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Quentin Kral

Publications and source records attributed to Quentin Kral.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
arXiv2026

Water gas discs in exo-asteroid belts

Observations of tens of secondary CO gas discs associated with cold exo-Kuiper belts together with other arguments have led Kral et al (2024) to propose that water ice could also sublimate in exo-asteroid belts, suggesting a new pathway for the delivery of water to terrestrial planets, including Earth. We aim to model such water vapour discs and to characterise their physical properties across a range of extrasolar systems with different host stars. We further investigate the implications for the accretion of this water by potential planets located in the inner regions of these systems. We adapt and extend the model of Kral et al (2024) to follow the outgassing, photodissociation, and viscous evolution of water vapour discs. We perform a suite of simulations exploring the parameter space, focusing on the stellar mass, the mass of the parent belt, and its orbital location. We additionally include an inner planet to estimate the mass of water accreted as a function of disc properties and system architecture. We find that systems hosting Sun's mass (and higher) stars produce water vapour very efficiently, sublimating nearly all of the ice initially present in the belt. In most cases, the bulk of the gas mass is generated early, when the stellar luminosity is highest. The amount of water accreted by inner planets can approach the initial ice mass of the belt, leading to planets with water inventories comparable to or exceeding those of Earth, potentially creating ocean planets. We find that water outgassing occurs early after the protoplanetary disc dissipates in systems containing exo-asteroid belts. ALMA, JWST and ELT are capable of detecting this water vapour for several tens of millions of years, even in relatively low-mass water discs. Hence, if such water gas discs are present, they should be detectable with current facilities.

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arXiv2025

Late gas released in the young Kuiper belt could have significantly contributed to the carbon enrichment of the atmospheres of Neptune and Uranus

Exo-Kuiper belts have been observed for decades, but the recent detection of gas in some of them may change our view of the Solar System's youth. Late gas produced by the sublimation of CO (or CO$_2$) ices after the dissipation of the primordial gas could be the norm in young planetesimal belts. Hence, a gas-rich Kuiper belt could have been present in the Solar System. The high C/H ratios observed on Uranus and Neptune could be a clue to the existence of such late gas that could have been accreted onto young icy giants. The aim of this paper is to estimate the carbon enrichment of the atmospheres of Uranus and Neptune caused by the accretion of the gas released from a putative gas-rich Kuiper belt. We find that assuming a primordial Kuiper belt with a mass of tens of earth masses leads to significant CO gas accretion onto the giants, which can lead to high C/H ratios, especially for Uranus and Neptune. Our model shows that a relatively massive gas-rich Kuiper belt could have existed in the Solar System's youth, significantly enriching the atmospheres of Uranus and Neptune with carbon. Late gas accretion and its effect on outer giant planets metallicities could be a universal scenario, also occurring in extrasolar systems. Observations of sub-Jupiter exoplanets could provide very useful information to better constrain this scenario, with an enrichment in carbon and oxygen (for warm-enough planets) compared to other elements that should be inversely proportional to their envelope mass.

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arXiv2025

Abundance analysis of stars hosting gas-rich debris disks

Accretion from protoplanetary or debris disks can contaminate the stellar photosphere, which is detectable in stars with radiative envelopes due to relatively slower photospheric mixing. The contaminated photosphere reflects ongoing disk processes, detectable through stellar spectroscopy. We investigate the composition of six gas-rich debris disk-hosting A-type stars to understand possible links with their debris disk or earlier accretion stages. We used archival spectra to estimate the stellar parameters and abundances of our sample. We also estimated the stellar photospheric accretion contamination parameter, fph which indicates the fraction of accreting material on the stellar photosphere. The oxygen abundance in intermediate-mass stars decreases with age until the debris disk stage (< 20 Myr). The downward trend could result from H2O ice accumulating in dust traps or the formation of hydrated asteroids in the protoplanetary disk, locking oxygen in solids and reducing its accretion onto the star. All stars have similar volatile abundances (C, O), but HD 110058 and HD 32297 show refractory depleted abundances. The near-zero fph values in the six stars suggest that any currently accreted gas would not overwhelm mixing in the photosphere and would not impact the observed composition. The refractory depleted abundances in HD 110058 and HD 32297 suggest residual, or even chronic, accretion contamination from their earlier protoplanetary stages when the accretion rates were about five orders of magnitude higher. For HD 110058, with the highest refractory depletion, we estimated a lower limit on its earlier protoplanetary accretion rate of 9 x 10^(-8) Msun/yr, similar to other Herbig stars and equal to the Herbig star - HD 100546. This supports our hypothesis that refractory depletion in HD 110058 originates from a prior phase of higher accretion of dust-poor material.

