arXiv subjects

R. D. Gehrz

Publications and source records attributed to R. D. Gehrz.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Late Epoch Infrared Spectroscopy and Two-Component 3D Photoionization Modeling of Classical Nova V5668 Sgr

V5668 Sgr is an Fe II classical nova (CN) that exploded on 15 March 2015. We present near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy of the ejecta from the Mt. Abu observatory which exhibits emission lines of species H, He, N, S, Ti, and Si. We also present SOFIA (+FORCAST) spectroscopy which shows two forbidden emission lines, [Ne II] at 12.8 $μ$m and [O IV] at 25.9 $μ$m, as well as two emission features attributed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) at 6.2 $μ$m and 11.3 $μ$m. 1D Cloudy photoionization simulations require two components to model the system, which suggests a multifaceted, morphologically complex ejecta. The 1D simulations also reveal He, N, Ne, S, Ti, Si, and O chemical abundances elevated above fiducial solar levels. 3D pyCloudy photoionization emission profiles visualize the ejecta and elucidate the system's complex composition.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2026

Dust in the very metal-poor galaxy Sextans A with JWST. I: Characterizing the evolved stellar population of Sextans A based on JWST observations and stellar evolution models

The nearby star-forming dwarf galaxy Sextans A offers a unique window into galaxy evolution in the early Universe, owing to its extremely low metallicity (about 1-7% Zsun). Recent JWST imaging of Sextans A spanning 1-21 micron enables a detailed characterization of its dusty stellar populations and interstellar medium. In this work, we compare the observed JWST color-magnitude distributions of evolved stars with stellar evolution and dust-formation models to characterize the properties of the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) population, including progenitor mass, formation epoch, metallicity, and dust production. Evolutionary tracks for 0.8-7 Msun stars with metallicity Z=10^-3 provide good agreement with the overall distribution of AGB stars in Sextans A. More than 90% of the AGB population occupies a nearly vertical sequence in the color-magnitude diagrams, corresponding to stars spanning a wide range of masses and ages but exhibiting little or no circumstellar dust. This sequence appears to be dominated by oxygen-rich (M-type) AGB stars and reveals that the F444W flux is a robust luminosity diagnostic. A small subset of sources displays strong infrared excesses and is dominated by carbon stars descending from 1.25-1.5 Msun progenitors that formed about 2-3 Gyr ago and are currently in the final AGB phases. Their MIRI colors imply very low metallicities, consistent with estimates from the red giant branch morphology (about 1-2% Zsun). Finally, we show that the JWST/NIRCam F277W-F444W color serves as an effective proxy for the dust production rate, with models predicting rates up to 10^-7 Msun/yr for the reddest sources in Sextans A.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2026

The evolution of the mid-infrared spectrum of SN 1987A observed with the JWST/MIRI-MRS

Supernova (SN) 1987A provides a unique laboratory for investigating many aspects of SN physics and evolution. An observation at Day 12927 (35.4 yr) since the explosion with the Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) Medium Resolution Spectrometer (MRS) on the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) provided the first spatially resolved spectroscopic study of SN 1987A in the mid-IR, yielding insights into the evolution of dust, the ejecta, the equatorial ring (ER), and shocks in the system. Here we present a second epoch with MIRI/MRS at Day 13311 (36.4 yr) allowing the mid-IR spatially resolved spectroscopic temporal evolution of SN 1987A to be probed for the first time. Analysis of the ER-dominated dust continuum showed little evolution between Days 12927 and 13311. However, a spatial analysis reveals the inner ER to be fading while the outermost regions are brightening. Broad ejecta emission lines detected at Day 12927 are evolving rapidly, driven by the recent onset of the ejecta/equatorial ring interaction in the northeast and southwest of the ER. Most lines from the ER show no change during the 384 days between the epochs, though some such as [Ne II] and [Ar II] have faded. We identify mid-IR H2 emission associated with the ejecta for the first time. Using the near- and mid-IR [Fe II] lines as density and temperature diagnostics of the ejecta in the interaction region we find it likely that the dense inner Fe-rich ejecta has now reached the reverse shock. Continued monitoring of SN 1987A is essential to observe the evolving ejecta/ER interaction and dust components.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2025

