arXiv subjects

Prithviraj Prabhu

Publications and source records attributed to Prithviraj Prabhu.

7 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Lower overhead fault-tolerant building blocks for noisy quantum computers

Quantum computation holds the promise of solving certain complex problems exponentially faster than classical computers. However, the high prevalent noise in current quantum devices impedes the accurate execution of even basic algorithms. This can be remedied by protecting quantum information with a quantum error-correcting code, where the logical information of an algorithmic qubit is spread across multiple physical qubits. Individual quantum errors are then located and corrected by the fault-tolerant measurement of multi-qubit stabilizer operators (parity checks). Unfortunately, error correction and fault tolerance both impose large demands on the qubit overhead: hundreds to thousands of physical qubits per logical qubit. We reduce the spacetime cost of fault tolerance by redesigning key building blocks of an error-corrected quantum computer. First, we develop a combinatorial proof with flag fault tolerance that exponentially reduces the extra qubits needed to measure a stabilizer of any size, while tolerating one fault. We leverage these proofs to then design state preparation circuits for the Steane and Golay codes with 100% yield. Next, we improve error correction on a planar layout by showing that a distance-four code encoding six logical qubits protects information as well as the distance-five surface code, using one-tenth as many physical qubits. Finally, we optimize the time overhead of logical gates in surface code quantum computers by protecting measurement results with a classical code, cutting computation time by a factor of two to six. Our hardware-agnostic optimizations of fault tolerance overheads thus suggest new routes to advance the timeline of error-free quantum computing.

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arXiv2025

Short two-qubit pulse sequences for exchange-only spin qubits in 2D layouts

Exchange-only (EO) spin qubits in quantum dots offer an expansive design landscape for architecting scalable device layouts. The study of two-EO-qubit operations, which involve six electrons in six quantum dots, has so far been limited to a small number of the possible configurations, and previous works lack analyses of design considerations and implications for quantum error correction. Using a simple and fast optimization method, we generate complete pulse sequences for CX, CZ, iSWAP, leakage-controlled CX, and leakage-controlled CZ two-qubit gates on 450 unique planar six-dot topologies and analyze differences in sequence length (up to 43\% reduction) across topology classes. In addition, we show that relaxing constraints on post-operation spin locations can yield further reductions in sequence length; conversely, constraining these locations in a particular way generates a CXSWAP operation with minimal additional cost over a standard CX. We integrate this pulse library into the Intel quantum stack and experimentally verify pulse sequences on a Tunnel Falls chip for different operations in a linear-connectivity device to confirm that they work as expected. Finally, we explore architectural implications of these results for quantum error correction. Our work guides hardware and software design choices for future implementations of scalable quantum dot architectures.

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arXiv2023

Fault-tolerant syndrome extraction and cat state preparation with fewer qubits

We reduce the extra qubits needed for two fault-tolerant quantum computing protocols: error correction, specifically syndrome bit measurement, and cat state preparation. For distance-three fault-tolerant syndrome extraction, we show an exponential reduction in qubit overhead over the previous best protocol. For a weight-$w$ stabilizer, we demonstrate that stabilizer measurement tolerating one fault needs at most $\lceil \log_2 w \rceil + 1$ ancilla qubits. If qubits reset quickly, four ancillas suffice. We also study the preparation of entangled cat states, and prove that the overhead for distance-three fault tolerance is logarithmic in the cat state size. These results apply both to near-term experiments with a few qubits, and to the general study of the asymptotic resource requirements of syndrome measurement and state preparation. With $a$ flag qubits, previous methods use $O(a)$ flag patterns to identify faults. In order to use the same flag qubits more efficiently, we show how to use nearly all $2^a$ possible flag patterns, by constructing maximal-length paths through the $a$-dimensional hypercube.

