal{N}=1$ quiver theories of $SO-USp$ type. In particular, we find there are five dual frames to $SO(2N)/USp(2N-2)/G_2$ gauge theories with $(4N-4)/4N/8$ fundamental flavors, where three of them are non-Lagrangian. We check the dualities by computing the anomaly coefficients and the superconformal indices. In the process we verify that the index of $D_4$ theory on a certain three punctured sphere with $Z_2$ and $Z_3$ twist lines exhibits the expected symmetry enhancement from $G_2 \times USp(6)$ to $E_7$.

hep-th↗
arXiv2013

A Zig-Zag Index

We study the large N superconformal index of quiver gauge theories describing the worldvolume of D3 branes probing toric Calabi Yau singularities. The index has been previously noticed to factorize over the set of the extremal BPS mesonic operators of the gauge theory. We review this factorization and reformulate it in terms of zig-zag paths in the dimer model associated to the quiver. By using this reformulation, we argue that the factorization is valid not only for the exact R charge but for every set of R_{trial} respecting the marginality constraints. Moreover, we show the factorization of the index also in theories with orbifold singularities, previously not investigated. We conclude by providing an expression for the index in terms of the toric data of the dual geometry.

hep-th↗