Newborn jet in the symbiotic system R Aquarii

R Aquarii (R Aqr) is a well-known symbiotic binary that has attracted renewed interest during its recent periastron passage, an event that occurs only once every about 40 years. This passage marks the first to be observed with modern, state-of-the-art instruments. We investigate the inner, sub-arcsecond active region of R Aqr during this recent periastron passage, with the goal of gaining insight into the jet-launching mechanisms at work in this system. We analyse Ha speckle interferometric images obtained one month apart using Fourier techniques. These are complemented by high-resolution optical spectra in the same emission line. Our speckle imaging reveals a newborn two-sided jet orientated in the north-south direction. Its proper motion, 66 +- 19 mas per year, confirms that it was launched around 2020 Jan 7, at the onset of the periastron passage. Further analysis of the elongated central structure reveals a knot in the southern counterpart of the jet, moving away from the binary with a 27 +- 17 mas per year at a position angle of 187 degrees, and an ejection time around 2019 Oct 28. This interpretation is further supported by our high-resolution spectroscopic data. In addition, we update the expansion parallax distance of R Aqr to 260 pc.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2025

The compact object and innermost ejecta of SN 1987A

The first JWST observations of SN 1987A provided clear evidence that a compact object is ionizing the innermost ejecta. Here we analyze a second epoch of JWST NIRSpec and MIRI/MRS observations to better characterize the properties of this region, aided by a higher spectral resolving power for the new NIRSpec data. We confirm the presence of the previously identified narrow lines from the central region; [Ar VI] 4.5292 $μ$m, [Ar II] 6.9853 $μ$m, [S IV] 10.5105 $μ$m, and [S III] 18.7130 $μ$m, and also identify similar components in [Ca V] 4.1585 $μ$m, [Cl II] 14.3678 $μ$m, and possibly [Fe II] 1.6440 $μ$m. These lines are blueshifted by $\sim$ -250 km/s, while the emission region is spatially unresolved and located southeast of the center. The offset and blueshift could imply a kick velocity of $510 \pm 55$ km/s for the neutron star. We also identify [Ca IV] 3.2068 $μ$m near the center, but it is displaced to the north and has a redshift of $\sim 700$ km/s. We find that scattering by dust in the ejecta with a typical grain size $\sim 0.3\ μ$m can explain the [Ca IV] properties and the absence of other narrow lines at shorter wavelengths, while dust absorption is important at $λ\gtrsim 8\ μ$m. Photoionization models for a pulsar wind nebula and a cooling neutron star are both compatible with the observations, with the exception of the [Fe II] feature. The two models primarily differ at short wavelengths, where new lines are expected to emerge over time as the optical depth of dust in the expanding ejecta decreases.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2025

Discovery of SiC and Iron Dust Around AGB Stars in the very Metal-Poor Sextans A Dwarf Galaxy with JWST: Implications for Dust Production at High Redshift

Low-resolution infrared spectroscopy from JWST confirms the presence of SiC and likely metallic iron dust around asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars in the Sextans A dwarf galaxy, which has a metallicity ~1%-7% Z_sun. While metal-poor carbon-rich AGB stars are known to produce copious amounts of amorphous carbon dust owing to the dredge up of newly synthesized carbon, this is the first time that Si- and Fe-bearing dust has been detected at this extreme metallicity. Of the six AGB stars observed, one is an intermediate-mass (~1.2-4 M_sun) carbon star showing SiC dust, and another is an oxygen-rich M-type star with mass ~4-5 M_sun that is likely undergoing hot bottom burning. The infrared excess of the M-type star is strong, but featureless. We tested multiple dust species, and find that it is best fit with metallic iron dust. Assuming its dust-production rate stays constant over the final 2-3x10^4 yr of its evolution, this star will produce ~0.9-3.7 times the iron dust mass predicted by models, with the range depending on the adopted stellar mass. The implications for dust production in high-redshift galaxies are potentially significant, especially regarding the assumed dust species used in dust evolution models and the timescale of AGB dust formation. Stars on the upper end of the AGB mass range can begin producing dust as early as 30-50 Myr after they form, and they may therefore rival dust production by supernovae at high redshift.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2024

