Searcharxiv⌕ Search

arXiv subjects

R. Portugal

Publications and source records attributed to R. Portugal.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
arXiv2022

Quantum walk-based search algorithms with multiple marked vertices

The quantum walk is a powerful tool to develop quantum algorithms, which usually are based on searching for a vertex in a graph with multiple marked vertices, Ambainis's quantum algorithm for solving the element distinctness problem being the most shining example. In this work, we address the problem of calculating analytical expressions of the time complexity of finding a marked vertex using quantum walk-based search algorithms with multiple marked vertices on arbitrary graphs, extending previous analytical methods based on Szegedy's quantum walk, which can be applied only to bipartite graphs. Two examples based on the coined quantum walk on two-dimensional lattices and hypercubes show the details of our method.

quant-ph↗
arXiv2017

The tessellation problem of quantum walks

Quantum walks have received a great deal of attention recently because they can be used to develop new quantum algorithms and to simulate interesting quantum systems. In this work, we focus on a model called staggered quantum walk, which employs advanced ideas of graph theory and has the advantage of including the most important instances of other discrete-time models. The evolution operator of the staggered model is obtained from a tessellation cover, which is defined in terms of a set of partitions of the graph into cliques. It is important to establish the minimum number of tessellations required in a tessellation cover, and what classes of graphs admit a small number of tessellations. We describe two main results: (1) infinite classes of graphs where we relate the chromatic number of the clique graph to the minimum number of tessellations required in a tessellation cover, and (2) the problem of deciding whether a graph is $k$-tessellable for $k\ge 3$ is NP-complete.

cs.DM↗
arXiv2015

The Staggered Quantum Walk Model

There are at least three models of discrete-time quantum walks (QWs) on graphs currently under active development. In this work we focus on the equivalence of two of them, known as Szegedy's and staggered QWs. We give a formal definition of the staggered model and discuss generalized versions for searching marked vertices. Using this formal definition, we prove that any instance of Szegedy's model is equivalent to an instance of the staggered model. On the other hand, we show that there are instances of the staggered model that cannot be cast into Szegedy's framework. Our analysis also works when there are marked vertices. We show that Szegedy's spatial search algorithms can be converted into search algorithms in staggered QWs. We take advantage of the similarity of those models to define the quantum hitting time in the staggered model and to describe a method to calculate the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the evolution operator of staggered QWs.

quant-ph↗
arXiv2014

Renormalization and Scaling in Quantum Walks

We show how to extract the scaling behavior of quantum walks using the renormalization group (RG). We introduce the method by efficiently reproducing well-known results on the one-dimensional lattice. As a nontrivial model, we apply this method to the dual Sierpinski gasket and obtain its exact, closed system of RG-recursions. Numerical iteration suggests that under rescaling the system length, $L^{\prime}=2L$, characteristic times rescale as $t^{\prime}=2^{d_{w}}t$ with the exact walk exponent $d_{w}=\log_{2}\sqrt{5}=1.1609\ldots$. Despite the lack of translational invariance, this is very close to the ballistic spreading, $d_{w}=1$, found for regular lattices. However, we argue that an extended interpretation of the traditional RG formalism will be needed to obtain scaling exponents analytically. Direct simulations confirm our RG-prediction for $d_w$ and furthermore reveal an immensely rich phenomenology for the spreading of the quantum walk on the gasket. Invariably, quantum interference localizes the walk completely with a site-access probability that declines with a powerlaw from the initial site, in contrast with a classical random walk, which would pass all sites with certainty.

cond-mat.stat-mech↗
arXiv2012

Quantum Search Algorithms on Hierarchical Networks

The "abstract search algorithm" is a well known quantum method to find a marked vertex in a graph. It has been applied with success to searching algorithms for the hypercube and the two-dimensional grid. In this work we provide an example for which that method fails to provide the best algorithm in terms of time complexity. We analyze search algorithms in degree-3 hierarchical networks using quantum walks driven by non-groverian coins. Our conclusions are based on numerical simulations, but the hierarchical structures of the graphs seems to allow analytical results.

quant-ph↗
arXiv2011

Solution to the Hidden Subgroup Problem for a Class of Noncommutative Groups

The hidden subgroup problem (HSP) plays an important role in quantum computation, because many quantum algorithms that are exponentially faster than classical algorithms can be casted in the HSP structure. In this paper, we present a new polynomial-time quantum algorithm that solves the HSP over the group $\Z_{p^r} \rtimes \Z_{q^s}$, when $p^r/q= \up{poly}(\log p^r)$, where $p$, $q$ are any odd prime numbers and $r, s$ are any positive integers. To find the hidden subgroup, our algorithm uses the abelian quantum Fourier transform and a reduction procedure that simplifies the problem to find cyclic subgroups.

quant-ph↗
arXiv2010

Spatial quantum search in a triangular network

The spatial search problem consists in minimizing the number of steps required to find a given site in a network, under the restriction that only oracle queries or translations to neighboring sites are allowed. We propose a quantum algorithm for the spatial search problem on a triangular lattice with N sites and torus-like boundary conditions. The proposed algortithm is a special case of the general framework for abstract search proposed by Ambainis, Kempe and Rivosh [AKR05] (AKR) and Tulsi [Tulsi08], applied to a triangular network. The AKR-Tulsi formalism was employed to show that the time complexity of the quantum search on the triangular lattice is O(sqrt(N logN)).

