arXiv subjects

Radoslaw Kolkowski

Publications and source records attributed to Radoslaw Kolkowski.

13 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Doubly resonant enhancement of second-harmonic generation with in-plane phase matching in plasmonic metasurfaces on an AlInP slab waveguide

Nonlinear metasurfaces have attracted significant interest by offering the possibility to circumvent conventional phase-matching requirements of bulk nonlinear crystals, opening the way to efficient frequency conversion over ultrashort propagation distances. Here, we experimentally demonstrate metasurfaces in which second-harmonic generation is strongly enhanced by in-plane phase matching of high-Q guided-mode resonances. To achieve this enhancement, we use hybrid metasurfaces composed of periodic arrays of gold nanodiscs on a slab waveguide made of aluminum indium phosphide (AlInP) - a low-loss epitaxial III-V semiconductor material. The metasurfaces are found to exhibit guided-mode resonances with Q factors exceeding 400 and 900 at the visible and near-infrared wavelengths, respectively, demonstrating the unique capabilities of hybrid metal-dielectric structures to support high-Q resonances despite the presence of lossy plasmonic components. Moreover, our frequency and momentum-resolved measurements demonstrate a two-orders-of-magnitude enhancement of second-harmonic generation at doubly resonant conditions. We reproduce the experimental results using numerical simulations, showing that the in-plane phase matching and spatial mode overlap are the main factors governing the enhancement. Our findings demonstrate a promising strategy to realize efficient metasurface-based frequency converters, enabling their potential applications in compact photonic systems.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2026

Exact electromagnetic multipole expansion using elementary current multipoles

Multipole expansion plays an important role in the description of electromagnetic scatterers, allowing them to be accurately characterized by a small set of expansion coefficients. However, to describe electromagnetic excitations inside a scatterer, the current density in it should be decomposed into current multipoles, which include nonradiating current configurations (anapoles) that are absent in the classical field-based expansion. Unfortunately, the use of current multipoles has so far been limited by the absence of an exact and general expression for the current multipole moments beyond their point-multipole approximation. Here, we derive such an expression and present the exact mapping relations between the classical and current multipole moments. We use our theory to calculate the scattering and extinction cross sections for large, wavelength-scale, optical scatterers supporting multipole excitations up to the sixth order, showing perfect agreement with the Mie theory. We also demonstrate the ability of current multipole expansion to describe anapole excitations beyond the small-scatterer approximation, which allows us to derive the exact anapole condition and reveal the actual current configurations and their contributions to scattering. Our theoretical framework is valid for electromagnetic scatterers of arbitrary sizes and shapes without restrictions on the multipole orders, complementing the existing theory of electromagnetic multipole expansion. The minimalistic and universal character of current multipoles makes them a convenient tool for characterizing and designing diverse electromagnetic scattering systems of arbitrary complexity.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2025

Metasurface lasers programmed by optical pump patterns

Metasurface lasers offer unprecedented control over light emission, yet their spatial and modal characteristics are typically fixed post-fabrication. Here, we introduce a reconfigurable plasmonic metasurface laser platform in which the lasing area geometry, and thus the emission properties, are dynamically programmed via spatially structured optical pumping. Using hexagonal arrays of silver nanoparticles embedded in dye-doped waveguides, we demonstrate lasing at high-symmetry points of the Brillouin zone, including the K and M points. K-point lasing exhibits spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB) in relative intensity between degenerate K and K' modes, with no bias induced by pump geometry, even for geometries that explicitly break symmetry. In contrast, M-point lasing allows deterministic control over emission channels via asymmetric pumping. We further show that spatially separated K-point lasers synchronize in phase and amplitude, undergoing SSB in lockstep. A theoretical density matrix approach cast into stochastic differential equations reproduces the observed real- and Fourier-space intensity distributions and SSB behavior. Our findings establish spatially programmable metasurface lasers as a versatile platform for exploring dynamic phenomena in photonic lattices, with potential applications in vortex beam shaping, optical logic, and true random number generation.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2025

Towards ultracompact photonic chips using higher-order modes in closely spaced waveguides

Photonic integrated circuits are gaining traction in the field of telecommunications and information processing for their low-loss and high-throughput data transmission in comparison to electronic integrated circuits. However, they are still not used as widely as their electronic counterparts due to a relatively large footprint of photonic chips. One limiting factor to their size is the need to separate optical components by distances on the order of the working wavelength or larger to minimize optical crosstalk between them. In this work, we consider the fundamental and higher-order modes in closely spaced straight and bent waveguides with relatively small cross sections and find that higher-order modes allow one to substantially reduce the crosstalk in both cases. This can be used to considerably reduce the dimensions of photonic chips. We also propose on-chip components that allow selective excitation of higher-order modes. In addition, we design a directional coupler, a 3-dB splitter, and a Mach-Zehnder interferometer capable of operating on higher-order modes. Other ultracompact photonic-chip components, such as optical interconnects, switches, transceivers, and phased waveguide arrays for on-chip LiDAR scanners, can be designed as well based on similar principles.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2025