Deep JWST/NIRCam imaging of Supernova 1987A

JWST/NIRCam obtained high angular-resolution (0.05-0.1''), deep near-infrared 1--5 micron imaging of Supernova (SN) 1987A taken 35 years after the explosion. In the NIRCam images, we identify: 1) faint H2 crescents, which are emissions located between the ejecta and the equatorial ring, 2) a bar, which is a substructure of the ejecta, and 3) the bright 3-5 micron continuum emission exterior to the equatorial ring. The emission of the remnant in the NIRCam 1-2.3 micron images is mostly due to line emission, which is mostly emitted in the ejecta and in the hot spots within the equatorial ring. In contrast, the NIRCam 3-5 micron images are dominated by continuum emission. In the ejecta, the continuum is due to dust, obscuring the centre of the ejecta. In contrast, in the ring and exterior to the ring, synchrotron emission contributes a substantial fraction to the continuum. Dust emission contributes to the continuum at outer spots and diffuse emission exterior to the ring, but little within the ring. This shows that dust cooling and destruction time scales are shorter than the synchrotron cooling time scale, and the time scale of hydrogen recombination in the ring is even longer than the synchrotron cooling time scale. With the advent of high sensitivity and high angular resolution images provided by JWST/NIRCam, our observations of SN 1987A demonstrate that NIRCam opens up a window to study particle-acceleration and shock physics in unprecedented details, probed by near-infrared synchrotron emission, building a precise picture of how a SN evolves.

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arXiv2023

Pre-solar grains from novae and "Born-again giants"

We review the properties of dust formed during classical nova eruptions and the Very Late Thermal Pulses (VLTPs) that occur during the later stages of post-Asymptotic Giant Branch evolution of low-mass stars. In both cases, carbon and hydrocarbon dust is produced. Novae may also produce silicate dust, contrary to the usual paradigm about the C:O ratio and dust composition. Despite the expectation that these dust sources are not expected to make significant contributions to the Galactic dust population, there is a significant body of evidence that grains from both stellar sources have been identified in recovered meteoritic and cometary material, and that certain infrared spectral signatures seen in comets are common to novae, VLTPs and pre-solar grains.

astro-ph.EP↗

arXiv2023

JWST NIRCam Observations of SN 1987A: Spitzer Comparison and Spectral Decomposition

JWST NIRCam observations at 1.5-4.5 $μ$m have provided broad and narrow band imaging of the evolving remnant of SN 1987A with unparalleled sensitivity and spatial resolution. Comparing with previous marginally spatially resolved Spitzer IRAC observations from 2004-2019 confirms that the emission arises from the circumstellar equatorial ring (ER), and the current brightness at 3.6 and 4.5 $μ$m was accurately predicted by extrapolation of the declining brightness tracked by IRAC. Despite the regular light curve, the NIRCam observations clearly reveal that much of this emission is from a newly developing outer portion of the ER. Spots in the outer ER tend to lie at position angles in between the well-known ER hotspots. We show that the bulk of the emission in the field can be represented by 5 standard spectral energy distributions (SEDs), each with a distinct origin and spatial distribution. This spectral decomposition provides a powerful technique for distinguishing overlapping emission from the circumstellar medium (CSM) and the supernova (SN) ejecta, excited by the forward and reverse shocks respectively.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2023

