arXiv subjects

R. B. Torbert

Publications and source records attributed to R. B. Torbert.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2025

Investigating the Dependence of Normalized Reconnection Rate on Upstream Plasma Parameters

We present the results of a multi-event study of the normalized reconnection rate integrating events spanning the three primary regimes of reconnection observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission. We utilize a new method for determining the normalized reconnection rate with fewer sources of uncertainty by estimating the current sheet aspect ratio with magnetic field gradients, which are very well measured by MMS. This method is time-dependent and also captures spatiotemporal variation in the current sheet aspect ratio. After demonstrating this technique is valid in the guide field and asymmetric regimes of reconnection, we investigate any relationships between the normalized rate, aspect ratio, and spatiotemporal aspect ratio variability on the guide field, spatiotemporal variability of the upstream magnetic field, and upstream magnetic field and density asymmetry. We find no dependence of reconnection rate on upstream conditions, with the only statistically significant correlations between the spatiotemporal variability in the aspect ratio and the spatiotemporal angular variability in the upstream reconnecting component of the magnetic field. This result is consistent with previous work that found the spatiotemporal ``patchiness'' of energy conversion within the electron diffusion region is correlated with the same measure of spatiotemporal variability of the inflow magnetic field used here. Additionally, this analysis suggests that under typical magnetospheric conditions for density and magnetic field asymmetry with steady upstream magnetic field, the normalized reconnection rate is constant with a slight increase for higher guide fields, which may be significant in predicting the terrestrial effects of space weather by providing insight into the efficiency of solar wind-magnetospheric coupling.

physics.space-ph↗

arXiv2023

Multi-scale observation of magnetotail reconnection onset: 1. macroscopic dynamics

We analyze a magnetotail reconnection onset event on 3 July 2017 that was observed under otherwise quiescent magnetospheric conditions by a fortuitous conjunction of six space and ground-based observatories. The study investigates the large-scale coupling of the solar wind - magnetosphere system that precipitated the onset of the magnetotail reconnection, focusing on the processes that thinned and stretched the cross-tail current layer in the absence of significant flux loading during a two-hour-long preconditioning phase. It is demonstrated with data in the (1) upstream solar wind, (2) at the low-latitude magnetopause, (3) in the high-latitude polar cap, and (4) in the magnetotail that the typical picture of solar wind-driven current sheet thinning via flux loading does not appear relevant for this particular event. We find that the current sheet thinning was, instead, initiated by a transient solar wind pressure pulse and that the current sheet thinning continued even as the magnetotail and solar wind pressures decreased. We suggest that field line curvature induced scattering (observed by Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS)) and precipitation (observed by Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP)) of high-energy thermal protons may have evacuated plasma sheet thermal energy, which may require a thinning of the plasma sheet to preserve pressure equilibrium with the solar wind.

physics.space-ph↗

arXiv2023

Multi-scale observation of magnetotail reconnection onset: 2. microscopic dynamics

We analyze the local dynamics of magnetotail reconnection onset using Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) data. In conjunction with MMS, the macroscopic dynamics of this event were captured by a number of other ground and space-based observatories, as is reported in a companion paper. We find that the local dynamics of the onset were characterized by the rapid thinning of the cross-tail current sheet below the ion inertial scale, accompanied by the growth of flapping waves and the subsequent onset of electron tearing. Multiple kinetic-scale magnetic islands were detected coincident with the growth of an initially sub-Alfv\'enic, demagnetized tailward ion exhaust. The onset and rapid enhancement of parallel electron inflow at the exhaust boundary was a remote signature of the intensification of reconnection Earthward of the spacecraft. Two secondary reconnection sites are found embedded within the exhaust from a primary X-line. The primary X-line was designated as such on the basis that (1) while multiple jet reversals were observed in the current sheet, only one reversal of the electron inflow was observed at the high-latitude exhaust boundary, (2) the reconnection electric field was roughly 5 times larger at the primary X-line than the secondary X-lines, and (3) energetic electron fluxes increased and transitioned from anti-field-aligned to isotropic during the primary X-line crossing, indicating a change in magnetic topology. The results are consistent with the idea that a primary X-line mediates the reconnection of lobe magnetic field lines and accelerates electrons more efficiently than its secondary X-line counterparts.

