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R. A. Riffel

Publications and source records attributed to R. A. Riffel.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

The Quasar Feedback Survey: Ionised Outflows in type 2 QSOs with MUSE data

We study ionised gas properties in a sample of 18 luminous (log L$_{\rm bol}\geq45$ erg/s) obscured QSOs at 0.085<z<0.2 observed with VLT/MUSE as part of the multi-wavelength Quasar Feedback Survey (QFeedS) and with VLA at low- and high-resolution data. We compare the outflow-related quantities with values reported in the literature and investigate possible correlations between the outflows and other properties of the ionised gas such as the electron density. We adopt a non-parametric approach to characterise the ionised gas kinematics, traced by the [O III]5007 emission line, and use $W_{80}$ measured from the unresolved nuclear spectra as a threshold to identify outflow-dominated spaxels. A qualitative comparison between the radio and the $W_{80}$ maps shows that, in general, the peak of the radio coincides with the peak of the $W_{80}$. The [O III]5007 is used as a proxy for the ionised gas mass, and the outflow-related properties are obtained in two different ways: the global, which uses flux-weighted velocities and radii; and the peak, relying on radial profiles. We correct the [O III]5007 flux for extinction using the Balmer decrement. We take advantage of the MUSE sensitivity and use the [Ar IV]4711,4740 doublet, only observable in the integrated r=1.5'' spectra, to measure the electron density in each galaxy. We obtain $500<n_{e}{\rm[ cm^{-3}]}<27700$, leading to 0.03$<\dot{M}_{\rm out}/{\rm (M_{\odot} yr^{-1})}<$4.17 and $39<\dot{E}_{\rm kin}/{\rm [erg/s]}<42$. Our results emphasise the importance of accurate n$_e$ determination, leading to a difference of ~1 dex in the outflow rates and kinetic powers. We observe a positive correlation between $n_e$ and $V_{\rm out}$, interpreted as compression of the gas at higher velocities. This correlation should be further investigated at other luminosity and redshift ranges, but it can inform future outflow simulation studies.

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VAR-PZnn: A machine-learning framework for AGN photometric redshifts using color and variability-based features

Photometric redshift estimation for active galactic nuclei (AGNs) remains a fundamental challenge for current and upcoming large-scale photometric surveys. Traditional spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting suffers from color-redshift degeneracies, particularly for AGNs whose power-law continua hide the strong spectral features required to anchor redshift estimates. While AGN variability provides additional constraining power, existing frameworks require multi-band light curves that are not always available. This work presents VAR-PZnn, a fully connected mixture density network that integrates 26 variability features extracted from ZTF g-band light curves with optical photometry from Pan-STARRS1, mid-infrared (MIR) photometry from CatWISE, and, for a subsample, NIR photometry from UKIDSS. The model is trained and tested on 72,728 spectroscopically confirmed AGNs/QSOs spanning 0.01 < z < 4.5 and g-band magnitudes from 17 to 21.5. For the main sample, we achieve σ_{NMAD} = 0.058 and an outlier fraction of η= 8.2%, which reduces to 5.4% when the 10% of sources with the highest predicted uncertainty are excluded. An ablation study demonstrates that MIR photometry provides the dominant constraint for photo-z accuracy, while variability features serve as a secondary refiner. Using UKIDSS NIR data as a proxy for future synergies between LSST and space-based missions like Euclid and Roman, we obtain η= 13.3% without MIR data and η= 4.6% when MIR is available. We benchmark against Low-Resolution Templates (LRT) SED fitting (η= 28.7%) and the VAR-PZ framework; applying single-band VAR-PZ priors worsens LRT performance to η= 39.4% due to single-band light-curve degeneracies, confirmed via simulations (η= 27.6% to 28.1%). This framework provides a scalable approach for the Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST).