quant-ph↗
arXiv2010

Mixing Times in Quantum Walks on Two-Dimensional Grids

Mixing properties of discrete-time quantum walks on two-dimensional grids with torus-like boundary conditions are analyzed, focusing on their connection to the complexity of the corresponding abstract search algorithm. In particular, an exact expression for the stationary distribution of the coherent walk over odd-sided lattices is obtained after solving the eigenproblem for the evolution operator for this particular graph. The limiting distribution and mixing time of a quantum walk with a coin operator modified as in the abstract search algorithm are obtained numerically. On the basis of these results, the relation between the mixing time of the modified walk and the running time of the corresponding abstract search algorithm is discussed.

quant-ph↗
arXiv2010

Spatial search in a honeycomb network

The spatial search problem consists in minimizing the number of steps required to find a given site in a network, under the restriction that only oracle queries or translations to neighboring sites are allowed. In this paper, a quantum algorithm for the spatial search problem on a honeycomb lattice with $N$ sites and torus-like boundary conditions. The search algorithm is based on a modified quantum walk on a hexagonal lattice and the general framework proposed by Ambainis, Kempe and Rivosh is used to show that the time complexity of this quantum search algorithm is $O(\sqrt{N \log N})$.

quant-ph↗
arXiv2010

Obtaining the Quantum Fourier Transform from the Classical FFT with QR Decomposition

We present the detailed process of converting the classical Fourier Transform algorithm into the quantum one by using QR decomposition. This provides an example of a technique for building quantum algorithms using classical ones. The Quantum Fourier Transform is one of the most important quantum subroutines known at present, used in most algorithms that have exponential speed up compared to the classical ones. We briefly review Fast Fourier Transform and then make explicit all the steps that led to the quantum formulation of the algorithm, generalizing Coppersmith's work.

quant-ph↗
arXiv2009

Decoherence in Search Algorithms

Recently several quantum search algorithms based on quantum walks were proposed. Those algorithms differ from Grover's algorithm in many aspects. The goal is to find a marked vertex in a graph faster than classical algorithms. Since the implementation of those new algorithms in quantum computers or in other quantum devices is error-prone, it is important to analyze their robustness under decoherence. In this work we analyze the impact of decoherence on quantum search algorithms implemented on two-dimensional grids and on hypercubes.

quant-ph↗
arXiv2009

Quantum Hitting Time on the Complete Graph

Quantum walks play an important role in the area of quantum algorithms. Many interesting problems can be reduced to searching marked states in a quantum Markov chain. In this context, the notion of quantum hitting time is very important, because it quantifies the running time of the algorithms. Markov chain-based algorithms are probabilistic, therefore the calculation of the success probability is also required in the analysis of the computational complexity. Using Szegedy's definition of quantum hitting time, which is a natural extension of the definition of the classical hitting time, we present analytical expressions for the hitting time and success probability of the quantum walk on the complete graph.

quant-ph↗
arXiv2008

The QWalk Simulator of Quantum Walks

Several research groups are giving special attention to quantum walks recently, because this research area have been used with success in the development of new efficient quantum algorithms. A general simulator of quantum walks is very important for the development of this area, since it allows the researchers to focus on the mathematical and physical aspects of the research instead of deviating the efforts to the implementation of specific numerical simulations. In this paper we present QWalk, a quantum walk simulator for one- and two-dimensional lattices. Finite two-dimensional lattices with generic topologies can be used. Decoherence can be simulated by performing measurements or by breaking links of the lattice. We use examples to explain the usage of the software and to show some recent results of the literature that are easily reproduced by the simulator.

quant-ph↗
arXiv2007

Mixing Times in Quantum Walks on the Hypercube

The mixing time of a discrete-time quantum walk on the hypercube is considered. The mean probability distribution of a Markov chain on a hypercube is known to mix to a uniform distribution in time O(n log n). We show that the mean probability distribution of a discrete-time quantum walk on a hypercube mixes to a (generally non-uniform) distribution pi(x) in time O(n) and the stationary distribution is determined by the initial state of the walk. An explicit expression for pi(x) is derived for the particular case of a symmetric walk. These results are consistent with those obtained previously for a continuous-time quantum walk. The effect of decoherence due to randomly breaking links between connected sites in the hypercube is also considered. We find that the probability distribution mixes to the uniform distribution as expected. However, the mixing time has a minimum at a critical decoherence rate $p \approx 0.1$. A similar effect was previously reported for the QW on the N-cycle with decoherence from repeated measurements of position. A controlled amount of decoherence helps to obtain--and preserve--a uniform distribution over the $2^n$ sites of the hypercube in the shortest possible time.

quant-ph↗
arXiv2007

Bulk viscosity and deflationary universes

We analyze the conditions that make possible the description of entropy generation in the new inflationary model by means of a nearequilibrium process. We show that there are situations in which the bulk viscosity cannot describe particle production during the coherent field oscillations phase.

astro-ph↗
arXiv2003

Shor's Algorithm for Factoring Large Integers

This work is a tutorial on Shor's factoring algorithm by means of a worked out example. Some basic concepts of Quantum Mechanics and quantum circuits are reviewed. It is intended for non-specialists which have basic knowledge on undergraduate Linear Algebra.

quant-ph↗
arXiv2003

Stochastic Simulation of Grover's Algorithm

We simulate Grover's algorithm in a classical computer by means of a stochastic method using the Hubbard-Stratonovich decomposition of n-qubit gates into one-qubit gates integrated over auxiliary fields. The problem reduces to finding the fixed points of the associated system of Langevin differential equations. The equations are obtained automatically for any number of qubits by employing a computer algebra program. We present the numerical results of the simulation for a small search space.

quant-ph↗