arXiv subjects

R. Garcia Lopez

Publications and source records attributed to R. Garcia Lopez.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources

arXiv2021

The GRAVITY young stellar object survey V. The orbit of the T Tauri binary star WW Cha

The young T Tauri star WW Cha was recently proposed to be a close binary object with strong infrared and submillimeter excess associated with circum-system emission. This makes WW Cha a very interesting source for studying the influence of dynamical effects on circumstellar as well as circumbinary material. We derive the relative astrometric positions and flux ratios of the stellar companion in WW Cha from the interferometric model fitting of observations made with the VLTI instruments AMBER, PIONIER, and GRAVITY in the near-infrared from 2011 to 2020. For two epochs, the resulting uv-coverage in spatial frequencies permits us to perform the first image reconstruction of the system in the K band. The positions of nine epochs are used to determine the orbital elements and the total mass of the system. We find the secondary star orbiting the primary with a period of T=206.55 days, a semimajor axis of a=1.01 au, and a relatively high eccentricity of e=0.45. Combining the orbital solution with distance measurements from Gaia DR2 and the analysis of evolutionary tracks, the dynamical mass of Mtot=3.20 Msol can be explained by a mass ratio between ~0.5 and 1. The orbital angular momentum vector is in close alignment with the angular momentum vector of the outer disk as measured by ALMA and SPHERE. The analysis of the relative photometry suggests the presence of infrared excess surviving in the system and likely originating from truncated circumstellar disks. The flux ratio between the two components appears variable, in particular in the K band, and may hint at periods of triggered higher and lower accretion or changes in the disks' structures. The knowledge of the orbital parameters, combined with a relatively short period, makes WW Cha an ideal target for studying the interaction of a close young T Tauri binary with its surrounding material, such as time-dependent accretion phenomena.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2021

Constraining the Nature of the PDS 70 Protoplanets with VLTI/GRAVITY

We present K-band interferometric observations of the PDS 70 protoplanets along with their host star using VLTI/GRAVITY. We obtained K-band spectra and 100 $μ$as precision astrometry of both PDS 70 b and c in two epochs, as well as spatially resolving the hot inner disk around the star. Rejecting unstable orbits, we found a nonzero eccentricity for PDS 70 b of $0.17 \pm 0.06$, a near-circular orbit for PDS 70 c, and an orbital configuration that is consistent with the planets migrating into a 2:1 mean motion resonance. Enforcing dynamical stability, we obtained a 95% upper limit on the mass of PDS 70 b of 10 $M_\textrm{Jup}$, while the mass of PDS 70 c was unconstrained. The GRAVITY K-band spectra rules out pure blackbody models for the photospheres of both planets. Instead, the models with the most support from the data are planetary atmospheres that are dusty, but the nature of the dust is unclear. Any circumplanetary dust around these planets is not well constrained by the planets' 1-5 $μ$m spectral energy distributions (SEDs) and requires longer wavelength data to probe with SED analysis. However with VLTI/GRAVITY, we made the first observations of a circumplanetary environment with sub-au spatial resolution, placing an upper limit of 0.3~au on the size of a bright disk around PDS 70 b.

astro-ph.EP↗

arXiv2021

The ExoGRAVITY project: using single mode interferometry to characterize exoplanets

Combining adaptive optics and interferometric observations results in a considerable contrast gain compared to single-telescope, extreme AO systems. Taking advantage of this, the ExoGRAVITY project is a survey of known young giant exoplanets located in the range of 0.1'' to 2'' from their stars. The observations provide astrometric data of unprecedented accuracy, being crucial for refining the orbital parameters of planets and illuminating their dynamical histories. Furthermore, GRAVITY will measure non-Keplerian perturbations due to planet-planet interactions in multi-planet systems and measure dynamical masses. Over time, repetitive observations of the exoplanets at medium resolution ($R=500$) will provide a catalogue of K-band spectra of unprecedented quality, for a number of exoplanets. The K-band has the unique properties that it contains many molecular signatures (CO, H$_2$O, CH$_4$, CO$_2$). This allows constraining precisely surface gravity, metallicity, and temperature, if used in conjunction with self-consistent models like Exo-REM. Further, we will use the parameter-retrieval algorithm petitRADTRANS to constrain the C/O ratio of the planets. Ultimately, we plan to produce the first C/O survey of exoplanets, kick-starting the difficult process of linking planetary formation with measured atomic abundances.