Snowflakes in a furnace: formation of CO and dust in a recurrent nova eruption

We report the detection of carbon monoxide (CO) and dust, formed under hostile conditions, in recurrent nova V745 Sco about 8.7 days after its 2014 outburst. The formation of molecules or dust has not been recorded previously in the ejecta of a recurrent nova. The mass and temperature of the CO and dust are estimated to be T(CO) = 2250 +/- 250 K, M(CO) = (1 to 5) E-8 solar masses, and T(dust) = 1000 +/- 50 K, M(dust) approximately E-8 to E-9 solar masses respectively. At the time of their detection, the shocked gas was at a high temperature of approximately E+7 K as evidenced by the presence of coronal lines. The ejecta were simultaneously irradiated by a large flux of soft X-ray radiation from the central white dwarf. Molecules and dust are not expected to form and survive in such harsh conditions; they are like snowflakes in a furnace. However, it has been posited in other studies that, as the nova ejecta plow through the red giant's wind, a region exists between the forward and reverse shocks that is cool, dense and clumpy where the dust and CO could likely form. We speculate that this site may also be a region of particle acceleration, thereby contributing to the generation of gamma-rays.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2023

Infrared spectroscopy of the 2022 eruption of the recurrent nova U Sco

We present near-infrared spectroscopy of the 2022 eruption of the recurrent nova U Sco, over the period from 5.2 to 45.4 days after outburst. This is the most intensive infrared study of this nova. Our observations started early after the outburst and extended almost to the end of the ``Super Soft'' X-ray phase. A major find is the presence of coronal lines from day 9.41, one of the earliest appearances of these in any nova, classical or recurrent. The temperature of the coronal gas is $7\times10^5$ K. There is also evidence for the presence of much cooler ($\lesssim2.5\times10^4$ K) gas. Remarkable changes are seen in the HeI $1.083μ$m line, the strength of which declines, then recovers, in anti-correlation with the X-ray behaviour. We conclude that shock ionisation is the dominant excitation mechanism for the coronal line emission. There is evidence in the infrared spectra for the presence of black body emission at $\sim20000$ K, which we tentatively identify with the irradiated secondary, and for free-free/free-bound emission. For the previously determined binary inclination of $82.7$ degrees, the implied ejection velocities are as high as 22000 km s$^{-1}$. These velocities appear unprecedented in nova outflows, and are comparable to those seen in supernovae, thereby marking U Sco as a truly remarkable object.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2022

Rise and fall of silicate dust in RS Ophiuchi following the 2006 eruption

We present an analysis of archival Spitzer InfraRed Spectrograph (IRS) observations of the recurrent nova RS Ophiuchi obtained on several occasions, beginning about 7 months after the outburst in 2006. These data show atomic emission lines, absorption bands due to photospheric SiO, and the well known silicate dust features at $9.7\,μ$m and $18\,μ$m. The dust emission, arising in the wind of the secondary star, is fitted by Dusty models for mass-loss rates in the range $1.0-1.7\times10^{-7}$M$_{\odot}$yr$^{-1}$. The silicate features are similar in profile to those seen in circumstellar environments of isolated late-type stars and some dusty symbiotic binaries, although the longer wavelength feature peaks at $17\,μ$m,, instead of the usual $18\,μ$m, indicating peculiar grain properties. The dust features are variable, appearing stronger in 2006-2007 during outburst than in 2008-2009 when the system was in the quiescent state. This variability is attributed to changes in the ultraviolet output and the reformation of the accretion disk, although a decline in the mass-loss rate of the red giant secondary star could also play a role. Further observations, in the aftermath of the 2021 eruption, could provide a definitive conclusion.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2022

The 2019 outburst of the 2005 classical nova V1047 Cen: a record breaking dwarf nova outburst or a new phenomenon?