physics.space-ph↗

arXiv2023

Advanced methods for analyzing in-situ observations of magnetic reconnection

There is ample evidence for magnetic reconnection in the solar system, but it is a nontrivial task to visualize, to determine the proper approaches and frames to study, and in turn to elucidate the physical processes at work in reconnection regions from in-situ measurements of plasma particles and electromagnetic fields. Here an overview is given of a variety of single- and multi-spacecraft data analysis techniques that are key to revealing the context of in-situ observations of magnetic reconnection in space and for detecting and analyzing the diffusion regions where ions and/or electrons are demagnetized. We focus on recent advances in the era of the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission, which has made electron-scale, multi-point measurements of magnetic reconnection in and around Earth's magnetosphere.

physics.space-ph↗

arXiv2022

Thin current sheet behind the dipolarization front

We report a unique conjugate observation of fast flows and associated current sheet disturbances in the near-Earth magnetotail by MMS (Magnetospheric Multiscale) and Cluster preceding a positive bay onset of a small substorm at ~14:10 UT, Sep. 8, 2018. MMS and Cluster were located both at X ~-14 RE. A dipolarization front (DF) of a localized fast flow was detected by Cluster and MMS, separated in the dawn-dusk direction by ~4 RE, almost simultaneously. Adiabatic electron acceleration signatures revealed from comparison of the energy spectra confirm that both spacecraft encounter the same DF. We analyzed the change in the current sheet structure based on multi-scale multi-point data analysis. The current sheet thickened during the passage of DF, yet, temporally thinned subsequently associated with another flow enhancement centered more on the dawnward side of the initial flow. MMS and Cluster observed intense perpendicular and parallel current in the off-equatorial region mainly during this interval of the current sheet thinning. Maximum field-aligned currents both at MMS and Cluster are directed tailward. Detailed analysis of MMS data showed that the intense field-aligned currents consisted of multiple small-scale intense current layers accompanied by enhanced Hall-currents in the dawn-dusk flow-shear region. We suggest that the current sheet thinning is related to the flow bouncing process and/or to the expansion/activation of reconnection. Based on these mesoscale and small-scale multipoint observations, 3D evolution of the flow and current-sheet disturbances was inferred preceding the development of a substorm current wedge.

astro-ph.EP↗

arXiv2022

Relating the Phases of Magnetic Reconnection Growth to the Temporal Evolution of X-line Structures in a Collisionless Plasma

The efficiency of energy conversion during magnetic reconnection is related to the reconnection rate. While the stable reconnection rate has been studied extensively, its growth between the time of reconnection onset and the peak reconnection rate has not been thoroughly discussed. We use a 2D particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation to examine how the non-ideal reconnection electric field evolves during the growth process and how it relates to changes near the x-line. We identify three phases of growth: 1) slow quasi-linear growth, 2) rapid exponential growth, and 3) tapered growth followed by negative growth after the reconnection rate peaks. Through analysis of the structural changes of the EDR, we associate the early phases with the breaking of x-line symmetry through the erosion of the pre-onset bipolar Ez and the emergence of a diverging Ex pattern at the neutral line in phase 1 followed by the expansion of the inflow region and the enhancement of inflow Poynting flux Sz associated with the out-of-plane electric field Ey in phase 2. We show how the Hall fields facilitate rapid growth in phase 2 by opening up the exhaust, relieving the electron-scale bottleneck and allowing large Poynting flux across the separatrices. We find that the rapid inflow of electromagnetic energy accumulates until the downstream electromagnetic energy density in phase 3 approaches the initial upstream asymptotic value. Finally, we examine how the electron outflow and the downstream ion populations interact in phase 3 and how each species exchanges energy with the local field structures in the exhaust.

physics.plasm-ph↗

arXiv2021

Applying Magnetic Curvature to to MMS data to identify thin current sheets relative to tail reconnection

