Pseudoscalar meson mass relations from a second-order phase transition
This work is divided in two parts. The first three sections review meson physics phenomenology, highlighting the history of pseudoscalar multiplet mass spectra research. We then propose a new approach for the mass mixing problem based exclusively on a second order phase transition principle. This development leads to new relations among the masses of the mesons in this nonet, which present a nice agreement with measurements. The quark constitutions and the mixing angle problem are also correctly addressed. After describing the spontaneous symmetry breaking process coming from this phenomenological analysis, we establish a field theory with the necessary elements that could reproduce theoretically such results. This is done in the second part of this work, where the one-loop quantum corrections are computed in full, with the cubic and quartic scalar vertices treated on the same footing. The resulting mass Lagrangian has a universal flavor structure, which forces a refined identification between the scalar components and the $η^{0}$--$η^{\prime\,0}$ states; we derive the general matching condition and present its minimal solution, which reproduces the phenomenological mixing matrix exactly. Combined with the gap equation of the scalar sector, the model is left with a single free coupling, which does not affect the mass predictions. We emphasize that this is a phenomenological model constructed to reproduce certain mass relations, not a first-principles derivation from QCD. Nevertheless, as we will show, the model's predictions for the pseudoscalar meson masses agree remarkably well with the observed QCD spectrum.