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arXiv2024

An impact-free mechanism to deliver water to terrestrial planets and exoplanets

To date, the most widespread scenario is that the Earth originated without water and was brought to the planet mainly due to impacts by wet asteroids coming from further out in space. However, many uncertainties remain regarding the exact processes that supply water to inner terrestrial planets. This article explores a new mechanism that would allow water to be efficiently transported to planets without impacts. We propose that primordial asteroids were icy and that when the ice sublimated, it formed a gaseous disk that could then reach planets and deliver water. We have developed a new model that follows the sublimation of asteroids and evolves the subsequent gas disk using a viscous diffusion code. We can then quantify the amount of water that can be accreted onto each planet in a self-consistent manner. We find that this new disk-delivery mechanism can explain the water content on Earth as well as on other planets. Our model shows most of the water being delivered between 20 and 30 Myr after the birth of the Sun. Our scenario implies the presence of a gaseous water disk with substantial mass for 100s Myr, which could be one of the key tracers of this mechanism. We show that such a watery disk could be detected in young exo-asteroid belts with ALMA. We propose that viscous water transport is inevitable and more generic than the impact scenario. We also suggest it is a universal process that may also occur in extrasolar systems. The conditions required for this scenario to unfold are indeed expected to be present in most planetary systems: an opaque proto-planetary disk that is initially cold enough for ice to form in the exo-asteroid belt region, followed by a natural outward-moving snow line that allows this initial ice to sublimate after the dissipation of the primordial disk, creating a viscous secondary gas disk and leading to the accretion of water onto the exoplanets.

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arXiv2024

Star and Planet Formation with the Single Aperture Large Telescope for Universe Studies (SALTUS) Space Observatory

The Single Aperture Large Telescope for Universe Studies (SALTUS) is a far-infrared space mission concept with unprecedented spatial and spectral resolution. Saltus consists of a 14-m inflatable primary, providing 16 times the sensitivity and 4 times the angular resolution of Herschel, and two cryogenic detectors spanning a wavelength range of 34-660 microns and spectral resolving power of 300 - 1e7. Spectroscopic observations in the far-infrared offer many unique windows into the processes of star and planet formation. These include observations of low energy water transitions, the H2 mass tracer HD, many CHONS constraining molecules such as NH3 and H2S, and emission lines from the phonon modes of molecular ices. Observing these species will allow us to build a statistical sample of protoplanetary disk masses, characterize the water snowline, identify Kuiper Belt like debris rings around other stars, and trace the evolution CHONS from prestellar cores, through to protoplanetary disks and debris disks. This paper details details several key star and planet formation science goals achievable with SALTUS.

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arXiv2024

Dynamics of cold circumstellar gas in debris disks

Mounting observational evidence indicates that cold circumstellar gas is present in debris disk systems. This work focuses on various dynamical processes that debris-disk gas may undergo. We review five mechanisms that can transport angular momentum and their applications to debris disks. These include molecular viscosity, hydrodynamic turbulence, magnetohydrodynamic turbulence, magnetized disk winds, and laminar magnetic stress. We find that molecular viscosity can result in $\alpha$ as high as $\lesssim 0.1$ for sufficiently low densities, while the Rossby wave instability is a possible source of hydrodynamic turbulence and structure formation. We argue that the vertical shear instability is unlikely due to the long cooling times. The onset of the magnetorotational instability (MRI) is dichotomous: for low density disks the MRI can be excited at the midplane, while for high mass disks it may only be operating at $z>2-3H$, if at all. The MHD wind and laminar magnetic stress mechanisms rely on the configuration and strength of any background large-scale magnetic field, the existence of which is uncertain and possibly unlikely. We conclude that the dominant mechanism and its efficiency in transporting angular momentum varies from one system to the other, depending especially closely on the gas density. More detailed analyses shall be performed in the future focusing on representative, nearby debris disks.