Magnetic reconnection X-lines have been observed to be more common duskward of midnight. Thin current sheets have also been postulated to be a necessary precondition for reconnection onset. We take advantage of the MMS tetrahedral formation during the 2017--2020 MMS tail seasons to calculate the thickness of the cross-tail neutral sheet relative to ion gyroradius. While a similar technique was applied to Cluster data, current sheet thickness over a broader range of radial distances has not been robustly explored before this study. We compare this to recent theories regarding mechanisms of tail current sheet thinning and to recent simulations. We find MMS spent more than twice as long in ion-scale thin current sheets in the pre-midnight sector than post-midnight, despite nearly even plasma sheet dwell time. The dawn-dusk asymmetry in the distribution of Ion Diffusion Regions, as previously reported in relation to regions of thin current sheets, is also analyzed.

physics.space-ph↗

arXiv2020

Multi-scale coupling during magnetopause reconnection: the interface between the electron and ion diffusion regions

Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) encountered the primary low-latitude magnetopause reconnection site when the inter-spacecraft separation exceeded the upstream ion inertial length. Classical signatures of the ion diffusion region (IDR), including a sub-ion-Alfvénic de-magnetized ion exhaust, a super-ion-Alfvénic magnetized electron exhaust, and Hall electromagnetic fields, are identified. The opening angle between the magnetopause and magnetospheric separatrix is $30^\circ\pm5^\circ$. The exhaust preferentially expands sunward, displacing the magnetosheath. Intense pileup of reconnected magnetic flux occurs between the magnetosheath separatrix and the magnetopause in a narrow channel intermediate between the ion and electron scales. The strength of the pileup (normalized values of 0.3-0.5) is consistent with the large angle at which the magnetopause is inclined relative to the overall reconnection coordinates. MMS-4, which was two ion inertial lengths closer to the X-line than the other three spacecraft, observed intense electron-dominated currents and kinetic-to-electromagnetic-field energy conversion within the pileup. MMS-1, 2, and 3 did not observe the intense currents nor the particle-to-field energy conversion but did observe the pileup, indicating that the edge of the generation region was contained within the tetrahedron. Comparisons with particle-in-cell simulations reveal that the electron currents and large inclination angle of the magnetopause are interconnected features of the asymmetric Hall effect. Between the separatrix and the magnetopause, high-density inflowing magnetosheath electrons brake and turn into the outflow direction, imparting energy to the normal magnetic field and generating the pileup. The findings indicate that electron dynamics are likely an important influence on the magnetic field structure within the ion diffusion region.

physics.space-ph↗

arXiv2019

Electron Heating by Debye-Scale Turbulence in Guide-Field Reconnection

We report electrostatic Debye-scale turbulence developing within the diffusion region of asymmetric magnetopause reconnection with moderate guide field using observations by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission. We show that Buneman waves and beam modes cause efficient and fast thermalization of the reconnection electron jet by irreversible phase mixing, during which the jet kinetic energy is transferred into thermal energy. Our results show that the reconnection diffusion region in the presence of a moderate guide field is highly turbulent, and that electrostatic turbulence plays an important role in electron heating.

physics.space-ph↗

arXiv2019

A New Method of 3D Magnetic Field Reconstruction

A method is described to model the magnetic field in the vicinity of constellations of multiple satellites using field and plasma current measurements. This quadratic model has the properties that the divergence is zero everywhere and matches the measured values of the magnetic field and its curl (current) at each spacecraft, and thus extends the linear curlometer method to second order. It is able to predict the topology of the field lines near magnetic structures, such as near reconnecting regions or flux ropes, and allows a tracking of the motion of these structures relative to the spacecraft constellation. Comparisons to PIC simulations estimate the model accuracy. Reconstruction of two electron diffusion regions show the expected field line structure. The model can be applied to other small-scale phenomena (bow shock, waves of commensurate wavelength), and can be modified to reconstruct also the electric field, allowing tracing of particle trajectories.

physics.space-ph↗

arXiv2019

Numerical Algorithm for Detecting Ion Diffusion Regions in the Geomagnetic Tail with Applications to MMS Tail Season May 1 -- September 30, 2017

