arXiv subjects

R. C. Gupta

Publications and source records attributed to R. C. Gupta.

16 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2015

Refraction-Based Alternative Explanation for: Bending of Light Near a Star, Gravitational Red/Blue Shift and Black-Hole

In this research-paper, many of the general-relativity-tests such as bending of light near a star and gravitational red/blue shift are explained without general-relativity & even without Newtonian-approach. The authors first raise questions on the validity of both, the Newtonian and the relativistic approach; and then propose a novel alternative-explanation. The new alternative explanation is based on refraction-phenomenon of optics. Estimation of results with new approach are in agreement with known values. Though physics is different, but it is argued that general-relativity based gravitational-bending and refraction based bending have more in common than is generally realized. Also discussed are black-hole and gravitational-lensing in the new perspective of refraction. The new refraction-based theory makes a few new predictions and also suggests a few tests.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2014

Status of head-on beam-beam compensation in RHIC

In polarized proton operation, the performance of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) is limited by the head-on beam-beam effect. To overcome this limitation, two electron lenses are under commissioning. We give an overview of head-on beam-beam compensation in general and in the specific design for RHIC, which is based on electron lenses. The status of installation and commissioning are presented along with plans for the future.

physics.acc-ph↗

arXiv2010

Is Hubble's Expansion due to Dark Energy

{\it The universe is expanding} is known (through Galaxy observations) since 1929 through Hubble's discovery ($V = H D$). Recently in 1999, it is found (through Supernovae observations) that the universe is not simply expanding but is accelerating too. We, however, hardly know only $4\%$ of the universe. The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) satellite observational data suggest $73\%$ content of the universe in the form of dark-energy, $23\%$ in the form of non-baryonic dark-matter and the rest $4\%$ in the form of the usual baryonic matter. The acceleration of the universe is ascribed to this dark-energy with bizarre properties (repulsive-gravity). The question is that whether Hubble's expansion is just due to the shock of big-bang & inflation or it is due to the repulsive-gravity of dark-energy? Now, it is believed to be due to dark-energy, say, by re-introducing the once-discarded cosmological-constant $Λ$. In the present paper, it is shown that `the formula for acceleration due to dark-energy' is (almost) exactly of same-form as `the acceleration formula from the Hubble's law'. Hence, it is concluded that: yes, `indeed it is the dark-energy responsible for the Hubble's expansion too, in-addition to the current on-going acceleration of the universe'.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2010

A theoretically-explained new-variant of Modified-Newtonian-Dynamics (MOND)

It is surprising that we hardly know only 5% of the universe. Rest of the universe is made up of 70% of dark-energy and 25% of dark-matter. Dark-energy is responsible for acceleration of the expanding universe; whereas dark-matter is said to be necessary as extra-mass of bizarre-properties to explain the anomalous rotational-velocity of galaxy. Though the existence of dark-energy has gradually been accepted in scientific community, but the candidates for dark-matter have not been found as yet and are too crazy to be accepted. Thus, it is obvious to look for an alternative theory in place of dark-matter. Israel-scientist M. Milgrom has suggested a 'Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND)' which appears to be highly successful for explaining the anomalous rotational-velocity. But unfortunately MOND lacks theoretical support. The MOND, in-fact, is (empirical) modification of Newtonian-Dynamics through modification in the kinematical acceleration term 'a' (which is normally taken as $a=\frac{v^{2}}{r}$) as effective kinematic acceleration $a_{effective} = a μ(\frac{a}{a_{0}})$, wherein the $μ$-function is 1 for usual-values of accelerations but equals to $\frac{a}{a_{0}} (\ll 1)$ if the acceleration 'a' is extremely-low lower than a critical value $a_0 (10^{-10} m/s^{2})$. In the present paper, a novel variant of MOND is proposed with theoretical backing; wherein with the consideration of universe's acceleration $a_{d}$ due to dark-energy, a new type of $μ$-function on theoretical-basis emerges out leading to $a_{effective} = a(1 - K \frac{a_{0}}{a})$. The proposed theoretical-MOND model too is able to fairly explain qualitatively the more-or-less 'flat' velocity-curve of galaxy-rotation, and is also able to predict a dip (minimum) on the curve.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2010