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arXiv2023

Environmental transition: overview of actions to reduce the environmental footprint of astronomy

To keep current global warming below 1.5{\deg}C compared with the pre-industrial era, measures must be taken as quickly as possible in all spheres of society. Astronomy must also make its contribution. In this proceeding, and during the workshop to which it refers, different levers of actions are discussed through various examples: individual efforts, laboratory-level actions, impact evaluation and mitigation in major projects, institutional level, and involvement through collectives.

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arXiv2023

A roadmap for the atmospheric characterization of terrestrial exoplanets with JWST

Ultra-cool dwarf stars are abundant, long-lived, and uniquely suited to enable the atmospheric study of transiting terrestrial companions with JWST. Amongst them, the most prominent is the M8.5V star TRAPPIST-1 and its seven planets. While JWST Cycle 1 observations have started to yield preliminary insights into the planets, they have also revealed that their atmospheric exploration requires a better understanding of their host star. Here, we propose a roadmap to characterize the TRAPPIST-1 system -- and others like it -- in an efficient and robust manner. We notably recommend that -- although more challenging to schedule -- multi-transit windows be prioritized to mitigate the effects of stellar activity and gather up to twice more transits per JWST hour spent. We conclude that, for such systems, planets cannot be studied in isolation by small programs, but rather need large-scale, jointly space- and ground-based initiatives to fully exploit the capabilities of JWST for the exploration of terrestrial planets.

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arXiv2023

An ALMA Survey of M-dwarfs in the Beta Pictoris Moving Group with Two New Debris Disc Detections

Previous surveys in the far-infrared have found very few, if any, M-dwarf debris discs among their samples. It has been questioned whether M-dwarf discs are simply less common than earlier types, or whether the low detection rate derives from the wavelengths and sensitivities available to those studies. The highly sensitive, long wavelength Atacama Large Millimetre/submillimetre Array can shed light on the problem. This paper presents a survey of M-dwarf stars in the young and nearby Beta Pictoris Moving Group with ALMA at Band 7 (880\,$\mu$m). From the observational sample we detect two new sub-mm excesses that likely constitute unresolved debris discs around GJ\,2006\,A and AT\,Mic\,A and model distributions of the disc fractional luminosities and temperatures. From the science sample of 36 M-dwarfs including AU\,Mic we find a disc detection rate of 4/36 or 11.1$^{+7.4}_{-3.3}$\% that rises to 23.1$^{+8.3}_{-5.5}$\% when adjusted for completeness. We conclude that this detection rate is consistent with the detection rate of discs around G and K type stars and that the disc properties are also likely consistent with earlier type stars. We additionally conclude that M-dwarf stars are not less likely to host debris discs, but instead their detection requires longer wavelength and higher sensitivity observations than have previously been employed.

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arXiv2023

Secondary gas in debris discs released following the decay of long-lived radioactive nuclides, catastrophic or resurfacing collisions

Kuiper-like belts of planetesimals orbiting stars other than the Sun are most commonly detected from the thermal emission of small dust produced in collisions. Emission from gas, most notably CO, highlights the cometary nature of these planetesimals. Here we present models for the release of gas from comet-like bodies in these belts, both due to their thermophysical evolution, most notably the decay of long-lived radioactive nuclides and collisional evolution, including catastrophic and gentler resurfacing collisions. We show that the rate of gas release is not proportional to the rate of dust release, if non-catastrophic collisions or thermal evolution dominate the release of CO gas. In this case, care must be taken when inferring the composition of comets. Non-catastrophic collisions dominate the gas production at earlier times than catastrophic collisions, depending on the properties of the planetesimal belt. We highlight the importance of the thermal evolution of comets, including crucially the decay of long-lived radioactive nuclides, as a source of CO gas around young (<50Myr) planetary systems, if large (10-100s kms) planetesimals are present.