astro-ph.EP↗

arXiv2020

The GRAVITY Young Stellar Object survey IV. The CO overtone emission in 51 Oph at sub-au scales

51 Oph is a Herbig Ae/Be star that exhibits strong near-infrared CO ro-vibrational emission at 2.3 micron, most likely originating in the innermost regions of a circumstellar disc. We aim to obtain the physical and geometrical properties of the system by spatially resolving the circumstellar environment of the inner gaseous disc. We used the second-generation VLTI/GRAVITY to spatially resolve the continuum and the CO overtone emission. We obtained data over 12 baselines with the auxiliary telescopes and derive visibilities, and the differential and closure phases as a function of wavelength. We used a simple LTE ring model of the CO emission to reproduce the spectrum and CO line displacements. Our interferometric data show that the star is marginally resolved at our spatial resolution, with a radius of 10.58+-2.65 Rsun.The K-band continuum emission from the disc is inclined by 63+-1 deg, with a position angle of 116+-1 deg, and 4+-0.8 mas (0.5+-0.1 au) across. The visibilities increase within the CO line emission, indicating that the CO is emitted within the dust-sublimation radius.By modelling the CO bandhead spectrum, we derive that the CO is emitted from a hot (T=1900-2800 K) and dense (NCO=(0.9-9)x10^21 cm^-2) gas. The analysis of the CO line displacement with respect to the continuum allows us to infer that the CO is emitted from a region 0.10+-0.02 au across, well within the dust-sublimation radius. The inclination and position angle of the CO line emitting region is consistent with that of the dusty disc. Our spatially resolved interferometric observations confirm the CO ro-vibrational emission within the dust-free region of the inner disc. Conventional disc models exclude the presence of CO in the dust-depleted regions of Herbig AeBe stars. Ad hoc models of the innermost disc regions, that can compute the properties of the dust-free inner disc, are therefore required.

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arXiv2020

Direct confirmation of the radial-velocity planet $β$ Pic c

Methods used to detect giant exoplanets can be broadly divided into two categories: indirect and direct. Indirect methods are more sensitive to planets with a small orbital period, whereas direct detection is more sensitive to planets orbiting at a large distance from their host star. %, and thus on long orbital period. This dichotomy makes it difficult to combine the two techniques on a single target at once. Simultaneous measurements made by direct and indirect techniques offer the possibility of determining the mass and luminosity of planets and a method of testing formation models. Here, we aim to show how long-baseline interferometric observations guided by radial-velocity can be used in such a way. We observed the recently-discovered giant planet $β$ Pictoris c with GRAVITY, mounted on the Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI). This study constitutes the first direct confirmation of a planet discovered through radial velocity. We find that the planet has a temperature of $T = 1250\pm50$\,K and a dynamical mass of $M = 8.2\pm0.8\,M_{\rm Jup}$. At $18.5\pm2.5$\,Myr, this puts $β$ Pic c close to a 'hot start' track, which is usually associated with formation via disk instability. Conversely, the planet orbits at a distance of 2.7\,au, which is too close for disk instability to occur. The low apparent magnitude ($M_{\rm K} = 14.3 \pm 0.1$) favours a core accretion scenario. We suggest that this apparent contradiction is a sign of hot core accretion, for example, due to the mass of the planetary core or the existence of a high-temperature accretion shock during formation.

astro-ph.EP↗

arXiv2020

Retrieving scattering clouds and disequilibrium chemistry in the atmosphere of HR 8799e

