arXiv subjects

Pushpak Bhattacharyya

Publications and source records attributed to Pushpak Bhattacharyya.

At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources

arXiv2018

The IIT Bombay English-Hindi Parallel Corpus

We present the IIT Bombay English-Hindi Parallel Corpus. The corpus is a compilation of parallel corpora previously available in the public domain as well as new parallel corpora we collected. The corpus contains 1.49 million parallel segments, of which 694k segments were not previously available in the public domain. The corpus has been pre-processed for machine translation, and we report baseline phrase-based SMT and NMT translation results on this corpus. This corpus has been used in two editions of shared tasks at the Workshop on Asian Language Translation (2016 and 2017). The corpus is freely available for non-commercial research. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest publicly available English-Hindi parallel corpus.

cs.CL↗

arXiv2018

TAP-DLND 1.0 : A Corpus for Document Level Novelty Detection

Detecting novelty of an entire document is an Artificial Intelligence (AI) frontier problem that has widespread NLP applications, such as extractive document summarization, tracking development of news events, predicting impact of scholarly articles, etc. Important though the problem is, we are unaware of any benchmark document level data that correctly addresses the evaluation of automatic novelty detection techniques in a classification framework. To bridge this gap, we present here a resource for benchmarking the techniques for document level novelty detection. We create the resource via event-specific crawling of news documents across several domains in a periodic manner. We release the annotated corpus with necessary statistics and show its use with a developed system for the problem in concern.

cs.CL↗

arXiv2018

An AI aid to the editors. Exploring the possibility of an AI assisted article classification system

This work is a preliminary exploratory study of how we could progress a step towards an AI assisted article classification sys- tem in academia. The proposed system aims to aid the journal editors in their decisions by pinpointing the potential weaknesses or strengths of a submitted manuscript. From a large collection of articles and corresponding author-editor interactions we explore the possible reasons that lead to a paper being not forwarded for review. Our investigation reveals that in most cases either it is be- cause the prospective manuscript is out of scope of the journal or the manuscript does not satisfy the minimum quality requirements to maintain the standard of the journal. We extract several features to quantify the quality of a paper and the degree of in-scope explor- ing keyword search, citation analysis, reputations of authors and affiliations, similarity with respect to accepted papers. With these features we train standard machine learning classifiers to develop a classification system. On a decent set of test data our approach yields promising results across 3 different journals. We believe that our approach is generic and could be adapted to other journals with appropriate adjustments.

cs.DL↗

arXiv2017

Relation Extraction : A Survey

With the advent of the Internet, large amount of digital text is generated everyday in the form of news articles, research publications, blogs, question answering forums and social media. It is important to develop techniques for extracting information automatically from these documents, as lot of important information is hidden within them. This extracted information can be used to improve access and management of knowledge hidden in large text corpora. Several applications such as Question Answering, Information Retrieval would benefit from this information. Entities like persons and organizations, form the most basic unit of the information. Occurrences of entities in a sentence are often linked through well-defined relations; e.g., occurrences of person and organization in a sentence may be linked through relations such as employed at. The task of Relation Extraction (RE) is to identify such relations automatically. In this paper, we survey several important supervised, semi-supervised and unsupervised RE techniques. We also cover the paradigms of Open Information Extraction (OIE) and Distant Supervision. Finally, we describe some of the recent trends in the RE techniques and possible future research directions. This survey would be useful for three kinds of readers - i) Newcomers in the field who want to quickly learn about RE; ii) Researchers who want to know how the various RE techniques evolved over time and what are possible future research directions and iii) Practitioners who just need to know which RE technique works best in various settings.

cs.CL↗

arXiv2017

Morphology Generation for Statistical Machine Translation

When translating into morphologically rich languages, Statistical MT approaches face the problem of data sparsity. The severity of the sparseness problem will be high when the corpus size of morphologically richer language is less. Even though we can use factored models to correctly generate morphological forms of words, the problem of data sparseness limits their performance. In this paper, we describe a simple and effective solution which is based on enriching the input corpora with various morphological forms of words. We use this method with the phrase-based and factor-based experiments on two morphologically rich languages: Hindi and Marathi when translating from English. We evaluate the performance of our experiments both in terms automatic evaluation and subjective evaluation such as adequacy and fluency. We observe that the morphology injection method helps in improving the quality of translation. We further analyze that the morph injection method helps in handling the data sparseness problem to a great level.

cs.CL↗

arXiv2017

Phrase Pair Mappings for Hindi-English Statistical Machine Translation

In this paper, we present our work on the creation of lexical resources for the Machine Translation between English and Hindi. We describes the development of phrase pair mappings for our experiments and the comparative performance evaluation between different trained models on top of the baseline Statistical Machine Translation system. We focused on augmenting the parallel corpus with more vocabulary as well as with various inflected forms by exploring different ways. We have augmented the training corpus with various lexical resources such as lexical words, synset words, function words and verb phrases. We have described the case studies, automatic and subjective evaluations, detailed error analysis for both the English to Hindi and Hindi to English machine translation systems. We further analyzed that, there is an incremental growth in the quality of machine translation with the usage of various lexical resources. Thus lexical resources do help uplift the translation quality of resource poor langugaes.