Redefining Heat and Work in the Right Perspective of Second-law-of-Thermodynamics

There are some misnomers and misconceptions about what is heat and what is work; the recognition of heat and work is even more difficult when it comes to categorize energy as heat or work. Since both heat and work are energy the name-confusion does not make much difference from engineering point of view, but re-defining `heat' and `work' in the right-perspective of second-law-of-thermodynamics \cite {ref1} is necessary to revise our understanding at fundamental level. It is concluded that `heat is the energy carried by mass-less \textit{photons} whereas work is energy carried by mass-ive material \textit{fermions}'. Revised understanding of heat and work in this way has far reaching consequences in Physics [2-4]. The present paper lays emphasis on re-defining heat and work, removing the prevailing misconception, talks about single photon interaction and heat property of photon. Also, interestingly, it is noted that different fields of study such as `Thermodynamics' and `Relativity' are interlinked.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2010

A Novel Concept for Mass as Complex-Mass towards Wave-particle Duality

In the present paper a new concept is introduced that: `mass is a complex quantity'. The concept of complex-mass suggests that the total mass M of a moving body is complex sum of: (i) the real-part (grain or rest) mass $m_{g}$ establishing its particle behaviour and (ii) the imaginary-part mass $m_{p}$ governing its wave properties. Mathematically, the complex mass $M = m_{g} + im_{p}$; the magnitude $\mid M \mid = (m_{g}^{2} + m_{p}^{2})^{1/2}. The theory proposed here explains successfully several effects such as `Compton effect' and `refraction of light' which could not be explained otherwise by a single theory of wave or particle. Also explained are `Doppler effect for light', `photo-electric effect', `Uncertainty principle', `Relativity' and `supersymmetry'

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2009

`Zero-spin-photon hypothesis' finds another important application: Could possibly solve the `infinity-problem' of QED without the need of renormalization

`Zero-spin-photon hypothesis' as proposed in an earlier paper [1] states that: `due to inevitable consequence of the second-law of thermodynamics and spin-conservation, the `zero-spin-photon' is generated in pair-production process (of elementary particles), which decays into neutrino and antineutrino'. The zero-spin photon hypothesis explains [1] several riddles of physics and universe. In the present paper, it is shown that `the zero-spin photon hypothesis' when incorporated into the higer-order Feynman diagram (with a closed-loop) could possibly solve the half-a-century-old and famous `infinity-problem' of QED, and thus could avoid the need of the so called `re-normalization' procedure.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2009

Genesis of Dark Energy: Dark Energy as Consequence of Release and Two-stage Tracking Cosmological Nuclear Energy

Recent observations on Type-Ia supernovae and low density ($Ω_{m} = 0.3$) measurement of matter including dark matter suggest that the present-day universe consists mainly of repulsive-gravity type `exotic matter' with negative-pressure often said `dark energy' ($Ω_{x} = 0.7$). But the nature of dark energy is mysterious and its puzzling questions, such as why, how, where and when about the dark energy, are intriguing. In the present paper the authors attempt to answer these questions while making an effort to reveal the genesis of dark energy and suggest that `the cosmological nuclear binding energy liberated during primordial nucleo-synthesis remains trapped for a long time and then is released free which manifests itself as dark energy in the universe'. It is also explained why for dark energy the parameter $w = - {2/3}$. Noting that $ w = 1$ for stiff matter and $w = {1/3}$ for radiation; $w = - {2/3}$ is for dark energy because $"-1"$ is due to `deficiency of stiff-nuclear-matter' and that this binding energy is ultimately released as `radiation' contributing $"+ {1/3}"$, making $w = -1 + {1/3} = - {2/3}$. When dark energy is released free at $Z = 80$, $w = -{2/3}$. But as on present day at $Z = 0$ when radiation strength has diminished to $δ\to 0$, $w = -1 + δ{1/3} = - 1$. This, thus almost solves the dark-energy mystery of negative pressure and repulsive-gravity. The proposed theory makes several estimates /predictions which agree reasonably well with the astrophysical constraints and observations. Though there are many candidate-theories, the proposed model of this paper presents an entirely new approach (cosmological nuclear energy) as a possible candidate for dark energy.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2009