Clouds are ubiquitous in exoplanet atmospheres and represent a challenge for the model interpretation of their spectra. Complex cloud models are too numerically costly for generating a large number of spectra, while more efficient models may be too strongly simplified. We aim to constrain the atmospheric properties of the directly imaged planet HR 8799e with a free retrieval approach. We use our radiative transfer code petitRADTRANS for generating spectra, which we couple to the PyMultiNest tool. We added the effect of multiple scattering which is important for treating clouds. Two cloud model parameterizations are tested: the first incorporates the mixing and settling of condensates, the second simply parameterizes the functional form of the opacity. In mock retrievals, using an inadequate cloud model may result in atmospheres that are more isothermal and less cloudy than the input. Applying our framework on observations of HR 8799e made with the GPI, SPHERE and GRAVITY, we find a cloudy atmosphere governed by disequilibrium chemistry, confirming previous analyses. We retrieve that ${\rm C/O}=0.60_{-0.08}^{+0.07}$. Other models have not yet produced a well constrained C/O value for this planet. The retrieved C/O values of both cloud models are consistent, while leading to different atmospheric structures: cloudy, or more isothermal and less cloudy. Fitting the observations with the self-consistent Exo-REM model leads to comparable results, while not constraining C/O. With data from the most sensitive instruments, retrieval analyses of directly imaged planets are possible. The inferred C/O ratio of HR 8799e is independent of the cloud model and thus appears to be a robust. This C/O is consistent with stellar, which could indicate that the HR 8799e formed outside the CO$_2$ or CO iceline. As it is the innermost planet of the system, this constraint could apply to all HR 8799 planets.

astro-ph.EP↗

arXiv2020

The GRAVITY young stellar object survey. II. First spatially resolved observations of the CO bandhead emission in a high-mass YSO

The inner regions of the discs of high-mass young stellar objects (HMYSOs) are still poorly known due to the small angular scales and the high visual extinction involved. We deploy near-infrared (NIR) spectro-interferometry to probe the inner gaseous disc in HMYSOs and investigate the origin and physical characteristics of the CO bandhead emission (2.3-2.4 $μ$m). We present the first GRAVITY/VLTI observations at high spectral (R=4000) and spatial (mas) resolution of the CO overtone transitions in NGC 2024 IRS2. The continuum emission is resolved in all baselines and is slightly asymmetric, displaying small closure phases ($\leq$8$^{\circ}$). Our best ellipsoid model provides a disc inclination of 34$^{\circ}$$\pm$1$^{\circ}$, a disc major axis position angle of 166$^{\circ}$$\pm$1$^{\circ}$, and a disc diameter of 3.99$\pm$0.09 mas (or 1.69$\pm$0.04 au, at a distance of 423 pc). The small closure phase signals in the continuum are modelled with a skewed rim, originating from a pure inclination effect. For the first time, our observations spatially and spectrally resolve the first four CO bandheads. Changes in visibility, as well as differential and closure phases across the bandheads are detected. Both the size and geometry of the CO-emitting region are determined by fitting a bidimensional Gaussian to the continuum-compensated CO bandhead visibilities. The CO-emitting region has a diameter of 2.74$\pm^{0.08}_{0.07}$ mas (1.16$\pm$0.03 au), and is located in the inner gaseous disc, well within the dusty rim, with inclination and $PA$ matching the dusty disc geometry, which indicates that both dusty and gaseous discs are coplanar. Physical and dynamical gas conditions are inferred by modelling the CO spectrum. Finally, we derive a direct measurement of the stellar mass of $M_*\sim$14.7$^{+2}_{-3.6}$ M$_{\odot}$ by combining our interferometric and spectral modelling results.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2019

Peering into the formation history of beta Pictoris b with VLTI/GRAVITY long baseline interferometry