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Cosmic evolution of the helium and oxygen abundances in type 2 Active Galactic Nuclei: Helium-loud AGNs

We derive the helium and oxygen abundances in the Narrow Line Regions (NLRs) of 84 Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) spanning two redshift ranges: 65 objects at $z \: < \: 0.2$ and 19 objects at $2.8 \lesssim z \lesssim 6.8$. Spectroscopic data in the optical rest-frame range [3000 $λ(\textÅ)$ 7000] from the JADES survey and from the literature were used to estimate $\text{He/H}$ and $\text{O/H}$ via the $T_{\rm e}$-method (7 objects) and strong-emission line calibrations (19 objects). Our results indicate that the ionization degree in AGNs increases toward higher redshifts, exhibiting a trend similar to that observed in star-forming galaxies. We find that the majority of our sample of AGNs at $z \: > \: 2.8$ show oversolar helium abundances and subsolar oxygen abundances. We identified, via the $T_{\rm e}$-method, an object (goods-s-mediumhst-58850; $z=6.2615$) with the highest helium abundance estimated to date, i.e. $12+\log({\rm He/H})=11.64$, corresponding to $\rm (He/He_{\odot}) \sim 4.4$. This result remains robust even when we adopt larger electron densities (varying $N_{\rm e}$ from $500$ to $10\:000$ $\rm cm^{-3}$) in abundance estimates using the $T_{\rm e}$-method and empirical strong-line methods. We found marginal evidence for a decline in the He/H abundance ($\sim 0.04$ dex per redshift unit) toward lower redshifts. In contrast, we found evidence for an increase in $\text{O/H}$ toward the local universe at a rate of approximately 0.06 dex per redshift unit.

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MICONIC: The multiphase circumnuclear region of Centaurus A as seen with JWST/MIRI MRS observations. I. Spectral inventory and properties of the warm molecular disk

Supermassive black holes power Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN), injecting energy that regulates accretion and shapes host galaxies. We investigate the morphology, excitation, and kinematics of molecular hydrogen (H2) in the inner circumnuclear disk of Centaurus A, the nearest radio galaxy. We present JWST/MIRI MRS integral-field spectroscopy of the central 170x100 pc2 at 0.3"-0.7" (5-12 pc) resolution, focusing on pure rotational H2 lines. The spectra show strong nuclear continuum and bright H2 emission from S(1) to S(8), including the first S(8) detection in Centaurus A. Optically thin nuclear lines enable maps of temperature, column density, and ortho-to-para ratio from spaxel-level excitation-diagram fitting. Warm H2 shows a complex morphology, dominating the central region where CO emission is weak or undetected. Low-excitation H2 lines trace an inhomogeneous ring with a 20-pc-radius cavity aligned with the jet's near side, suggesting that the jet affects the morphology of the molecular disk. Higher-excitation lines form filamentary structures around the AGN. Kinematics are rotational with an S-shaped distortion, indicating non-circular motions or a warped disk. A coherent, low-dispersion (70 km/s) streamer spirals inward. A power-law temperature distribution yields a warm (100-2000 K) H2 mass of (5.6+/-1.4)e5 Msun and a dynamical mass of 5e8 Msun within 100 pc. Shock excitation is supported by enhanced H2/continuum and H2/PAH ratios, elevated [Ne III]/[Ne II], and sub-equilibrium ortho-to-para ratios (1.6-2.4). Turbulent dissipation can balance H2 cooling and likely dominates heating beyond 30 pc. In the inner 100 pc of Centaurus A, AGN feeding and feedback are linked: shocks excite H2, regulate the gas temperature, and prevent cooling below 100 K, explaining the weak CO emission and lack of a massive outflow. These shocks may drive angular momentum loss and help fuel the nucleus.

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The Galaxy Activity, Torus, and Outflow Survey (GATOS): N. Unveiling physical processes in local active galaxies. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of JWST MIRI/MRS observations

With the rise of the integral field spectroscopy, we are currently dealing with large amounts of spatially resolved data, whose analysis has become challenging, especially when observing complex objects such as nearby galaxies. We aim to develop a method to automatically separate different physical regions within the central parts (1"~160 pc, on average) of galaxies. This can allow us to better understand the systems, and provide an initial characterisation of the main ionisation sources affecting its evolution. We have developed an unsupervised hierarchical clustering algorithm to analyse data cubes based on spectral similarity. It clusters together spaxels with similar spectra, which is useful to disentangle between different physical processes. We have applied this method to a sample of 15 nearby (distances <100 Mpc) galaxies, 7 from the Galaxy Activity, Torus, and Outflow Survey (GATOS) and 8 archival sources, all observed with the medium resolution spectrometer (MRS) of the Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) on board of the JWST. From the clusters, we computed their median spectrum and measured the line and continuum properties. We used these measurements to train random forest models and create several empirical mid-IR diagnostic diagrams for the MRS channel 3 wavelength range, including among others the bright [Ne II], [Ne III], and [Ne V] lines, several H2 transitions, and PAH features. The clustering technique allows to differentiate emission coming from an AGN, the disc, and star forming regions in galaxies, and other composite regions, potentially ionised by several sources simultaneously. This is supported by the results from the empirical diagnostic diagrams, that are indeed able to separate physically distinct regions. This innovative method serves as a tool to identify regions of interest in any data cube prior to an in-depth analysis of the sources. [abridged]