Zero-spin-photon hypothesis: `Zero-spin-photon generation in pair-production and its subsequent decay into neutrino and antineutrino' - solves many-riddles of physics and universe

`What is work and what is heat' is re-investigated from the perspective of second law of thermodynamics. It is shown that the inevitable consequence of second law of thermodynamics and spin conservation necessitates the possible generation of zero spin photon in pair production process, and its subsequent decay explains the birth of neutrino and antineutrino. The proposed neutrino-genesis, solves many riddles of physics and universe. The riddles considered and explained are about: (i) mysterious neutrino (and antineutrino) and its bizarre properties such as handed-ness and parity-violation, (ii) questionable asymmetry/ excess of matter over antimatter, (iii) possibility of existence of antimatter world and (iv) parity (P) violation and aspects of CP and CPT violation or restoration in the universe.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2005

On Possibility of Using High-Tc Ceramic-Superconductor as Junction-less Transistor towards Nano-miniaturization

High-Tc Type-II ceramic-superconductor at temperature T < Tc, under presence of magnetic-field B becomes non-superconducting if B exceeds a critical value Bc2. Thus at T < Tc, by application/absence of critical magnetic- field as a controlling device, these non-superconducting/superconductor states can be achieved for current-flow to two corresponding states of block/pass or off/on or 0/1. Thus it appears that there is a possibility of a new breed of transistors purely with high-Tc Type-II ceramic-superconductor; compact and without junctions & complexities. The proposed ceramic-superconductor-transistor (CST) seems in-principle to work well for switching purpose, but its use could also be extended for other electronic/computer devices too. The CST, being junction-less thus diffusion-less, could possibly be packed more closely (at nano-level) than the semi-conductor devices which has a limitation due to diffusion-layer-overlapping. A similar superconductor-device named Cryotron was invented at MIT half-a-century ago, but could not survive against semiconductor. CST is a rebirth of cryotron in different disguise & in new perspective.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2005

A Novel General Theoretical Derivation of Newton-Experimental-Formula for Collision of Particles

An experimental formula, sometimes named as Newton-collision-formula, (v1-v2) = - e.(u1-u2) relating relative-velocities before & after impact of two bodies under linear-collision, is commonly used successfully for study of collision-dynamics. Although it seems possible as shown in text-books [1,2] to derive this relation, assuming (defining) e as ratio of impulses during restitution & deformation; but as yet, neither a good theoretical-basis nor a general-derivation of this formula based on obvious choice of energy-consideration, has been reported. In this brief-paper a relativistic-theoretical-basis is adopted and a general formula-derivation is given. It is shown, interestingly, that proof of the Newton-collision-formula is hidden in Einstein-special-relativity.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2005

Gravity as the Second-Order Relativistic-Manifestation of Electrostatic-Force

It is well known that magnetic force between two current carrying conductors is a relativistic manifestation of net electrostatic force between relatively moving electrons & protons of the two wires. On similar grounds but with more accurate considerations i.e., of second order relativistic considerations, it is shown here that gravitational-force between two bodies is in-fact due to relativistic manifestation of net electrostatic force between protons & revolving electrons in atoms of the two bodies. As special-relativity provides a bridge between electricity and magnetism, in somewhat similar way (as described in the paper) it is shown that once again it is the special-relativity which provides the much sought-after link between electrostatic force and gravitational force. If magnetism is the first-order (velocity-dependant) effect of moving electrons in conductor, gravitation is the second-order (acceleration-dependant) effect of revolving electrons in atoms. The new proposed gravitation-theory seems to be well in accordance with gravity behavior i.e., it correctly predicts that gravity is a long-range attractive-force proportional to masses & follows inverse-square-law and is transmitted with the velocity of light.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2004

Genesis of Dark Energy: Dark Energy as a Consequence of Cosmological Nuclear Energy