Our objective is to estimate the C/O ratio in the atmosphere of beta Pictoris b and obtain an estimate of the dynamical mass of the planet, as well as to refine its orbital parameters using high-precision astrometry. We used the GRAVITY instrument with the four 8.2 m telescopes of the Very Large Telescope Interferometer to obtain K-band spectro-interferometric data on $β$ Pic b. We extracted a medium resolution (R=500) K-band spectrum of the planet and a high-precision astrometric position. We estimated the planetary C/O ratio using two different approaches (forward modeling and free retrieval) from two different codes (ExoREM and petitRADTRANS, respectively). Finally, we used a simplified model of two formation scenarios (gravitational collapse and core-accretion) to determine which can best explain the measured C/O ratio. Our new astrometry disfavors a circular orbit for $β$ Pic b ($e=0.15^{+0.05}_{-0.04}$). Combined with previous results and with Hipparcos/GAIA measurements, this astrometry points to a planet mass of $M = 12.7\pm{}2.2\,M_\mathrm{Jup}$. This value is compatible with the mass derived with the free-retrieval code petitRADTRANS using spectral data only. The forward modeling and free-retrieval approches yield very similar results regarding the atmosphere of beta Pic b. In particular, the C/O ratios derived with the two codes are identical ($0.43\pm{}0.05$ vs $0.43^{+0.04}_{-0.03}$). We argue that if the stellar C/O in $β$ Pic is Solar, then this combination of a very high mass and a low C/O ratio for the planet suggests a formation through core-accretion, with strong planetesimal enrichment.

astro-ph.EP↗

arXiv2019

First direct detection of an exoplanet by optical interferometry; Astrometry and K-band spectroscopy of HR8799 e

To date, infrared interferometry at best achieved contrast ratios of a few times $10^{-4}$ on bright targets. GRAVITY, with its dual-field mode, is now capable of high contrast observations, enabling the direct observation of exoplanets. We demonstrate the technique on HR8799, a young planetary system composed of four known giant exoplanets. We used the GRAVITY fringe tracker to lock the fringes on the central star, and integrated off-axis on the HR8799e planet situated at 390 mas from the star. Data reduction included post-processing to remove the flux leaking from the central star and to extract the coherent flux of the planet. The inferred K band spectrum of the planet has a spectral resolution of 500. We also derive the astrometric position of the planet relative to the star with a precision on the order of 100$\,μ$as. The GRAVITY astrometric measurement disfavors perfectly coplanar stable orbital solutions. A small adjustment of a few degrees to the orbital inclination of HR 8799 e can resolve the tension, implying that the orbits are close to, but not strictly coplanar. The spectrum, with a signal-to-noise ratio of $\approx 5$ per spectral channel, is compatible with a late-type L brown dwarf. Using Exo-REM synthetic spectra, we derive a temperature of $1150\pm50$\,K and a surface gravity of $10^{4.3\pm0.3}\,$cm/s$^{2}$. This corresponds to a radius of $1.17^{+0.13}_{-0.11}\,R_{\rm Jup}$ and a mass of $10^{+7}_{-4}\,M_{\rm Jup}$, which is an independent confirmation of mass estimates from evolutionary models. Our results demonstrate the power of interferometry for the direct detection and spectroscopic study of exoplanets at close angular separations from their stars.

astro-ph.EP↗

arXiv2019

Exploring the dimming event of RW Aur A through multi-epoch VLT/X-Shooter spectroscopy

RW Aur A is a CTTS that has suddenly undergone three major dimming events since 2010. We aim to understand the dimming properties, examine accretion variability, and derive the physical properties of the inner disc traced by the CO ro-vibrational emission at NIR wavelengths (2.3 mic). We compared two epochs of X-Shooter observations, during and after the dimming. We modelled the rarely detected CO bandhead emission in both epochs to examine whether the inner disc properties had changed. The SED was used to derive the extinction properties of the dimmed spectrum and compare the infrared excess between the two epochs. Lines tracing accretion were used to derive the mass accretion rate in both states. The CO originates from a region with physical properties of T=3000 K, N$_{CO}$=1x10$^{21}$ cm$^{-2}$ and vsini=113 km/s. The extinction properties of the dimming layer were derived with the effective optical depth ranging from teff 2.5-1.5 from the UV to the NIR. The inferred mass accretion rate Macc is $1.5x 10^{-8}$ Msun/yr and $\sim 2x 10^{-8}$ Msun/yr after and during the dimming respectively. By fitting the SED, additional emission is observed in the IR during the dimming event from dust grains with temperatures of 500-700K. The physical conditions traced by the CO are similar for both epochs, indicating that the inner gaseous disc properties do not change during the dimming events. The extinction curve is flatter than that of the ISM, and large grains of a few hundred microns are thus required. When we correct for the observed extinction, Macc is constant in the two epochs, suggesting that the accretion is stable and therefore does not cause the dimming. The additional hot emission in the NIR is located at about 0.5 au from the star. The dimming events could be due to a dust-laden wind, a severe puffing-up of the inner rim, or a perturbation caused by the recent star-disc encounter.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2018