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Black holes in the low-mass galaxy regime: imprint of AGN feedback on the circumgalactic medium of central dwarf galaxies

Active galactic nuclei (AGN) have been observed in dwarf galaxies, yet the impact of black hole feedback in these low-mass systems remains unclear. To uncover the potential effects of AGN in the low-mass galaxy regime, we study the properties and demographics of active dwarf galaxies at $z=0$, using the IllustrisTNG simulations. We use data from the TNG50-1 simulation, selecting central galaxies with stellar masses in the range $8 \leq \log(M_\ast/{\rm M_\odot}) \leq 9.5$, and selecting AGN based on their Eddington ratio ($λ_{\rm Edd}$). We analyzed the properties and environment of AGN host galaxies and compared them with inactive control galaxies. The AGN fractions found in the simulation depend strongly on the threshold for $λ_{\rm Edd}$ in the AGN selection, ranging from $\sim$ 1\% ($λ_{\rm Edd} \geq 0.05$) to $\sim$ 24\% ($λ_{\rm Edd} \geq 0.01$). In comparison with non-AGN galaxies of similar stellar and halo mass, dwarf AGN hosts are deficient in neutral gas, having $\sim$ 3.9 times less neutral mass, in qualitative agreement with observations. The dearth in neutral gas is stronger beyond two stellar half-mass radii ($r \gtrsim 3$ kpc), and AGN hosts have more extended gas components than non-AGN galaxies, with a gas half-mass radius, on average, $\gtrsim$ 10 kpc larger. AGN hosts are also slightly less star-forming, but have no differences in local environment. We found that AGN can significantly decrease the neutral gas component of dwarf galaxies, a direct effect of the high-accretion feedback mode employed in IllustrisTNG. However, it is important to test our findings with observations to unveil the complete role of AGN in dwarf galaxies. In TNG50, dwarf AGN fractions are an order of magnitude larger than those observed, motivating a detailed investigation to precisely quantify the mismatch between simulations and observations.

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Metallicity of Active Galactic Nuclei from ultraviolet and optical emission lines-II. Revisiting the $C43$ metallicity calibration and its implications

In this study, a new semi-empirical calibration is proposed between ultraviolet emission lines (\ion{C}{iii}]$\lambda1909$, \ion{C}{iv}$\lambda1549$, \ion{He}{ii}]$\lambda1640$) of type~2 AGNs and their metallicity ($Z$). This calibration is derived by comparing a large sample of 106 objects (data taken from the literature) located over a wide range of redshifts ($0 \: \lesssim \: z \: \lesssim \: 4.0$) with predictions from photoionization models that adopt a recent C/O-O/H relation derived via estimates using the $T_{\rm e}$ method, which is considered the most reliable method. We found that the new calibration produces $Z$ values in agreement (within an uncertainty of $\pm 0.1$ dex) with those from other calibrations and from estimates via the $T_{\rm e}$-method. We find also that AGN metallicities are already high at early epochs, with no evidence for monotonic evolution across the redshift range $0 \: \lesssim \: z \: \lesssim \: 12$. Notably, the highest metallicities in our sample, reaching up to $\rm 4\: Z_{\odot}$, are found in objects at $2 \lesssim z \lesssim 3$. This redshift range coincides with the peak of the cosmic star formation rate history, suggesting a strong connection between the major epoch of star formation, black hole growth, and rapid metal enrichment in the host galaxies of AGNs. Furthermore, our analysis reveals no significant correlation between AGN metallicity and radio properties (radio spectral index or radio luminosity) or host galaxy stellar mass. The lack of a clear mass-metallicity relation, consistent with findings for local AGNs, suggests that the chemical evolution of the nuclear gas is decoupled from the global properties of the host galaxy.