Recent observations on Type-Ia supernovae and low density measurement of matter (including dark matter) suggest that the present day universe consists mainly of repulsive-gravity type exotic-matter with negative-pressure often referred as dark-energy. But the mystery is about the nature of dark-energy and its puzzling questions such as why, how, where & when about the dark- energy are intriguing. In the present paper the author attempts to answer these questions while making an effort to reveal the genesis of dark-energy, and suggests that the cosmological nuclear-binding-energy liberated during primordial nucleo-synthesis remains trapped for long time and then is released free which manifests itself as dark-energy in the universe. It is also explained why for dark energy the parameter w = -2/3. Noting that w=+1for stiff matter and w=+1/3 for radiation; w = - 2/3 is for dark energy, because -1 is due to deficiency of stiff-nuclear-matter and that this binding energy is ultimately released as radiation contributing +1/3, making w = -1 + 1/3 = -2/3. This thus almost solves the dark-energy mystery of negative-pressure & repulsive-gravity. It is concluded that dark-energy is a consequence of released-free nuclear-energy of cosmos. The proposed theory makes several estimates / predictions, which agree reasonably well with the astrophysical constraints & observations.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2003

Is Second Law of Thermodynamics Violated for Electron Transition from Lower-Energy Level to Higher-Energy Level

Second law of thermodynamics is applied to a few electronic processes. It is seen that the second law of thermodynamics holds good for all except one mentioned here. The classical approach, based on exact equivalence of emission and absorption spectra, for electron transition from lower energy level (first orbit) to higher energy level (second orbit) violates the second law of thermodynamics. But since second law which implies irreversibility and is universally true, a new explanation of electron transition from lower to higher energy level is proposed which leads to better understanding of several topics such as Fraunhofer lines, Optical laser. Also, interestingly, it is shown that widely different fields such as second law of thermodynamics and special relativity are in fact closely linked to each other. Also, possible links between supersymmetry and new concept of quaternion mass are mentioned.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2003

Predicting Response-Function Results of Electrical/Mechanical Systems Through Artificial Neural Network

In the present paper a newer application of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) has been developed i.e., predicting response-function results of electrical-mechanical system through ANN. This method is specially useful to complex systems for which it is not possible to find the response-function because of complexity of the system. The proposed approach suggests that how even without knowing the response-function, the response-function results can be predicted with the use of ANN to the system. The steps used are: (i) Depending on the system, the ANN-architecture and the input & output parameters are decided, (ii) Training & test data are generated from simplified circuits and through tactic-superposition of it for complex circuits, (iii) Training the ANN with training data through many cycles and (iv) Test-data are used for predicting the response-function results. It is found that the proposed novel method for response prediction works satisfactorily. Thus this method could be used specially for complex systems where other methods are unable to tackle it. In this paper the application of ANN is particularly demonstrated to electrical-circuit system but can be applied to other systems too.

cs.NE↗

arXiv2003

Concept of Quaternion Mass for Wave-Particle Duality : A Novel Approach

Mass is in the central theme everywhere from atom to galaxy. But what is mass ? Is it scalar or vector ? Apparently it appears that mass is scalar; but relativistic mass is velocity dependent and moving mass such as photon is vector boson. In the present paper a new concept is introduced that in general, mass is neither scalar nor vector rather, mass is a quaternion quantity (scalar + vector). The concept of quaternion mass suggests that the total mass M of a moving body is quaternion sum of : (i) the scalar(grain or rest mass) mass mg establishing its particle behavior and (ii) the vector(photonic) mass mp governing its wave properties. Mathematically, total quaternion mass as M = mg + mp, its magnitude being the Pythagorean sum as |M| = (mg2+mp2)1/2 . The theory proposed here explains the wave-particle duality more clearly & conceptually and gives a mathematical blend to de-Broglie hypothesis. It also explains successfully several effects such as Compton effect and refraction of light which could not be explained otherwise by a single theory of wave or particle. Also explained are: Doppler effect of light, Photo-electric effect, Uncertainty principle and Relativity. The quaternion mass concept proposed in this paper is novel & is of fundamental importance; this could prove to be a revolutionary concept in physics and possibly lead to new directions.

physics.gen-ph↗