GRAVITY chromatic imaging of Eta Car's core

Eta Car is one of the most intriguing luminous blue variables in the Galaxy. Observations and models at different wavelengths suggest a central binary with a 5.54 yr period residing in its core. 2D and 3D radiative transfer and hydrodynamic simulations predict a primary with a dense and slow stellar wind that interacts with the faster and lower density wind of the secondary. The wind-wind collision scenario suggests that the secondary's wind penetrates the primary's wind creating a low-density cavity in it, with dense walls where the two winds interact. We aim to trace the inner ~5-50 au structure of Eta Car's wind-wind interaction, as seen through BrG and, for the first time, through the He I 2s-2p line. We have used spectro-interferometric observations with GRAVITY at the VLTI. Our modeling of the continuum allows us to estimate its FWHM angular size close to 2 mas and an elongation ratio of 1.06 +/- 0.05 over a PA = 130 +/- 20 deg. Our CMFGEN modeling helped us to confirm that the role of the secondary should be taken into account to properly reproduce the observed BrG and He I lines. Chromatic images across BrG reveal a southeast arc-like feature, possibly associated to the hot post-shocked winds flowing along the cavity wall. The images of He I 2s-2p served to constrain the 20 mas structure of the line-emitting region. The observed morphology of He I suggests that the secondary is responsible for the ionized material that produces the line profile. Both the BrG and the He I 2s-2p maps are consistent with previous hydrodynamical models of the colliding wind scenario. Future dedicated simulations together with an extensive interferometric campaign are necessary to refine our constraints on the wind and stellar parameters of the binary, which finally will help us predict the evolutionary path of Eta Car.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2018

Detection of the gravitational redshift in the orbit of the star S2 near the Galactic centre massive black hole

The highly elliptical, 16-year-period orbit of the star S2 around the massive black hole candidate Sgr A* is a sensitive probe of the gravitational field in the Galactic centre. Near pericentre at 120 AU, ~1400 Schwarzschild radii, the star has an orbital speed of ~7650 km/s, such that the first-order effects of Special and General Relativity have now become detectable with current capabilities. Over the past 26 years, we have monitored the radial velocity and motion on the sky of S2, mainly with the SINFONI and NACO adaptive optics instruments on the ESO Very Large Telescope, and since 2016 and leading up to the pericentre approach in May 2018, with the four-telescope interferometric beam-combiner instrument GRAVITY. From data up to and including pericentre, we robustly detect the combined gravitational redshift and relativistic transverse Doppler effect for S2 of z ~ 200 km/s / c with different statistical analysis methods. When parameterising the post-Newtonian contribution from these effects by a factor f, with f = 0 and f = 1 corresponding to the Newtonian and general relativistic limits, respectively, we find from posterior fitting with different weighting schemes f = 0.90 +/- 0.09 (stat) +\- 0.15 (sys). The S2 data are inconsistent with pure Newtonian dynamics.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2018

The circumstellar environment of HD50138 revealed by VLTI/AMBER at high angular resolution