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Metallicity of Active Galactic Nuclei from ultraviolet and optical emission lines I: Carbon abundance dependence

Metallicity ($Z$) estimates based on ultraviolet (UV) emission lines from the narrow-line regions (NLRs) of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) have been found to differ from those derived from optical lines. However, the origin of this discrepancy ($ZR$) remains poorly understood. To investigate the source of $ZR$, we compiled from the literature the fluxes of narrow near-UV ($1000 < λ(\angstrom) < 2000)$ and optical ($3000 < λ(\angstrom) < 7000)$ emission line measurements for a sample of 11 AGNs (9 at $z<0.4$ and 2 at $z\sim2.4$). Metallicity values for our sample were derived using a semi-empirical calibration based on the $C43$=log[(\ion{C{iv}$λ$1549+\ion{C{iii}]$λ$1909)/\ion{He}{ii}$λ$1640] emission-line ratio and compared with those obtained via direct measurement of the electron temperature ($T_{\rm e}$-method) and via calibrations based on optical emission-lines. The source of the discrepancy was investigated in terms of the ionization parameter ($U$), electron density ($N_{\rm e}$), and carbon abundance (C/H). We found a weak correlation between $ZR$, $U$ and $N_{\rm e}$. However, a moderate correlation was observed between $ZR$ and direct estimates of C/H, suggesting that the previously assumed (C/O)-$Z$ relations in photoionization models used to derive UV carbon-line calibrations may not be valid for AGNs. By combining a large set of abundance estimates for local star-forming regions with those of our AGN sample, we derived a new (C/O)-$Z$ relation. Comparisons between the results of photoionization models that assume this new abundance relation and the UV observational data of our sample produce $Z$ values derived from the $C43$ index that are consistent with those obtained using the $T_{\rm e}$-method.

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The size of the Coronal Line Region in Active Galactic Nuclei: a MUSE perspective

We investigated by means of MUSE/VLT observations the true size of the coronal line region (CLR) in a local sample of nine active galactic nuclei known for displaying prominent coronal emission. Our analysis show that the CLR is extended from several hundred parsecs to a few kiloparsecs in the lines of [Fe VII] (IP=99 eV) and [Fe X] (IP=235 eV). In all cases, the coronal emission is closely aligned along the radio-jet axis and constrained to the limits of the [O III] ionisation cone. Besides the nuclear emission, secondary emission peaks in [Fe VII] and [Fe X] are found along the extended emission, with a shallow decrease of the line intensity with increasing distance from the AGN. Both facts suggest the action of an additional excitation mechanism besides nuclear photoionisation for the origin of the coronal gas. This is further supported by the fact that in some sources the extended coronal emission accounts for more than 50\% of the total emission and by the high degree of gas excitation in the off-nuclear region. A positive trend between the coronal line luminosity and the jet power points to shocks induced by the jet passage as the key mechanism to produce and excite this gas. We provide the first estimate of the [Fe X] coronal gas size, being in the kpc range. Our results stress the importance of the CLR as a key ingredient that should be fully considered in models trying to explain the physics of the narrow line region in AGN.

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Empirical calibration for helium abundance determinations in Active Galactic Nuclei

For the first time, a calibration between the HeI $\lambda5876$/H$β$ emission line ratio and the helium abundance $y$=12+log(He/H) for Narrow line regions (NLRs) of Seyfert~2 Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) is proposed. In this context, observational data (taken from the SDSS-DR15 and from the literature) and direct abundance estimates (via the $T_{\rm e}$-method) for a sample of 65 local ($z \: < \: 0.2$) Seyfert~2 nuclei are considered. The resulting calibration estimates the $y$ abundance with an average uncertainty of 0.02 dex. Applying our calibration to spectroscopic data containing only strong emission lines, it yields a helium abundance distribution similar to that obtained via the $T_{\rm e}$-method. Some cautions must be considered to apply our calibration for Seyfert~2 nuclei with high values of electron temperature ($\gtrsim\: 20\,000$ K) or ionization parameter ($\log U > -2.0$).