cs.CL↗

arXiv2017

Bilingual Words and Phrase Mappings for Marathi and Hindi SMT

Lack of proper linguistic resources is the major challenges faced by the Machine Translation system developments when dealing with the resource poor languages. In this paper, we describe effective ways to utilize the lexical resources to improve the quality of statistical machine translation. Our research on the usage of lexical resources mainly focused on two ways, such as; augmenting the parallel corpus with more vocabulary and to provide various word forms. We have augmented the training corpus with various lexical resources such as lexical words, function words, kridanta pairs and verb phrases. We have described the case studies, evaluations and detailed error analysis for both Marathi to Hindi and Hindi to Marathi machine translation systems. From the evaluations we observed that, there is an incremental growth in the quality of machine translation as the usage of various lexical resources increases. Moreover, usage of various lexical resources helps to improve the coverage and quality of machine translation where limited parallel corpus is available.

cs.CL↗

arXiv2017

Auto Analysis of Customer Feedback using CNN and GRU Network

Analyzing customer feedback is the best way to channelize the data into new marketing strategies that benefit entrepreneurs as well as customers. Therefore an automated system which can analyze the customer behavior is in great demand. Users may write feedbacks in any language, and hence mining appropriate information often becomes intractable. Especially in a traditional feature-based supervised model, it is difficult to build a generic system as one has to understand the concerned language for finding the relevant features. In order to overcome this, we propose deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) based approaches that do not require handcrafting of features. We evaluate these techniques for analyzing customer feedback sentences in four languages, namely English, French, Japanese and Spanish. Our empirical analysis shows that our models perform well in all the four languages on the setups of IJCNLP Shared Task on Customer Feedback Analysis. Our model achieved the second rank in French, with an accuracy of 71.75% and third ranks for all the other languages.

cs.CL↗

arXiv2017

Indowordnets help in Indian Language Machine Translation

Being less resource languages, Indian-Indian and English-Indian language MT system developments faces the difficulty to translate various lexical phenomena. In this paper, we present our work on a comparative study of 440 phrase-based statistical trained models for 110 language pairs across 11 Indian languages. We have developed 110 baseline Statistical Machine Translation systems. Then we have augmented the training corpus with Indowordnet synset word entries of lexical database and further trained 110 models on top of the baseline system. We have done a detailed performance comparison using various evaluation metrics such as BLEU score, METEOR and TER. We observed significant improvement in evaluations of translation quality across all the 440 models after using the Indowordnet. These experiments give a detailed insight in two ways : (1) usage of lexical database with synset mapping for resource poor languages (2) efficient usage of Indowordnet sysnset mapping. More over, synset mapped lexical entries helped the SMT system to handle the ambiguity to a great extent during the translation.

cs.CL↗

arXiv2017

Utilizing Lexical Similarity between Related, Low-resource Languages for Pivot-based SMT

We investigate pivot-based translation between related languages in a low resource, phrase-based SMT setting. We show that a subword-level pivot-based SMT model using a related pivot language is substantially better than word and morpheme-level pivot models. It is also highly competitive with the best direct translation model, which is encouraging as no direct source-target training corpus is used. We also show that combining multiple related language pivot models can rival a direct translation model. Thus, the use of subwords as translation units coupled with multiple related pivot languages can compensate for the lack of a direct parallel corpus.

cs.CL↗

arXiv2017

Role of Morphology Injection in Statistical Machine Translation

Phrase-based Statistical models are more commonly used as they perform optimally in terms of both, translation quality and complexity of the system. Hindi and in general all Indian languages are morphologically richer than English. Hence, even though Phrase-based systems perform very well for the less divergent language pairs, for English to Indian language translation, we need more linguistic information (such as morphology, parse tree, parts of speech tags, etc.) on the source side. Factored models seem to be useful in this case, as Factored models consider word as a vector of factors. These factors can contain any information about the surface word and use it while translating. Hence, the objective of this work is to handle morphological inflections in Hindi and Marathi using Factored translation models while translating from English. SMT approaches face the problem of data sparsity while translating into a morphologically rich language. It is very unlikely for a parallel corpus to contain all morphological forms of words. We propose a solution to generate these unseen morphological forms and inject them into original training corpora. In this paper, we study factored models and the problem of sparseness in context of translation to morphologically rich languages. We propose a simple and effective solution which is based on enriching the input with various morphological forms of words. We observe that morphology injection improves the quality of translation in terms of both adequacy and fluency. We verify this with the experiments on two morphologically rich languages: Hindi and Marathi, while translating from English.

cs.CL↗

arXiv2017

"Having 2 hours to write a paper is fun!": Detecting Sarcasm in Numerical Portions of Text

Sarcasm occurring due to the presence of numerical portions in text has been quoted as an error made by automatic sarcasm detection approaches in the past. We present a first study in detecting sarcasm in numbers, as in the case of the sentence 'Love waking up at 4 am'. We analyze the challenges of the problem, and present Rule-based, Machine Learning and Deep Learning approaches to detect sarcasm in numerical portions of text. Our Deep Learning approach outperforms four past works for sarcasm detection and Rule-based and Machine learning approaches on a dataset of tweets, obtaining an F1-score of 0.93. This shows that special attention to text containing numbers may be useful to improve state-of-the-art in sarcasm detection.