HD50138 is a Herbig B[e] star with a circumstellar disc detected at IR and mm wavelength. Its brightness makes it a good candidate for NIR interferometry observations. We aim to resolve, spatially and spectrally, the continuum and hydrogen emission lines in the 2.12-2.47 micron region, to shed light on the immediate circumstellar environment of the star. VLTI/AMBER K-band observations provide spectra, visibilities, differential phases, and closure phases along three long baselines for the continuum, and HI emission in Br$γ$ and five high-n Pfund lines. By computing the pure-line visibilities, we derive the angular size of the different line-emitting regions. A simple LTE model was created to constrain the physical conditions of HI emitting region. The continuum region cannot be reproduced by a geometrical 2D elongated Gaussian fitting model. We estimate the size of the region to be 1 au. We find the Br$γ$ and Pfund lines come from a more compact region of size 0.4 au. The Br$γ$ line exhibits an S-shaped differential phase, indicative of rotation. The continuum and Br$γ$ line closure phase show offsets of $\sim$-25$\pm$5 $^o$ and 20$\pm$10$^o$, respectively. This is evidence of an asymmetry in their origin, but with opposing directions. We find that we cannot converge on constraints for the HI physical parameters without a more detailed model. Our analysis reveals that HD50138 hosts a complex circumstellar environment. Its continuum emission cannot be reproduced by a simple disc brightness distribution. Similarly, several components must be evoked to reproduce the interferometric observables within the Br$γ$, line. Combining the spectroscopic and interferometric data of the Br$γ$ and Pfund lines favours an origin in a wind region with a large opening angle. Finally, our results point to an evolved source.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2017

The wind and the magnetospheric accretion onto the T Tauri star S Coronae Australis at sub-au resolution

To investigate the inner regions of protoplanetary disks, we performed near-infrared interferometric observations of the classical TTauri binary system S CrA. We present the first VLTI-GRAVITY high spectral resolution ($R\sim$4000) observations of a classical TTauri binary, S CrA (composed of S CrA N and S CrA S and separated by $\sim$1.4"), combining the four 8-m telescopes in dual-field mode. Our observations in the near-infrared K-band continuum reveal a disk around each binary component, with similar half-flux radii of about 0.1 au at d$\sim$130 pc, inclinations ($i=$28$\pm$3$^o$\ and $i=$22$\pm$6$^o$), and position angles (PA=0$^o\pm$6$^o$ and PA=-2$^o\pm$12$^o$), suggesting that they formed from the fragmentation of a common disk. The S CrA N spectrum shows bright HeI and Br$γ$ line emission exhibiting inverse P-Cygni profiles, typically associated with infalling gas. The continuum-compensated Br$γ$ line visibilities of S CrA N show the presence of a compact Br$γ$ emitting region the radius of which is about $\sim$0.06 au, which is twice as big as the truncation radius. This component is mostly tracing a wind. Moreover, a slight radius change between the blue- and red-shifted Br$γ$ line components is marginally detected. The presence of an inverse P-Cygni profile in the HeI and Br$γ$ lines, along with the tentative detection of a slightly larger size of the blue-shifted Br$γ$ line component, hint at the simultaneous presence of a wind and magnetospheric accretion in S CrA N.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2017

First Light for GRAVITY: Phase Referencing Optical Interferometry for the Very Large Telescope Interferometer

GRAVITY is a new instrument to coherently combine the light of the European Southern Observatory Very Large Telescope Interferometer to form a telescope with an equivalent 130 m diameter angular resolution and a collecting area of 200 m$^2$. The instrument comprises fiber fed integrated optics beam combination, high resolution spectroscopy, built-in beam analysis and control, near-infrared wavefront sensing, phase-tracking, dual beam operation and laser metrology [...]. This article gives an overview of GRAVITY and reports on the performance and the first astronomical observations during commissioning in 2015/16. We demonstrate phase tracking on stars as faint as m$_K$ ~ 10 mag, phase-referenced interferometry of objects fainter than m$_K$ ~ 15 mag with a limiting magnitude of m$_K$ ~ 17 mag, minute long coherent integrations, a visibility accuracy of better than 0.25 %, and spectro-differential phase and closure phase accuracy better than 0.5°, corresponding to a differential astrometric precision of better than 10 microarcseconds (μas). The dual-beam astrometry, measuring the phase difference of two objects with laser metrology, is still under commissioning. First observations show residuals as low as 50 μas when following objects over several months. We illustrate the instrument performance with the observations of archetypical objects for the different instrument modes. Examples include the Galactic Center supermassive black hole and its fast orbiting star S2 for phase referenced dual beam observations and infrared wavefront sensing, the High Mass X-Ray Binary BP Cru and the Active Galactic Nucleus of PDS 456 for few μas spectro-differential astrometry, the T Tauri star S CrA for a spectro-differential visibility analysis, ξ Tel and 24 Cap for high accuracy visibility observations, and η Car for interferometric imaging with GRAVITY.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2017