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Direct estimates of nitrogen abundance for Seyfert 2 nuclei

We derive the nitrogen and oxygen abundances in the Narrow Line Regions (NLRs) of a sample of 38 local ($z \: < \: 0.4$) Seyfert~2 nuclei. For that, we consider narrow optical emission line intensities and direct estimates of the electron temperatures ($T_{\rm e}$-method). We find nitrogen abundances in the range $7.6 \: < \: \rm 12+log(N/H) \: < \: 8.6$ (mean value $8.06\pm0.22$) or $\rm 0.4 \: < \: (N/N_{\odot}) \: < 4.7$, in the metallicity regime $8.3 \: < \: \rm 12+log(O/H) \: < \: 9.0$. Our results indicate that the dispersion in N/H abundance for a fixed O/H value in AGNs is in agreement with that for disc \ion{H}{ii} regions with similar metallicity. We show that Seyfert~2 nuclei follow a similar (N/O)-(O/H) relation to the one followed by star-forming objects. Finally, we find that active galaxies called as 'nitrogen-loud' observed at very high redshift ($z \: > \: 5$) show N/O values in consonance with those derived for local NLRs. This result indicates that the main star-formation event is completed in the early evolution stages of active galaxies.

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Cosmic metallicity evolution of Active Galactic Nuclei: Implications for optical diagnostic diagrams

We analyze the validity of optical diagnostic diagrams relying on emission-lines ratios and in the context of classifying Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) according to the cosmic metallicity evolution in the redshift range 0 < z < 11.2. In this regard, we fit the results of chemical evolution models (CEMs) to the radial gradients of the N/O abundances ratio derived through direct estimates of electron temperatures (Te-method) in a sample of four local spiral galaxies. This approach allows us to select representative CEMs and extrapolate the radial gradients to the nuclear regions of the galaxies in our sample, inferring in this way the central N/O and O/H abundances. The nuclear abundance predictions for theoretical galaxies from the selected CEMs, at distinct evolutionary stages, are used as input parameters in AGN photoionization models built with the Cloudy code. We found that standard BPT diagnostic diagrams are able to classify AGNs with oxygen abundances 12+logO/H > 8.0 [(Z/Zsolar) > 0.2) preferably found at redshift z > 4. On the other hand, the HeII4685/Hbeta versus [N II]6584/Halpha diagram produces a reliable AGN classification independent of the evolutionary stage of these objects.

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The AGNIFS survey: spatially resolved observations of hot molecular and ionised outflows in nearby active galaxies

We present the hot molecular and warm ionised gas kinematics for 33 nearby ($0.001\lesssim z\lesssim0.056$) X-ray selected active galaxies using the H$_2 2.1218 μ$m and Br$γ$ emission lines observed in the K-band with the Gemini Near-Infrared Field Spectrograph (NIFS). The observations cover the inner 0.04$-$2 kpc of each AGN at spatial resolutions of 4$-$250 pc with a velocity resolution of $σ_{\rm inst}\approx$20 ${\rm km s^{-1}}$. We find that 31 objects (94 per cent) present a kinematically disturbed region (KDR) seen in ionised gas, while such regions are observed in hot molecular gas for 25 galaxies (76 per cent). We interpret the KDR as being due to outflows with masses of 10$^2-$10$^7$ M$_\odot$ and 10$^0-$10$^4$ M$_\odot$ for the ionised and hot molecular gas, respectively. The ranges of mass-outflow rates ($\dot{M}_{\rm out}$) and kinetic power ($\dot{E}_{\rm K}$) of the outflows are 10$^{-3}-$10$^{1}$ M$_\odot$yr$^{-1}$ and $\sim$10$^{37}$$-$10$^{43}$ erg s$^{-1}$ for the ionised gas outflows, and 10$^{-5}$$-$10$^{-2}$ M$_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$ and 10$^{35}$$-$10$^{39}$ erg s$^{-1}$ for the hot molecular gas outflows. The median coupling efficiency in our sample is $\dot{E}_{K}/L_{\rm bol}\approx1.8\times10^{-3}$ and the estimated momentum fluxes of the outflows suggest they are produced by radiation-pressure in low-density environment, with possible contribution from shocks.