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arXiv2022

New magic state distillation factories optimized by temporally encoded lattice surgery

Fault-tolerant quantum computers, with error correction implemented using topological codes, will most likely require lattice surgery protocols in order to implement a universal gate set. Timelike failures during lattice surgery protocols can result in logical failures during the execution of an algorithm. In addition to the spacelike distance of the topological code used to protect the qubits from errors, there is also the timelike distance which is given by the number of syndrome measurement rounds during a lattice surgery protocol. As such, a larger timelike distance requirement will result in the slowdown of an algorithm's runtime. Temporal encoding of lattice surgery (TELS) is a technique which can be used to reduce the number of syndrome measurement rounds that are required during a lattice surgery protocol. This is done by measuring an over-complete set of mutually commuting multi-qubit Pauli operators (referred to as a parallelizable Pauli set) which form codewords of a classical error correcting code. The results of the over-complete set of Pauli measurements can then be used to detect and possibly correct timelike lattice surgery failures. In this work, we introduce an improved TELS protocol and subsequently augment it with the ability to correct low-weight classical errors, resulting in greater speedups in algorithm runtimes. We also explore large families of classical error correcting codes for a wide range of parallelizable Pauli set sizes. We also apply TELS to magic state distillation protocols in the context of biased noise, where logical qubits are encoded in asymmetric surface codes. Using optimized layouts, we show improvements in the space-time cost of our magic state factories compared to previous protocols. Such improvements are achieved using computations performed in the Clifford frame.

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arXiv2021

Distance-four quantum codes with combined postselection and error correction

When storing encoded qubits, if single faults can be corrected and double faults postselected against, logical errors only occur due to at least three faults. At current noise rates, having to restart when two errors are detected prevents very long-term storage, but this should not be an issue for low-depth computations. We consider distance-four, efficient encodings of multiple qubits into a modified planar patch of the $16$-qubit surface code. We simulate postselected error correction for up to $12000$ rounds of parallel stabilizer measurements, and subsequently estimate the cumulative probability of logical error for up to twelve encoded qubits. Our results demonstrate a combination of low logical error rate and low physical overhead. For example, the distance-four surface code, using postselection, accumulates $25$ times less error than its distance-five counterpart. For $six$ encoded qubits, a distance-four code using $25$ qubits protects as well as the distance-five surface code using $246$ qubits. Hence distance-four codes, using postselection and in a planar geometry, are qubit-efficient candidates for fault-tolerant, moderate-depth computations.

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arXiv2021

Influence of coin symmetry on infinite hitting times in quantum walks

Classical random walks on finite graphs have an underrated property: a walk from any vertex can reach every other vertex in finite time, provided they are connected. Discrete-time quantum walks on finite connected graphs however, can have infinite hitting times. This phenomenon is related to graph symmetry, as previously characterized by the group of direction-preserving graph automorphisms that trivially affect the coin Hilbert space. If a graph is symmetric enough (in a particular sense) then the associated quantum walk unitary will contain eigenvectors that do not overlap a set of target vertices, for any coin flip operator. These eigenvectors span the Infinite Hitting Time (IHT) subspace. Quantum states in the IHT subspace never reach the target vertices, leading to infinite hitting times. However, this is not the whole story: the graph of the 3D cube does not satisfy this symmetry constraint, yet quantum walks on this graph with certain symmetric coins can exhibit infinite hitting times. We study the effect of coin symmetry by analyzing the group of coin-permutation symmetries (CPS): graph automorphisms that act nontrivially on the coin Hilbert space but leave the coin operator invariant. Unitaries using highly symmetric coins with large CPS groups, such as the permutation-invariant Grover coin, are associated with higher probabilities of never arriving, as a result of their larger IHT subspaces.

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arXiv2017

Efficient experimental design of high-fidelity three-qubit quantum gates via genetic programming

We have designed efficient quantum circuits for the three-qubit Toffoli (controlled-controlled NOT) and the Fredkin (controlled-SWAP) gate, optimized via genetic programming methods. The gates thus obtained were experimentally implemented on a three-qubit NMR quantum information processor, with a high fidelity. Toffoli and Fredkin gates in conjunction with the single-qubit Hadamard gates form a universal gate set for quantum computing, and are an essential component of several quantum algorithms. Genetic algorithms are stochastic search algorithms based on the logic of natural selection and biological genetics and have been widely used for quantum information processing applications. The numerically optimized rf pulse profiles of the three-qubit quantum gates achieve $> 99\%$ fidelity. The optimization was performed under the constraint that the experimentally implemented pulses are of short duration and can be implemented with high fidelity. Therefore the gate implementations do not suffer from the drawbacks of rf offset errors or debilitating effects of decoherence during gate action. We demonstrate the advantage of our pulse sequences by comparing our results with existing experimental schemes.

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