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arXiv2023

Primordial or Secondary? Testing models of debris disk gas with ALMA

The origin and evolution of gas in debris disks is still not well understood. Secondary gas production from cometary material or a primordial origin have been proposed. So far, observations have mostly concentrated on CO, with only few C observations available. We create an overview of the C and CO content of debris disk gas and use it test state-of-the-art models. We use new and archival ALMA observations of CO and CI emission, complemented by CII data from Herschel, for a sample of 14 debris disks. This expands the number of disks with ALMA measurements of both CO and CI by ten disks. We present new detections of CI emission towards three disks: HD 21997, HD 121191 and HD 121617. We use a simple disk model to derive gas masses and column densities. We find that current state-of-the-art models of secondary gas production overpredict the neutral carbon content of debris disk gas. This does not rule out a secondary origin, but might indicate that the models require an additional C removal process. Alternatively, the gas might be produced in transient events rather than a steady-state collisional cascade. We also test a primordial gas origin by comparing our results to a simplified thermo-chemical model. This yields promising results, but more detailed work is required before a conclusion can be reached. Our work demonstrates that the combination of C and CO data is a powerful tool to advance our understanding of debris disk gas.

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arXiv2023

A re-investigation of debris disc halos

A significant fraction of debris discs consist of a bright ring beyond which extends a wide halo. Such a halo should be made of small grains produced in the ring of parent bodies (PB) and pushed on high-e orbits by radiation pressure. It has been shown that, under several simplifying assumptions, the surface brightness (SB) of this halo should radially decrease as $r^{-3.5}$ in scattered light. We aim to revisit the halo phenomenon and focus on two so far unexplored issues: 1) How the unavoidable presence of small unbound grains, non-isotropic scattering phase functions (SPF) and finite instrument resolution affect scattered light SB profiles, and 2) How the halo phenomenon manifests itself at longer wavelengths. We find that unbound grains account for a significant fraction of the halo's luminosity in scattered light, and can significantly flatten the SB radial profile. Realistic size-dependent SPFs also have an effect, resulting here again in shallower SB profiles. For edge-on discs, non-resolving the vertical profile can also flatten the projected SB. We show that roughly half of the observationally-derived halo profiles found in the literature are compatible with our new results, and that roughly half of the remaining systems are probably shaped by additional processes. We also propose that, in future observational studies, the characteristics of PB belt and halos should be fitted separately. In thermal emission, wide halos should remain detectable up to the far-IR and, with the exception of the $\sim 8-15\mu$m domain, the halo accounts for more than half of the system's total flux up to $\lambda\sim80-90\mu$m. The halo's contribution strongly decreases in the sub-mm to mm but still represents a few percents of the system's luminosity at $\lambda\sim 1$mm. For unresolved systems, the presence of a halo can also affect the determination of the disc's radius from its SED.

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arXiv2023

Stirred but not shaken: a multi-wavelength view of HD 16743's debris disc

Planetesimals -- asteroids and comets -- are the building blocks of planets in protoplanetary discs and the source of dust, ice and gas in debris discs. Along with planets they comprise the left-over material after star formation that constitutes a planetary system. Planets influence the dynamics of planetesimals, sculpting the orbits of debris belts to produce asymmetries or gaps. We can constrain the architecture of planetary systems, and infer the presence of unseen planetary companions, by high spatial resolution imaging of debris discs. HD~16743 is a relatively young F-type star that hosts a bright edge-on debris disc. Based on far-infrared \textit{Herschel} observations its disc was thought to be stirred by a planetary companion. Here we present the first spatially resolved observations at near-infrared and millimetre wavelengths with \textit{HST} and ALMA, revealing the disc to be highly inclined at $87\fdg3~^{+1\fdg9}_{-2\fdg5}$ with a radial extent of 157.7$^{+2.6}_{-1.5}$~au and a FWHM of 79.4$^{+8.1}_{-7.8}$~au ($\Delta R/R = 0.5$). The vertical scale height of the disc is $0.13~\pm~0.02$, significantly greater than typically assumed unstirred value of 0.05, and could be indicative of stirring of the dust-producing planetesimals within the disc by bodies at least a few times the mass of Pluto up to 18.3~$M_{\oplus}$ in the single object limit.