We present a numerical algorithm aimed at identifying ion diffusion regions (IDRs) in the geomagnetic tail, and test its applicability. We use 5 criteria applied in three stages. (i) Correlated reversals (within 90 s) of Vx and Bz (at least 2 nT about zero; GSM coordinates); (ii) Detection of Hall electric and magnetic field signatures; and (iii) strong (>10 mV/m) electric fields. While no criterion alone is necessary and sufficient, the approach does provide a robust, if conservative, list of IDRs. We use data from the Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission (MMS) spacecraft during a 5-month period (May 1 to September 30, 2017) of near-tail orbits during the declining phase of the solar cycle. We find 148 events satisfying step 1, 37 satisfying steps 1 and 2, and 17 satisfying all three, of which 12 are confirmed as IDRs. All IDRs were within the X-range [-24, -15] RE mainly on the dusk sector and the majority occurred during traversals of a tailward-moving X-line. 11 of 12 IDRs were on the dusk-side despite approximately equal residence time in both the pre- and post-midnight sectors (56.5% dusk vs 43.5% dawn). MMS could identify signatures of 4 quadrants of the Hall B-structure in 3 events and 3 quadrants in 7 of the remaining 12 confirmed IDRs identified. The events we report commonly display Vx reversals greater than 400 km/s in magnitude, normal magnetic field reversals often >10 nT in magnitude, maximum DC |E| which are often well in excess of the threshold for stage 3. Our results are then compared with the set of IDRs identified by visual examination from Cluster in the years 2000-2005.

physics.space-ph↗

arXiv2019

Magnetospheric Multiscale Observation of Kinetic Signatures in the Alfvén Vortex

Alfvén vortex is a multi-scale nonlinear structure which contributes to intermittency of turbulence. Despite previous explorations mostly on the spatial properties of the Alfvén vortex (i.e., scale, orientation, and motion), the plasma characteristics within the Alfvén vortex are unknown. Moreover, the connection between the plasma energization and the Alfvén vortex still remains unclear. Based on high resolution in-situ measurement from the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission, we report for the first time, distinctive plasma features within an Alfvén vortex. This Alfvén vortex is identified to be two-dimensional ($k_{\bot} \gg k_{\|}$) quasi-monopole with a radius of ~10 proton gyroscales. Its magnetic fluctuations $δB_{\bot}$ are anti correlated with velocity fluctuations $δV_{\bot}$, thus the parallel current density $j_{\|}$ and flow vorticity $ω_{\|}$ are anti-aligned. In different part of the vortex (i.e., edge, middle, center), the ion and electron temperatures are found to be quite different and they behave in the reverse trend: the ion temperature variations are correlated with $j_{\|}$, while the electron temperature variations are correlated with $ω_{\|}$. Furthermore, the temperature anisotropies, together with the non-Maxwellian kinetic effects, exhibit strong enhancement at peaks of $|ω_{\|}| (|j_{\|}|)$ within the vortex. Comparison between observations and numerical/theoretical results are made. In addition, the energy-conversion channels and the compressibility associated with the Alfvén vortex are discussed. These results may help to understand the link between coherent vortex structures and the kinetic processes, which determines how turbulence energy dissipate in the weakly-collisional space plasmas.

physics.space-ph↗

arXiv2019

Observations of Magnetic Reconnection in the Transition Region of Quasi-Parallel Shocks

Using observations of Earth's bow shock by the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission, we show for the first time that active magnetic reconnection is occurring at current sheets embedded within the quasi-parallel shock's transition layer. We observe an electron jet and heating but no ion response, suggesting we have observed an electron-only mode. The lack of ion response is consistent with simulations showing reconnection onset on sub-ion timescales. We also discuss the impact of electron heating in shocks via reconnection.

physics.space-ph↗

arXiv2018

The Fluxgate-Searchcoil Merged (FSM) Magnetic Field Data Product for MMS

The Fluxgate-Searchcoil Merged (FSM) data product for the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission is created by combining the level-2 science quality data from the fluxgate and searchcoil magnetometers into a single level-3 data product. The merging method involves noise floor and calibration parameters determined both on the pre- and post-flight. Here, we describe the statistical inter-calibration process as well as the merging filter.