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Chemical abundances in Seyfert galaxies X. Sulphur abundance estimates

For the first time, the sulphur abundance relative to hydrogen (S/H) in the Narrow Line Regions of a sample of Seyfert 2 nuclei (Sy 2s) has been derived via direct estimation of the electron temperature. Narrow emission line intensities from the SDSS DR17 [in the wavelength range 3000 < $λ$ < 9100] and from the literature for a sample of 45 nearby ($z$ < 0.08) Sy 2s were considered. Our direct estimates indicate that Sy 2s have similar temperatures in the gas region where most of the S+ ions are located in comparison with that of star-forming regions (SFs). However, Sy 2s present higher temperature values ($\sim$10000 K) in the region where most of the S++ ions are located relative to that of SFs. We derive the total sulphur abundance in the range of 6.2 < 12 + log(S/H) < 7.5, corresponding to 0.1-1.8 times the solar value. These sulphur abundance values are lower by $\sim$0.4 dex than those derived in SFs with similar metallicity, indicating a distinct chemical enrichment of the ISM for these object classes. The S/O values for our Sy 2 sample present an abrupt ($\sim$0.5 dex) decrease with increasing O/H for the high metallicity regime [12 + log(O/H) > 8.7)], what is not seen for the SFs. However, when our Sy 2 estimates are combined with those from a large sample of star-forming regions, we did not find any dependence between S/O and O/H.

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Active Galactic Nuclei signatures in Red Geyser galaxies from Gemini GMOS-IFU observations

Red Geysers are quiescent galaxies with galactic scale ionised outflows, likely due to low-luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN). We used Gemini GMOS-IFU observations of the inner $\sim 1.0-3.0$ kpc of nine Red Geysers selected from the MaNGA survey to study the gas ionisation and kinematics. The emission-line ratios suggest the presence of Seyfert/LINER (Low Ionisation Nuclear Emission Region) nuclei in all sources. Two galaxies show H$α$ equivalent width (H$α$ EW) larger than 3 Å(indicative of AGN ionisation) within an aperture 2.5 arcsec of diameter ($1.3-3.7$ kpc at the distance of galaxies) for MaNGA data, while with the higher resolution GMOS data, four galaxies present H$α$ EW$>3$ Åwithin an aperture equal to the angular resolution ($0.3-0.9$ kpc). For two objects with GMOS-IFU data, the H$α$ EW is lower than 3 Åbut larger than 1.5 Å, most probably due to a faint AGN. The spatially resolved electron density maps show values between $100-3000$ cm$^{-3}$ and are consistent with those determined in other studies. The large (MaNGA) and the nuclear scale (GMOS-IFU) gas velocity fields are misaligned, with a kinematic position angle difference between 12$^{\circ}$ and 60$^{\circ}$. The [NII]$λ$6583 emission-line profiles are asymmetrical, with blue wings on the redshifted side of the velocity field and red wings on the blueshifted side. Our results support previous indications that the gas in Red Geysers is ionised by an AGN, at least in their central region, with the presence of outflows, likely originating in a precessing accretion disc.

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Warm molecular and ionized gas kinematics in the Type-2 quasar J0945+1737

We analyze Near-Infrared Integral Field Spectrograph (NIFS) observations of the type-2 quasar (QSO2) SDSS J094521.33+173753.2 to investigate its warm molecular and ionized gas kinematics. This QSO2 has a bolometric luminosity of 10$^{45.7}$ erg s$^{-1}$ and a redshift of z = 0.128. The K-band spectra provided by NIFS cover a range of 1.99-2.40 $μ$m where low-ionization (Pa$α$ and Br$δ$), high ionization ([S XI]$λ$1.920 $μ$m and [Si~VI]$λ$1.963 $μ$m) and warm molecular lines (from H$_2$ 1-0S(5) to 1-0S(1)) are detected, allowing us to study the multi-phase gas kinematics. Our analysis reveals gas in ordinary rotation in all the emission lines detected and also outflowing gas in the case of the low- and high-ionization emission lines. In the case of the nuclear spectrum, which corresponds to a circular aperture of 0.3\arcsec~(686 pc) in diameter, the warm molecular lines can be characterized using a single Gaussian component of full width at half maximum (FWHM)= 350-400 km s$^{-1}$, while Pa$α$, Br$δ$, and [Si~VI] are best fitted with two blue-shifted Gaussian components of FWHM$\sim$800 and 1700 km s$^{-1}$, in addition to a narrow component of $\sim$300 km s$^{-1}$. We interpret the blue-shifted broad components as outflowing gas, which reaches the highest velocities, of up to $-$840 km s$^{-1}$, in the south-east direction (PA$\sim$125$^{\circ}$), extending up to a distance of $\sim$3.4 kpc from the nucleus. The ionized outflow has a maximum mass outflow rate of $\dot{\text{M}}_{\text{out, max}}$=42-51 M$_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$, and its kinetic power represents 0.1$\%$ of the quasar bolometric luminosity.