cs.CL↗

arXiv2017

Automatic Identification of Sarcasm Target: An Introductory Approach

Past work in computational sarcasm deals primarily with sarcasm detection. In this paper, we introduce a novel, related problem: sarcasm target identification i.e., extracting the target of ridicule in a sarcastic sentence). We present an introductory approach for sarcasm target identification. Our approach employs two types of extractors: one based on rules, and another consisting of a statistical classifier. To compare our approach, we use two baselines: a naïve baseline and another baseline based on work in sentiment target identification. We perform our experiments on book snippets and tweets, and show that our hybrid approach performs better than the two baselines and also, in comparison with using the two extractors individually. Our introductory approach establishes the viability of sarcasm target identification, and will serve as a baseline for future work.

cs.CL↗

arXiv2017

Learning variable length units for SMT between related languages via Byte Pair Encoding

We explore the use of segments learnt using Byte Pair Encoding (referred to as BPE units) as basic units for statistical machine translation between related languages and compare it with orthographic syllables, which are currently the best performing basic units for this translation task. BPE identifies the most frequent character sequences as basic units, while orthographic syllables are linguistically motivated pseudo-syllables. We show that BPE units modestly outperform orthographic syllables as units of translation, showing up to 11% increase in BLEU score. While orthographic syllables can be used only for languages whose writing systems use vowel representations, BPE is writing system independent and we show that BPE outperforms other units for non-vowel writing systems too. Our results are supported by extensive experimentation spanning multiple language families and writing systems.

cs.CL↗

arXiv2017

Expect the unexpected: Harnessing Sentence Completion for Sarcasm Detection

The trigram `I love being' is expected to be followed by positive words such as `happy'. In a sarcastic sentence, however, the word `ignored' may be observed. The expected and the observed words are, thus, incongruous. We model sarcasm detection as the task of detecting incongruity between an observed and an expected word. In order to obtain the expected word, we use Context2Vec, a sentence completion library based on Bidirectional LSTM. However, since the exact word where such an incongruity occurs may not be known in advance, we present two approaches: an All-words approach (which consults sentence completion for every content word) and an Incongruous words-only approach (which consults sentence completion for the 50% most incongruous content words). The approaches outperform reported values for tweets but not for discussion forum posts. This is likely to be because of redundant consultation of sentence completion for discussion forum posts. Therefore, we consider an oracle case where the exact incongruous word is manually labeled in a corpus reported in past work. In this case, the performance is higher than the all-words approach. This sets up the promise for using sentence completion for sarcasm detection.

cs.CL↗

arXiv2017

Comparison of SMT and RBMT; The Requirement of Hybridization for Marathi-Hindi MT

We present in this paper our work on comparison between Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) and Rule-based machine translation for translation from Marathi to Hindi. Rule Based systems although robust take lots of time to build. On the other hand statistical machine translation systems are easier to create, maintain and improve upon. We describe the development of a basic Marathi-Hindi SMT system and evaluate its performance. Through a detailed error analysis, we, point out the relative strengths and weaknesses of both systems. Effectively, we shall see that even with a small amount of training corpus a statistical machine translation system has many advantages for high quality domain specific machine translation over that of a rule-based counterpart.

cs.CL↗

arXiv2017

Lexical Resources for Hindi Marathi MT

In this paper we describe some ways to utilize various lexical resources to improve the quality of statistical machine translation system. We have augmented the training corpus with various lexical resources such as IndoWordnet semantic relation set, function words, kridanta pairs and verb phrases etc. Our research on the usage of lexical resources mainly focused on two ways such as augmenting parallel corpus with more vocabulary and augmenting with various word forms. We have described case studies, evaluations and detailed error analysis for both Marathi to Hindi and Hindi to Marathi machine translation systems. From the evaluations we observed that, there is an incremental growth in the quality of machine translation as the usage of various lexical resources increases. Moreover usage of various lexical resources helps to improve the coverage and quality of machine translation where limited parallel corpus is available.

cs.CL↗

arXiv2017

A case study on English-Malayalam Machine Translation

In this paper we present our work on a case study on Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) and Rule based machine translation (RBMT) for translation from English to Malayalam and Malayalam to English. One of the motivations of our study is to make a three way performance comparison, such as, a) SMT and RBMT b) English to Malayalam SMT and Malayalam to English SMT c) English to Malayalam RBMT and Malayalam to English RBMT. We describe the development of English to Malayalam and Malayalam to English baseline phrase based SMT system and the evaluation of its performance compared against the RBMT system. Based on our study the observations are: a) SMT systems outperform RBMT systems, b) In the case of SMT, English - Malayalam systems perform better than that of Malayalam - English systems, c) In the case RBMT, Malayalam to English systems are performing better than English to Malayalam systems. Based on our evaluations and detailed error analysis, we describe the requirements of incorporating morphological processing into the SMT to improve the accuracy of translation.

cs.CL↗