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arXiv2023

The beta Pictoris system: Setting constraints on the planet and the disk structures at mid-IR wavelengths with NEAR

[abridged] We analyzed mid-infrared high-contrast coronagraphic images of the beta Pictoris system, taking advantage of the NEAR experiment using the VLT/VISIR instrument. The goal of our analysis is to investigate both the detection of the planet beta Pictoris b and of the disk features at mid-IR wavelengths. In addition, by combining several epochs of observation, we expect to constrain the position of the known clumps and improve our knowledge on the dynamics of the disk. To evaluate the planet b flux contribution, we extracted the photometry and compared it to the flux published in the literature. In addition, we used previous data from T-ReCS and VISIR, to study the evolution of the position of the southwest clump that was initially observed in the planetary disk back in 2003. While we did not detect the planet b, we were able to put constraints on the presence of circumplanetary material, ruling out the equivalent of a Saturn-like planetary ring around the planet. The disk presents several noticeable structures, including the known southwest clump. Using a 16-year baseline, sampled with five epochs of observations, we were able to examine the evolution of the clump: the clump orbits in a Keplerian motion with an sma of 56.1+-0.4 au. In addition to the known clump, the images clearly show the presence of a second clump on the northeast side of the disk and fainter and closer structures that are yet to be confirmed. We found correlations between the CO clumps detected with ALMA and the mid-IR images. If the circumplanetary material were located at the Roche radius, the maximum amount of dust determined from the flux upper limit around beta Pictoris b would correspond to the mass of an asteroid of 5 km in diameter. Finally, the Keplerian motion of the southwestern clump is possibly indicative of a yet-to-be-detected planet or signals the presence of a vortex.

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arXiv2023

Morphology of the gas-rich debris disk around HD 121617 with SPHERE observations in polarized light

Debris disks are the signposts of collisionally eroding planetesimal circumstellar belts, whose study can put important constraints on the structure of extrasolar planetary systems. The best constraints on the morphology of disks are often obtained from spatially resolved observations in scattered light. Here, we investigate the young (~16 Myr) bright gas-rich debris disk around HD121617. We use new scattered-light observations with VLT/SPHERE to characterize the morphology and the dust properties of this disk. From these properties we can then derive constraints on the physical and dynamical environment of this system, for which significant amounts of gas have been detected. The disk morphology is constrained by linear-polarimetric observations in the J band. Based on our modeling results and archival photometry, we also model the SED to put constraints on the total dust mass and the dust size distribution. We explore different scenarios that could explain these new constraints. We present the first resolved image in scattered light of the debris disk HD121617. We fit the morphology of the disk, finding a semi-major axis of 78.3$\pm$0.2 au, an inclination of 43.1$\pm$0.2{\deg} and a position angle of the major axis with respect to north, of 239.8$\pm$0.3{\deg}, compatible with the previous continuum and CO detection with ALMA. Our analysis shows that the disk has a very sharp inner edge, possibly sculpted by a yet-undetected planet or gas drag. While less sharp, its outer edge is steeper than expected for unperturbed disks, which could also be due to a planet or gas drag, but future observations probing the system farther from the main belt would help explore this further. The SED analysis leads to a dust mass of 0.21$\pm$0.02 M$_{\oplus}$ and a minimum grain size of 0.87$\pm$0.12 $\mu$m, smaller than the blowout size by radiation pressure, which is not unexpected for very bright col...