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Chemical abundances in Seyfert galaxies -IX. Helium abundance estimates

For the first time, the helium abundance relative to hydrogen (He/H), which relied on direct measurements of the electron temperature, has been derived in the narrow line regions (NLRs) from a local sample of Seyfert 2 nuclei. In view of this, optical emission line intensities [$3000 \: < λ\: < \: 7000$] of 65 local Seyfert 2 nuclei ($z \: < \: 0.2$), taken from Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 15 and additional compilation from the literature, were considered. We used photoionization model grid to derive an Ionization Correction Factor (ICF) for the neutral helium. The application of this ICF indicates that the NLRs of Seyfert 2 present a neutral helium fraction of $\sim$50 per cent in relation to the total helium abundance. We find that Seyfert 2 nuclei present helium abundance ranging from 0.60 to 2.50 times the solar value, while $\sim$85 per cent of the sample present over-solar abundance values. The derived (He/H)-(O/H) abundance relation from the Seyfert 2 is stepper than that of star-forming regions (SFs) and this difference could be due to excess of helium injected into the Interstellar Medium by the winds of Wolf Rayet stars. From a regression to zero metallicity, by using Seyfert 2 estimates combined with SFs estimates, we obtained a primordial helium mass fraction $Y_{\rm p}$=0.2441$\pm$0.0037, a value in good agreement with the one inferred from the temperature fluctuations of the cosmic microwave background by the Planck Collaboration, i.e. $Y_{\rm p}$=0.2471$\pm$0.0003

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Ionised Gas Kinematics in MaNGA AGN. Extents of the Narrow Line and Kinematically Disturbed regions

We analyse the kinematics of 170 AGN host galaxies as compared to those of a matched control sample of non-active galaxies from the MaNGA survey in order to characterise and estimate the extents of the Narrow Line Region (NLR) and of the kinematically disturbed region (KDR) by the AGN. We define the observed NLR radius as the farthest distance from the nucleus within which both [Oiii]/Hβand [Nii]/Hαratios fall in the AGN region of the BPT diagram and the Hαequivalent width is required to be larger than 3.0Å. The extent of the KDR is defined as the distance from the nucleus within which the AGN hosts galaxies shows a more disturbed gas kinematics than the control galaxies. The kinematics derived from the [Oiii] line profiles reveal that, on average, the most luminous AGN (L[Oiii] > 3.8 * 10^40 erg s^-1) possess higher residual difference between the gaseous and stellar velocities and velocities dispersion than their control galaxies. Spatially resolved NLR's and KDR's were found in 55 and 46 AGN host galaxies, with corrected radii 0.2 < r_KDR,c < 2.3 kpc and 0.4 < r_NLR,c < 10.1 kpc, with a relation between the two given by log r_KDR,c = (0.53\pm0.12) log r_NLR,c + (1.07\pm0.22), respectively. The extension of the KDR corresponds to about 30 per cent of that of the NLR. Assuming that the KDR is due to an AGN outflow, we have estimated ionised gas mass outflow rates that range between 10^-5 and \approx 1 Myr^-1, and kinetic powers that range from 10^34 to 10^40 erg s^-1. Comparing the power of the AGN ionised outflows with the AGN luminosities, they are always below the 0.05 L_AGN model threshold for having an important feedback effect on their respective host galaxies. The mass outflow rates (and power) of our AGN sample correlate with their luminosities, populating the lowest AGN luminosity range of the correlations previously found for more powerful sources.

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