We present a detailed study of the 2019 outburst of the cataclysmic variable V1047~Cen, which hosted a classical nova eruption in 2005. The peculiar outburst occurred 14 years after the classical nova event and lasted for more than 400 days, reaching an amplitude of around 6 magnitudes in the optical. Early spectral follow-up revealed what could be a dwarf nova (accretion disk instability) outburst. However, the outburst duration, high velocity ($>$2000\,km\,s$^{-1}$) features in the optical line profiles, luminous optical emission, and presence of prominent long-lasting radio emission together suggest a phenomenon more exotic and energetic than a dwarf nova outburst. The outburst amplitude, radiated energy, and spectral evolution are also not consistent with a classical nova eruption. There are similarities between V1047~Cen's 2019 outburst and those of classical symbiotic stars, but pre-2005 images of the field of V1047~Cen indicate that the system likely hosts a dwarf companion, implying a typical cataclysmic variable system. Based on our multi-wavelength observations, we suggest that the outburst may have started with a brightening of the disk due to enhanced mass transfer or disk instability, possibly leading to enhanced nuclear shell burning on the white dwarf, which was already experiencing some level of quasi-steady shell burning. This eventually led to the generation of a wind and/or bipolar, collimated outflows. The 2019 outburst of V1047~Cen appears to be unique, and nothing similar has been observed in a typical cataclysmic variable system before, hinting at a potentially new astrophysical phenomenon.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2022

Infrared spectroscopy of the 2019 eruption of the recurrent nova V3890 Sgr: separation into equatorial and polar winds revealed

We present infrared spectroscopy of the 2019 eruption of the recurrent nova V3890 Sgr, obtained over the period 5.1-46.3 days after the eruption. The spectrum of the red giant became more prominent as the flux declined, and by day 46.3 dominated the spectrum. Hydrogen and helium emission lines consisted of a narrow component superposed on a broad pedestal. The full width at half maximum of the narrow components declined with time $t$ as the eruption progressed, as ${t}^{-0.74}$, whereas those of the broad components remained essentially constant. Conversely, the line fluxes of the narrow components of Pa,$β$ remained roughly constant, while those of the broad components declined by a factor $\sim30$ over a period of $\lesssim25$~days. The behaviour of the broad components is consistent with them arising in unencumbered fast-flowing ejecta perpendicular to the binary plane, in material that was ejected in a short $\sim3.3$-day burst. The narrow components arise in material that encounters the accumulated circumstellar material. The outburst spectra were rich in coronal lines. There were two coronal line phases, one that originated in gas ionised by supersoft X-ray source, the other in shocked gas. From the relative fluxes of silicon and sulphur coronal lines on day 23.4 - when the emitting gas was shocked - we deduce that the temperature of the coronal gas was $9.3\times10^5$~K, and that the abundances are approximately solar.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2022

The recurrent nova V3890~Sgr: a near-infrared and optical study of the red giant component and its environment

We present an analysis of the red giant component of the recurrent nova V3890 Sgr, using data obtained before and after its 2019 eruption. Its effective temperature is $T_{\rm eff}=3050\pm$200 K for $\log{g}=0.7$, although there are modest changes in $T_{\rm eff}$. There is an overabundance of both carbon ($0.20\pm0.05$~dex) and sodium ($1.0\pm0.3$~dex) relative to their solar values, possibly the result of ejecta from the 1990 nova eruption being entrained into the red giant photosphere. We find $^{12}$C/$^{13}$C $=25\pm2$, a value similar to that found in red giants in other recurrent novae. The interpretation of the quiescent spectrum in the 5--38$\,mu$m region requires the presence of photospheric SiO absorption and cool ($\sim400$~K) dust in the red giant environment. The spectrum in the region of the Na{\sc i} D lines is complex, and includes at least six interstellar components, together with likely evidence for interaction between ejecta from the 2019 eruption and material accumulated in the plane of the binary. Three recurrent novae with giant secondaries have been shown to have environments with different dust content, but photospheres with similar $^{12}$C/$^{13}$C ratios. The SiO fundamental bands most likely have a photospheric origin in the all three stars.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2022