Plasmonic Metasurfaces with Structural Chirality and Pseudo-Chirality for Enhanced Circular Dichroism and Enantiomeric Recognition

We present the design and optical characterization of a plasmonic metasurface engineered to exhibit strong polarization anisotropy under both linearly and circularly polarized light. The metasurface consists of geometrically asymmetric gold nanostructures arranged periodically on a glass substrate. Each nanostructure is formed by the fusion of three equilateral triangles. The nanostructures simultaneously break mirror and inversion symmetries, resulting in chiral and pseudo-chiral optical responses that manifest as linear and circular polarization-dependent spectral features. Our numerical and experimental results reveal clear chiroptical effects in both near- and far-field. Near-field scanning optical microscopy confirms the excitation of polarization-selective localized plasmonic modes, with spatially distinct hot-spots lighting up under different incident polarizations. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the metasurface exhibits a measurable enantiospecific optical response when coated with thin left- or right-handed chiral overlayers. The differential circular dichroism signals observed in the presence of opposite enantiomers highlight the potential of the metasurface for label-free chiral sensing. These findings provide new insights into the interplay between structural anisotropy, pseudo-chirality, and enantioselective interactions in planar plasmonic systems. Our findings highlight the ability of planar metasurfaces to emulate chiral optical behavior without requiring volumetric 3D structures.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2025

Spatial Filtering with Nonlocal Non-Hermitian Metasurfaces

Spatial filtering of optical fields has widespread applications ranging from beam shaping to optical information processing. However, conventional spatial filters are bulky and alignment-sensitive. Here, we present nonlocal non-Hermitian metasurfaces that can act as exceptionally effective optical spatial filters while being highly compact and insensitive to both lateral and longitudinal displacements. The metasurface design is based on a resonant waveguide grating in which radiative losses of the modes are tailored to realize a symmetry-protected bound state in the continuum in the middle of a non-Hermitian flat band. Using this design, we propose a compact spatial filtering device operating over an angular range of approximately 1 degree around normal incidence. In addition to being ultrathin and robust against translational misalignment, the proposed metasurfaces are easy to manufacture, which makes them an attractive alternative to conventional spatial filters, holding a potential to become a widely used optical component.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2024

Enhanced $Q$ factor and robustness of photonic bound states in the continuum merging at locally bent trajectories

Bound states in the continuum (BICs) in planar photonic structures have attracted broad scientific interest owing to their exceptional capability to confine light. Topological robustness of certain BICs allows them to be moved in the momentum space by tuning the geometric parameters of the structure. In this work, we study such a BIC in a one-dimensional periodic grating, and find that its momentum-space position can be made a non-monotonic function of a geometric parameter, forming a locally bent ''V''-shaped trajectory. We show that, near the turning point of this trajectory, the robustness of the BIC and its $Q$ factor can be greatly enhanced. We tune such ''V-BICs'' to almost merge with a symmetry-protected BIC at the $Γ$-point. This creates a ''K''-shaped ultrahigh-$Q$ region containing a BIC with a much higher and more stable $Q$ factor compared to the ordinary merging BICs. The ''K-BICs'' are also found to provide a strong enhancement of the $Q$ factor in finite gratings over an extremely wide range of geometric parameters. Our findings enable further advancements in the development of ultrahigh-$Q$ BICs and their applications.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2024

Recovery of topologically robust merging bound states in the continuum in photonic structures with broken symmetry

Optical bound states in the continuum (BICs) provide a unique mechanism of light confinement that holds great potential for fundamental and applied research in optics and photonics. Of particular interest are merging BICs realized in planar periodic structures by merging accidental and symmetry-protected BICs. Topological nature of merging BICs renders their $Q$ factors exceptionally high and robust. However, the existence of accidental BICs relies on the up-down mirror symmetry of the structure. If this symmetry is broken, e.g., by a substrate, the $Q$ factor of the mode drops down. Consequently, ultrahigh-$Q$ merging BICs cannot be achieved in substrate-supported structures. Here, by studying the case of a one-dimensional periodic dielectric grating, we discover a simple method to fully compensate for the detrimental effect of breaking the up-down mirror symmetry. The method makes use of a thin layer of a high-refractive-index dielectric material on one side of the structure, allowing one to restore the diverging $Q$ factor of the accidental BIC and fully recover the merged BIC. By investigating the far-field polarization patterns of the modified gratings, we show that the integer-charge polarization vortices of the accidental BICs are restored by intersecting the momentum-space trajectories of circularly polarized half-vortices simultaneously in the upward and downward radiation directions. Our approach can enable flexible design, feasible realization, and extended applications of topologically robust BICs in various systems.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2023

