Flexibility Controls Active-Filament Transport in Crowded Landscapes
Active filaments, ranging from motor-driven biopolymers to elongated bacteria and worms, are paradigmatic examples of deformable active matter. How filament flexibility interacts with environmental heterogeneity to control their transport in crowded environments, however, remains poorly understood. Here, we perform large-scale Brownian dynamics simulations of tangentially driven active polymers moving through ordered and disordered obstacle arrays to map the long-time diffusion as a function of obstacle density and filament flexibility. We find that flexibility can either enhance or hinder transport depending on the structure of the medium. In disordered environments, transport is optimized at intermediate filament flexibility, whereas both highly flexible and semiflexible filaments diffuse more slowly. In contrast, dense ordered arrays enhance the mobility of semiflexible filaments by promoting directed motion along periodic channels. We identify three distinct transport regimes: (i) tortuosity-controlled diffusion of highly flexible filaments, characterized by trapping-and-hopping dynamics; (ii) confinement-assisted transport of moderately flexible filaments, which enhances diffusion in dense media; and (iii) persistence-controlled transport of semiflexible filaments, which facilitates diffusion in dense ordered media, but suppresses it in disordered media. Combining theory and simulations, we show that long-time diffusion is governed by confinement-induced changes in filament conformation and reorientation dynamics. Our work uncovers general transport principles for deformable active agents in heterogeneous environments and provides a predictive framework for active-filament navigation in complex porous landscapes.