V4334 Sgr (Sakurai's Object): still churning out the dust

We present a $0.8-2.5\,μ$m spectrum of the Very Late Thermal Pulse object V4334 Sgr (Sakurai's Object), obtained in 2020 September. The spectrum displays a continuum that rises strongly to longer wavelengths, and is considerably brighter than the most recent published spectrum obtained seven years earlier. At the longer wavelengths the continuum is well fitted by a blackbody with a temperature of $624\pm8$ K. However, there is excess continuum at the shortest wavelengths that we interpret as being due to hot dust that has very recently formed in an environment with C/O $\simeq2.5$. Other possible sources for this excess continuum are discussed - such as the stellar photosphere dimly seen through the dust shell, and light scattered off the inner wall of the dust torus - but these interpretations seem unlikely. Numerous emission lines are present, including those of HeI, CI, [CI], and OI. Our observations confirm that emission in the HeI 1.083$\,μ$m and [CI] 0.9827/0.9852$\,μ$m lines is spatially extended. The [CI] line fluxes suggest that the electron density increased by an order of magnitude between 2013 and 2020, and that these two lines may soon disappear from the spectrum. The flux ratio of the 1.083$\,μ$m and 2.058$\,μ$m HeI lines is consistent with the previously-assumed interstellar extinction. The stellar photosphere remains elusive, and the central star may not be as hot as suggested by current evolutionary models.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2021

The Infrared Evolution of Dust in V838 Monocerotis

Luminous Red Variables (LRVs) are most likely eruptions that are the outcome of stellar mergers. V838 Mon is one of the best-studied members of this class, representing an archetype for stellar mergers resulting from B-type stars. As result of the merger event, nova-like eruptions occur driving mass-loss from the system. As the gas cools considerable circumstellar dust is formed. V838 Mon erupted in 2002 and is undergoing very dynamic changes in its dust composition, geometry, and infrared luminosity providing a real-time laboratory to validate mineralogical condensation sequences in stellar mergers and evolutionary scenarios. We discuss recent NASA Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy SOFIA 5 to 38 micron observations combined with archival NASA Spitzer spectra that document the temporal evolution of the freshly formed (within the last 20 yrs) circumstellar material in the environs of V838 Mon. Changes in the 10 micron spectral region are strong evidence that we are witnessing a classical dust condensation sequence expected to occur in oxygen-rich environments where alumina formation is followed by that of silicates at the temperature cools.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2020

Infrared spectroscopy of CK Vulpeculae: revealing a remarkably powerful blast from the past

CK Vulpeculae, which erupted in AD 1670-71, was long considered to be a nova outburst; however, recent observations have required that alternative scenarios be considered. Long slit infrared spectroscopy of a forbidden line of iron reported here has revealed high line-of-sight velocities ($\sim\pm900$~km~s$^{-1}$) of the ansae at the tips of the bipolar lobes imaged in H$α$ in 2010. The deprojected velocities of the tips are approximately $\pm2130$~km~s$^{-1}$ assuming the previously derived inclination angle of $65^\circ$ for the axis of cylindrical symmetry of the bipolar nebula. Such high velocities are in stark contrast to previous reports of much lower expansion velocities in CK~Vul. Based on the deprojected velocities of the tips and their angular expansion measured over a 10-year baseline, we derive a revised estimate, with estimated uncertainties, of $3.2^{+0.9}_{-0.6}$~kpc for the distance to CK~Vul. This implies that the absolute visual magnitude at the peak of the 1670 explosion was $M_V = -12.4^{+1.3}_{-2.4}$, indicating that the 1670 event was far more luminous than previous estimates and brighter than any classical nova or any Galactic stellar merger. We propose that CK~Vul belongs to the class of Intermediate Luminosity Optical Transients (ILOTs), objects which bridge the luminosity gap between novae and supernovae. While eruptions in lower luminosity ILOTs are attributed to merger events, the origin of the highly luminous ILOT outbursts is currently not known.

astro-ph.SR↗