Spontaneous symmetry breaking in plasmon lattice lasers

Spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB) is key for our understanding of phase transitions and the spontaneous emergence of order. Photonics provide versatile systems to study SSB. In this work, we report that for a two-dimensional (2D) periodic nonlocal metasurface with gain, SSB occurs in the lasing transition, breaking parity symmetry. We study diffractive hexagonal plasmon nanoparticle lattices, where the K-points in momentum space provide two modes that are exactly degenerate in frequency and identically distributed in space. Using femtosecond pulses to energize the gain medium, we simultaneously capture single shot realspace and wavevector resolved Fourier images of laser emission. By combining Fourier- and real-space, we resolve the two order parameters for which symmetry breaking simultaneously occurs: spatial parity and U(1) (rotational) symmetry breaking, evident respectively as random relative mode amplitude and phase. Thereby, we quantify for the first time SSB in 2D periodic metasurfaces. These currently receive much interest as experimentally accessible implementations of seminal solid-state physics Hamiltonians and provide a large design space for exploring SSB in scenarios with different symmetries, mode degeneracies and topological properties. The methodology reported in this work is generally applicable to 2D plasmonic and dielectric metasurfaces and opens numerous opportunities for the study of SSB and emergence of spatial coherence in metaphotonics.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2023

Enabling infinite $Q$ factors in absorbing optical systems

Resonant optical systems have widespread applications in science and technology. However, their quality ($Q$) factors can be significantly deteriorated, if some of their parts exhibit optical absorption. Here, we show that by coupling a lossy mode of such a structure to two independent lossless modes, one can create a nonradiating and absorption-free bound state in the continuum (BIC). The $Q$ factor of such a BIC is theoretically unlimited despite interaction with an absorbing structure. We use this mechanism to design a plasmonic metasurface with $Q$ factors that are close to $10^7$ in the visible spectral range. The proposed mechanism is general and can be used to engineer ultrahigh-$Q$ resonances in various absorbing structures.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2014

Long Range Coupling between Metallic Nanocavities

When two or more metallic nanoparticles are in close proximity, their plasmonic modes may interact through the near field, leading to additional resonances of the coupled system or to shifts of their resonant frequencies. This process is analogous to atom-hybridization, as had been proposed by Gersten and Nitzan and modeled by Nordlander et al. The coupling between plasmonic modes can be in-phase (symmetric) or out-of-phase (anti-symmetric), reflecting correspondingly, the "bonding" and "anti-bonding" nature of such configurations. Since the incoming light redistributes the charge distribution around the metallic nanoparticles, its polarization features play a major role in the nonlinear optical probing of the energy-level landscape upon hybridization. Thus, controlling the nature of coupling between metallic nanostructures is of a great importance as it enables tuning their spectral responses leading to novel devices which may surpass the diffraction limit.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2013

From individual to strongly coupled metallic nanocavities

Localized plasmonic modes of metallic nanoparticles may hybridize like those of atoms forming a molecule. However, the rapid decay of the plasmonic fields outside the metal severely limits the range of these interactions to tens of nanometers. Herein, we demonstrate very strong coupling of nanocavities in metal films, sparked by propagating surface plasmons and evident even at much larger distances of hundreds of nanometers for the properly selected metal/wavelength combination. Such strong coupling drastically changes the symmetry of the charge distribution around the nanocavities making it amenable to probing by the nonlinear optical response of the medium. We show that when strongly coupled, equilateral triangular nanocavities lose their individual three-fold symmetry to adopt the lower symmetry of the coupled system and then respond like a single dipolar entity. A quantitative model is suggested for the transition from individual to strongly coupled nanocavities.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2012

Shape and Size Resonances in Second Harmonic Generation from Plasmonic Nano-Cavities

The nonlinear response of sub wavelength nano-cavities in thin metal films is investigated. We report the resonant dependence of the Second Harmonic Generation by individual triangular and square holes on shape, size and wavelength. For cavities with internal nano-corrugations, giant field enhancements are observed, making them excellent candidates for high sensitivity spectroscopy.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