Accretion-ejection morphology of the microquasar SS433 resolved at sub-au scale

We present the first optical observation at sub-milliarcsecond (mas) scale of the microquasar SS 433 obtained with the GRAVITY instrument on the VLT interferometer. The 3.5 hour exposure reveals a rich K-band spectrum dominated by hydrogen Br$γ $ and \ion{He}{i} lines, as well as (red-shifted) emission lines coming from the jets. The K-band continuum emitting region is dominated by a marginally resolved point source ($<$ 1 mas) embedded inside a diffuse background accounting for 10\% of the total flux. The jet line positions agree well with the ones expected from the jet kinematic model, an interpretation also supported by the consistent sign (i.e. negative/positive for the receding/approaching jet component) of the phase shifts observed in the lines. The significant visibility drop across the jet lines, together with the small and nearly identical phases for all baselines, point toward a jet that is offset by less than 0.5 mas from the continuum source and resolved in the direction of propagation, with a typical size of 2 mas. The jet position angle of $\sim$80$^{\circ}$ is consistent with the expected one at the observation date. Jet emission so close to the central binary system would suggest that line locking, if relevant to explain the amplitude and stability of the 0.26c jet velocity, operates on elements heavier than hydrogen. The Br$γ $ profile is broad and double peaked. It is better resolved than the continuum and the change of the phase signal sign across the line on all baselines suggests an East-West oriented geometry alike the jet direction and supporting a (polar) disk wind origin.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2017

Sub-milliarcsecond Optical Interferometry of the HMXB BP Cru with VLTI/GRAVITY

We observe the HMXB BP Cru using interferometry in the near-infrared K band with VLTI/GRAVITY. Continuum visibilities are at most partially resolved, consistent with the predicted size of the hypergiant. Differential visibility amplitude ($Δ|V| \sim 5\%$) and phase ($Δϕ\sim 2 °$) signatures are observed across the HeI $2.059 μ$m and Br$γ$ lines, the latter seen strongly in emission, unusual for the donor star's spectral type. For a baseline $B \sim 100$m, the differential phase RMS $\sim 0.2 °$ corresponds to an astrometric precision of $\sim 2 μ$as. A model-independent analysis in the marginally resolved limit of interferometry reveals asymmetric and extended emission with a strong wavelength dependence. We propose geometric models based on an extended and distorted wind and/or a high density gas stream, which has long been predicted to be present in this system. The observations show that optical interferometry is now able to resolve HMXBs at the spatial scale at which accretion takes place, and therefore probe the effects of the gravitational and radiation fields of the compact object on its environment.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2017

Disk-mediated accretion burst in a high-mass young stellar object

Solar-mass stars form via circumstellar disk accretion (disk-mediated accretion). Recent findings indicate that this process is likely episodic in the form of accretion bursts, possibly caused by disk fragmentation. Although it cannot be ruled out that high-mass young stellar objects (HMYSOs; $M>$8 M$_\odot$, $L_{bol}>$5$\times$10$^3$ L$_\odot$) arise from the coalescence of their low-mass brethren, latest results suggest that they more likely form via disks. Accordingly, disk-mediated accretion bursts should occur. Here we report on the discovery of the first disk-mediated accretion burst from a $\sim$20 M$_\odot$ HMYSO. Our near-infrared images show the brightening of the central source and its outflow cavities. Near-infrared spectroscopy reveals emission lines typical of accretion bursts in low-mass protostars, but orders of magnitude more luminous. Moreover, the energy released and the inferred mass-accretion rate are also orders of magnitude larger. Our results identify disk accretion as the common mechanism of star formation across the entire stellar mass spectrum.

astro-ph.SR↗