physics.space-ph↗

arXiv2018

Electron-Scale Dynamics of the Diffusion Region during Symmetric Magnetic Reconnection in Space

Magnetic reconnection is an energy conversion process important in many astrophysical contexts including the Earth's magnetosphere, where the process can be investigated in-situ. Here we present the first encounter of a reconnection site by NASA's Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft in the magnetotail, where reconnection involves symmetric inflow conditions. The unprecedented electron-scale plasma measurements revealed (1) super-Alfvenic electron jets reaching 20,000 km/s, (2) electron meandering motion and acceleration by the electric field, producing multiple crescent-shaped structures, (3) spatial dimensions of the electron diffusion region implying a reconnection rate of 0.1-0.2. The well-structured multiple layers of electron populations indicate that, despite the presence of turbulence near the reconnection site, the key electron dynamics appears to be largely laminar.

physics.space-ph↗

arXiv2018

Kinetic range spectral features of cross-helicity using MMS

We study spectral features of ion velocity and magnetic field correlations in the solar wind and in the magnetosheath using data from the Magnetospheric Multi-Scale (MMS) spacecraft. High resolution MMS observations enable the study of transition of these correlations between their magnetofluid character at larger scales into the sub-proton kinetic range, previously unstudied in spacecraft data. Cross-helicity, angular alignment and energy partitioning is examined over a suit- able range of scales, employing measurements based on the Taylor frozen-in approximation as well as direct two-spacecraft correlation measurements. The results demonstrate signatures of alignment at large scales. As kinetic scales are approached, the alignment between v and b is destroyed by demagnetization of protons.

physics.space-ph↗

arXiv2018

Incompressive Energy Transfer in the Earth's Magnetosheath: Magnetospheric Multiscale Observations

Using observational data from the \emph{Magnetospheric Multiscale} (MMS) Mission in the Earth's magnetosheath, we estimate the energy cascade rate using different techniques within the framework of incompressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence. At the energy containing scale, the energy budget is controlled by the von Kármán decay law. Inertial range cascade is estimated by fitting a linear scaling to the mixed third-order structure function. Finally, we use a multi-spacecraft technique to estimate the Kolmogorov-Yaglom-like cascade rate in the kinetic range, well below the ion inertial length scale. We find that the inertial range cascade rate is almost equal to the one predicted by the von Kármán law at the energy containing scale, while the cascade rate evaluated at the kinetic scale is somewhat lower, as anticipated in theory~\citep{Yang2017PoP}. Further, in agreement with a recent study~\citep{Hadid2018PRL}, we find that the incompressive cascade rate in the Earth's magnetosheath is about $1000$ times larger than the cascade rate in the pristine solar wind.

physics.space-ph↗

arXiv2018

MMS Observations of Beta-Dependent Constraints on Ion Temperature-Anisotropy in Earth's Magnetosheath

Protons (ionized hydrogen) in the solar wind frequently exhibit distinct temperatures ($T_{\perp p}$ and $T_{\parallel p}$) perpendicular and parallel to the plasma's background magnetic-field. Numerous prior studies of the interplanetary solar-wind have shown that, as plasma beta ($β_{\parallel p}$) increases, a narrower range of temperature-anisotropy ($R_p\equiv T_{\perp p}\,/\,T_{\parallel p}$) values is observed. Conventionally, this effect has been ascribed to the actions of kinetic microinstabilities. This study is the first to use data from the Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission (MMS) to explore such $β_{\parallel p}$-dependent limits on $R_p$ in Earth's magnetosheath. The distribution of these data across the $(β_{\parallel p},R_p)$-plane reveals limits on both $R_p>1$ and $R_p<1$. Linear Vlasov theory is used to compute contours of constant growth-rate for the ion-cyclotron, mirror, parallel-firehose, and oblique-firehose instabilities. These instability thresholds closely align with the contours of the data distribution, which suggests a strong association of instabilities with extremes of ion temperature anisotropy in the magnetosheath. The potential for instabilities to regulate temperature anisotropy is discussed.

physics.space-ph↗