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arXiv2022

Stellar winds can affect gas dynamics in debris disks and create observable belt winds

Context: Gas is now detected in many extrasolar systems around mature stars aged between 10 Myr to $\sim$ 1 Gyr with planetesimal belts. Gas in these mature disks is thought to be released from planetesimals and has been modelled using a viscous disk approach. At low densities, this may not be a good assumption as the gas could be blown out by the stellar wind instead. Methods: We developed an analytical model for A to M stars that can follow the evolution of gas outflows and target when the transition occurs between a disk or a wind. The crucial criterion is the gas density for which gas particles stop being protected from stellar wind protons impacting at high velocities on radial trajectories. Results: We find that: 1) Belts of radial width $\Delta R$ with gas densities $< 7 \, (\Delta R/50 {\rm \, au})^{-1}$ cm$^{-3}$ would create a wind rather than a disk, which would explain the recent outflowing gas detection in NO Lup. 2) The properties of this belt wind can be used to measure stellar wind properties such as their densities and velocities. 3) Debris disks with low fractional luminosities $f$ are more likely to create gas winds, which could be observed with current facilities. Conclusions: The systems containing low gas masses such as Fomalhaut or TWA 7 or more generally, debris disks with fractional luminosities $f \lesssim 10^{-5} (L_\star/L_\odot)^{-0.37} $ or stellar luminosity $\gtrsim 20 \, L_\odot$ (A0V or earlier) would rather create gas outflows (or belt winds) than gas disks. Gas observed to be outflowing at high velocity in the young system NO Lup could be an example of such belt winds. The detection of these gas winds is possible with ALMA (CO and CO$^+$ could be good wind tracers) and would allow us to constrain the stellar wind properties of main-sequence stars, which are otherwise difficult to measure.

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arXiv2022

ALMA Observations of the HD~110058 debris disk

We present Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) observations of the young, gas-rich debris disk around HD110058 at 0.3-0.6\arcsec resolution. The disk is detected in the 0.85 and 1.3~mm continuum, as well as in the J=2-1 and J=3-2 transitions of $^{12}$CO and $^{13}$CO. The observations resolve the dust and gas distributions and reveal that this is the smallest debris disk around stars of similar luminosity observed by ALMA. The new ALMA data confirm the disk is very close to edge-on, as shown previously in scattered light images. We use radiative transfer modeling to constrain the physical properties of dust and gas disks. The dust density peaks at around 31~au and has a smooth outer edge that extends out to $\sim70$~au. Interestingly, the dust emission is marginally resolved along the minor axis, which indicates that it is vertically thick if truly close to edge-on with an aspect ratio between 0.13 and 0.28. We also find that the CO gas distribution is more compact than the dust \ah{(similarly to the disk around 49 Ceti)}, which could be due to a low viscosity and a higher gas release rate at small radii. Using simulations of the gas evolution taking into account the CO photodissociation, shielding, and viscous evolution, we find that HD~110058's CO gas mass and distribution are consistent with a secondary origin scenario. Finally, we find that the gas densities may be high enough to cause the outward drift of small dust grains in the disk.

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arXiv2022

Polarization from Aligned Dust Grains in the $\beta$ Pic Debris Disk

We present 870 $\mu$m ALMA polarization observations of thermal dust emission from the iconic, edge-on debris disk $\beta$ Pic. While the spatially resolved map does not exhibit detectable polarized dust emission, we detect polarization at the $\sim$3$\sigma$ level when averaging the emission across the entire disk. The corresponding polarization fraction is $P_\textrm{frac}$ = $0.51 \pm 0.19$%. The polarization position angle $\chi$ is aligned with the minor axis of the disk, as expected from models of dust grains aligned via radiative alignment torques (RAT) with respect to a toroidal magnetic field ($B$-RAT) or with respect to the anisotropy in the radiation field ($k$-RAT). When averaging the polarized emission across the outer versus inner thirds of the disk, we find that the polarization arises primarily from the SW third. We perform synthetic observations assuming grain alignment via both $k$-RAT and $B$-RAT. Both models produce polarization fractions close to our observed value when the emission is averaged across the entire disk. When we average the models in the inner versus outer thirds of the disk, we find that $k$-RAT is the likely mechanism producing the polarized emission in $\beta$ Pic. A comparison of timescales relevant to grain alignment also yields the same conclusion. For dust grains with realistic aspect ratios (i.e., $s > 1.1$), our models imply low grain-alignment efficiencies.

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